我国的几种珍稀濒危鸟类

“物以稀为贵”.珍稀鸟类,大都分布区非常窄小,而且种群数量有限,濒临灭绝.有些鸟,在局部地区数量不少,是该地区的常见种,但就全局来看,其种群数量越来越少,并仅仅分布十分狭小地区;有些鸟分布狭窄,数量亦稀少,这些鸟类都是珍稀濒危种.珍稀濒危鸟类是人类的伙伴,是自然界历史的遗产.任何一种鸟类的消失,对于人类及其后代子孙都是有害无利的,而且,一种鸟一旦绝灭,就再也无法恢复. 世界上许多珍稀濒危鸟类主要分布在我国境内,或者分布仅限于我国.例如:雉科的珍稀种类,全世界共有三十种,我国就有十六种;鹤类共有十五种,我国占有九种. 朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是举世嘱目的珍稀濒危鸟类.属于鹳形目Ciconiiformes鹮科Threskiornithidae.历史分布很广,最北到东北兴凯湖,最东到福建、台湾,西到甘肃,南到海南岛.但截止到1984年6月所知,日本还有3只,我国野外成活有12只,分布在陕西省洋县姚家沟、三岔河等地.     

本溪地区鸟类调查初报

1982—1987年对本溪地区鸟类进行了调查共发现有鸟类15个目,39科,183种,占辽宁省东部地区210种的87.6％,占辽宁省鸟类392种的46.9％。 本溪地区鸟类的优势种类中,分布较广的有两种鸟:一为大山雀,另一种是普通(币鸟),珍稀鸟类有丹顶鹤,白枕鹤,中华秋沙鸭。我国特产种类有中华秋沙鸭,棕头鸦雀,黑头(币鸟)。     

拯救海南虎斑[开鸟]

海南虎斑[开鸟]隶属于鹳形目鹭科虎斑[开鸟]属,别名水骆驼、夜鹤,是我国特有的珍稀鸟类,只分布于中国南方少数地区。     

怎样开展鸟类环志

环志是了解鸟类迁徙规律最有效的方法,通过环志活动可掌握鸟类迁徙时间、路线、范围及迁徙鸟的性比、种群数量、年龄等方面的情况,环志工作对保护珍稀鸟类,科学地利用鸟类资源,监测环境,降低鸟害等方面都有重要的科研意义。鸟类环志于本世纪２０年代初始于丹麦,目前...     

一种简单通用的鸟类性别分子鉴定技术（简报）

我国幅员辽阔,生物类型多种多样,是世界上拥有鸟类种类最多的国家之一。截至1999年底,已知有鸟类1253种948亚种,隶属于21目83科,其中有多种为我国特有或珍稀濒危的鸟类。近年来由于环境污染、植被破坏及非法捕猎等种种原因,许多鸟类尤其是珍稀鸟类正逐步濒临灭绝。为了加紧     

拯救海南虎斑鳽

海南虎斑鳽隶属于鹳形目鹭科虎斑鳽属,别名水骆驼、夜鹤,是我国特有的珍稀鸟类,只分布于中国南方少数地区。自从Ogilvie Grant将采自我国海南五指山的该鸟发表为新种Nycticorax maginifica以来,20世纪二三十年代曾在海南尖峰     

天高任鸟飞

我国是盛产鸟类的国家。目前已知在我国分布的鸟类约有1350种,随着鸟类研究工作的深入和广大观鸟者的加入,这一数字还在不断增加。环境保护意识的增强和可持续发展观的提出使大家对鸟类的关注度日益提高,爱鸟、护鸟的观念深入人心。爱鸟先要识鸟,下面向您介绍一些我国常见的鸟类的特征。     

深圳福田红树林鸟类自然保护区陆鸟生物多样性

本文论述了深圳福田红树林鸟类自然保护区陆鸟的种类及其组成,珍稀种类,平均密度、生物多样性指数及其生态环境。还论述了陆鸟的变化及其原因,及陆鸟变化的生态后果,提出了保护陆鸟生物多样性的重大意义和措施。     

