饲料中维生素D3的添加水平对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长和Toll样受体TLR18、TLR19和TLR21的影响

为了探讨饲料中维生素D₃添加水平对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长和Toll样受体的影响, 研究设计了5个不同浓度梯度的维生素D₃饲料(1120、2260、3950、8030和16600 IU/kg), 对体重为(5.0±0.2) g的黄颡鱼进行了为期12周的生长实验, 并在生长实验结束后进行鮰爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)攻毒72h。于攻毒前(0)和攻毒后(72h)采样, 每个饲料组分别取6尾鱼的脾