本刊发表的有关“鸟纲”教学参考资料索引(1982～1999)

爱护鸟类　保护环境郑光美　 1 982　 0 3　 0 5谈谈鸟耳李福来　 1 982　 0 3　 0 7鸟类呼吸系统的微细结构与呼吸机制葛荫榕　 1 982　 0 2　 2 0鸟类食性与消化道的特点李福来　 1 984　 0 2　 2 4褐马鸡赖荣兴　 1 984　 0 2　 60藏雀宋榆钧　 1 984　 0 3　 1 2我国的几种珍稀濒危鸟类许维枢　 1 985　 0 2　 1 6珍禽的驯养和繁殖甘声芸　 1 985　 0 2　 1 9鸟类环志杨若莉　 1 985　 0 2　 2 2鹌鹑消化系统的解剖刘佐桢等　 1 985　 0 3　 0 9江南珍禽——草侯广梯　 1 985　 0 3　 1 1四声杜鹃的观察晏安厚　 1 985　 0 3　 1 3鸟…     

巨前颌契氏鸟(鹏鸟科:反鸟类)的形态学描述及早白垩世鸟类尾羽的空气动力学功能比较（英文）

契氏鸟(Chiappeavis)是首次发现保存有扇状尾羽的反鸟类,显示出尾羽球茎这一结构在较原始的反鸟类中已经发育。详细描述了巨前颌契氏鸟(C.magnapremaxillo)正型标本的骨骼形态学特征。契氏鸟的腭区形态与始祖鸟(Archaeopteryx)相似,而区别于晚白垩世的反鸟类戈壁鸟(Gobipteryx)。即使具有尾羽球茎,鹏鸟类的尾综骨形态也表明该结构发育较差。估算了在契氏鸟中由扇状尾羽所产生的浮力,并与其他早白垩世鸟类进行对比。结果显示,契氏鸟的扇状尾羽所产生的空气浮力小于同时代生活的今鸟型类,这有可能解释了反鸟类中具有空气动力学功能的尾羽形态普遍缺乏的现象。     

Molecular sexing of monomorphic endangered Ara birds

Survival of most endangered birds may depend on breeding programs where sex identification plays an important role. Molecular sexing has shown to be a rapid and safe procedure. In this work we established sex identification of monomorphic endangered Ara birds using a chromosome W-linked DNA marker, the Chromo-helicase-DNA-Binding 1 (CHD) gene. Most birds have two CHD sex-linked genes, one W-linked (CHD-W) and one Z-linked (CHD-Z). These markers were characterized from Ara militaris and gender sex was determined by PCR and restriction analyzes. The procedure here reported was successfully applied to five different species of the genus Ara and confirmed the validity of the technique. To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular sexing of the Ara species. This molecular sexing is currently been used in breeding programs of Ara birds.     

Conditions for rapid sex determination in 47 avian species by PCR of genomic DNA from blood,shell‐membrane blood vessels,and feathers

The ability to rapidly and reliably determine the sex of birds is very important for successful captive‐bird breeding programs, as well as for field research. Visual inspection of adult birds is sufficient for sexually dimorphic species, but nestlings and monomorphic species are difficult, if not impossible, to sex by sight only. A method for rapid extraction of gDNA from blood, shell‐membrane blood vessels, and fully grown feathers, using Chelex, and the PCR conditions for determination of sex‐specific bands in 47 species (39 genera, 21 families, and 10 orders) are described. The PCR primers used amplify a length of DNA spanning an intron in the CHD‐1 gene, which is present on both the W and Z chromosomes. The intron differs in size between the two sex chromosomes, resulting in PCR products that separate into two bands for females and a single band for males in most avian species (except ratites). Because this simple technique uses Chelex, a rapid gDNA isolation protocol, and sets of PCR primers independent of restriction enzyme digestion, birds can be accurately sexed within 5 hr of sample collection. Zoo Biol 22:561–571, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Sex Identification of Four Penguin Species Using Locus‐Specific PCR

Traditional methods for sex identification are not applicable to sexually monomorphic species, leading to difficulties in the management of their breeding programs. To identify sex in sexually monomorphic birds, molecular methods have been established. Two established primer pairs (2550F/2718R and p8/p2) amplify the CHD1 gene region from both the Z and W chromosomes. Here, we evaluated the use of these primers for sex identification in four sexually monomorphic penguin species: king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome), gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), and Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). For all species except rockhopper penguins, primer pair 2550F/2718R resulted in two distinct CHD1Z and CHD1W PCR bands, allowing for sex identification. For rockhopper penguins, only primer pair p8/p2 yielded different CHD1Z and CHD1W bands, which were faint and similar in size making them difficult to distinguish. As a result, we designed a new primer pair (PL/PR) that efficiently determined the gender of individuals from all four penguin species. Sequencing of the PCR products confirmed that they were from the CHD1 gene region. Primer pair PL/PR can be evaluated for use in sexing other penguin species, which will be crucial for the management of new penguin breeding programs. Zoo Biol 32:257–261, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

7种鹤形目鸟类性别的分子鉴定

生境破碎化和非法狩猎已经使很多鸟类陷入了濒危境地,笼养繁殖进行迁地保护及再引入的保护措施已经具有举足轻重的作用,鸟类性别鉴定对于有效的繁殖至关重要。然而对珍稀濒危鸟类进行安全、方便和准确的性别鉴定一直是个难题。本文运用CHD基因的一对引物2550F/2718R,对7种鹤形目鸟类:大鸨(Otis tarda)、丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)、蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)、灰鹤(G.grus)、白鹤(G.leucogeranus)、白头鹤(G.monacha)和灰冠鹤(Balearica regulorum)共48只鸟,进行了有效的性别鉴定。研究结果不但对7种鹤形目鸟类的笼养繁殖和个体交换起到了指导作用,而且为今后的再引入提供了有利条件。本研究的性别分子鉴定方法适用于7种鹤形目鸟类,具有安全、方便、准确等特点,并且可以推广使用。     

Heteroduplex molecules cause sexing errors in a standard molecular protocol for avian sexing

Molecular methods are a necessary tool for sexing monomorphic birds. These molecular approaches are usually reliable, but sexing protocols should be evaluated carefully because biochemical interactions may lead to errors. We optimized laboratory protocols for genetic sexing of a monomorphic shorebird, the upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), using two independent sets of primers, P2/P8 and 2550F/2718R, to amplify regions of the sex‐linked CHD‐Z and CHD‐W genes. We discovered polymorphisms in the region of the CHD‐Z intron amplified by the primers P2/P8 which caused four males to be misidentified as females (n = 90 mated pairs). We cloned and sequenced one CHD‐W allele (370 bp) and three CHD‐Z alleles in our population: Z° (335 bp), Z′ (331 bp) and Z″ (330 bp). Normal (Z°Z°) males showed one band in agarose gel analysis and were easily differentiated from females (Z°W), which showed two bands. However, males heterozygous for CHD‐Z alleles (Z′Z″) unexpectedly showed two bands in a pattern similar to females. While the Z′ and Z″ fragments contained only short deletions, they annealed together during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process and formed heteroduplex molecules that were similar in size to the W fragment. Errors previously reported for molecular sex‐assignment have usually been due to allelic dropout, causing females to be misidentified as males. Here, we report evidence that events in PCRs can lead to the opposite error, with males misidentified as females. We recommend use of multiple primer sets and large samples of known‐sex birds for validation when designing protocols for molecular sex analysis.     

An automated assay for fecal estrogen conjugates in the determination of sex in avian species

Recently captive propagation of psitticines has become necessary in order to preserve and breed endangered species. As habitat destruction increases and importation restrictions become more stringent, the need for a reliable and noninvasive technique for sex assignment is essential to improve the productivity of breeding and raising birds in captivity. One aspect of breeding is the proper assignment of breeding pairs; however, sex identification can be challenging due to the lack of sexual dimorphism in approximately 30% of all avian species. Historically, visual, behavioral, surgical, cytogenetic, and endocrine methods have been utilized in sex identification of avian species; however, the practicality, safety, and reliability of these techniques have been questioned. Therefore, there remains a need for an accurate, simple, and non-invasive method to identify the sex of monomorphic birds so that the formation of breeding pairs and the success of breeding programs is facilitated. The data in this study support the concept that an automated fluorescence-immunoassay which measures fecal estrogen conjugates can have an 87% success rate in determining the sex of psitticines, as demonstrated with cockatiels, while offering the advantages of non-invasiveness, simplicity, and speed.     

Rapid sex determination of a wild passerine species using loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

Many bird species are sexually monomorphic and cannot be sexed based on phenotypic traits. Rapid sex determination is often a necessary component of avian studies focusing on behavior, ecology, evolution, and conservation. While PCR‐based methods are the most common technique for molecularly sexing birds in the laboratory, a simpler, faster, and cheaper method has emerged, which can be used in the laboratory, but importantly also in the field. Herein, we used loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for rapid sex determination of blood samples from juvenile European blackcaps, Sylvia atricapilla, sampled in the wild. We designed LAMP primers unique to S. atricapilla based on the sex chromosome‐specific gene, chromo‐helicase‐DNA‐binding protein (CHD), optimized the primers for laboratory and field application, and then used them to test a subset of wild‐caught juvenile blackcaps of unknown gender at the time of capture. Sex determination results were fast and accurate. The advantages of this technique are that it allows researchers to identify the sex of individual birds within hours of sampling and eliminates the need for direct access to a laboratory if implemented at a remote field site. This work adds to the increasing list of available LAMP primers for different bird species and is a new addition within the Passeriformes order.     

Triploidy in a sexually dimorphic passerine provides new evidence for the effect of the W chromosome on secondary sexual traits in birds

In birds, there are two main models for the determination of sex: the ‘Z Dosage’ model in which the number, or dose, of Z chromosomes determines sex, and the ‘Dominant W’ model which argues that a specific gene in the W chromosome may influence Z gene expression and determine sex. The best evidence for W determination of sex comes from birds with 2 copies of the Z chromosome paired with a single W (e.g. ZZW) which are nonetheless females. Here, we expand the species where such a mechanism may operate by reporting a case of a triploid Neotropical passerine bird with sexually dimorphic plumage, the São Paulo marsh antwren Formicivora paludicola. Evidence from 17 autosomal unlinked microsatellite loci, and CHD1 sex‐linked locus, indicate that this individual is a 3n ZZW triploid with intermediate plumage pattern. This example expands our knowledge of sex determination mechanisms in birds by demonstrating that both the W and the two Z chromosomes affect the expression of morphological secondary sexual traits in a non‐galliform bird.     

Seasonal variation in the sex and age composition of the woodcock bag in Denmark

The Eurasian woodcock is a highly valued game bird in Western Europe from which c. 2.7 million individuals are harvested annually from an estimated population of 20–26 million birds. The population size and status remains uncertain due to the cryptic behaviour and widespread and solitary occurrence of woodcock, on breeding and wintering areas, making reliable population surveys difficult. Hunting bag records provide age ratios amongst bagged birds, but sex ratios remain poorly known because of the sexually monomorphic nature of this species. We used DNA analysis to determine sex ratios amongst 327 shot woodcocks from two hunting seasons in Denmark (1 October–31 January, 2012/13 and 2013/14). Based on bag totals, age ratios and sex ratios, juvenile females constituted 37%, juvenile males 27%, adult females 16% and adult males 20% of the annual woodcock bag. The female bias was related to a significant deviation from parity in the sex ratio amongst juvenile birds in October, although no such deviation was found at other times or amongst adults. Compared to limited data from other European countries, our data suggest that autumn migration of woodcock involves an initial wave of juvenile females followed by juvenile males and adults, and perhaps that males stay further north in Europe than females during autumn and winter. This migratory pattern would suggest that postponing the opening of the hunting season could reduce the hunting bag on reproductively valuable females in this polygamous species.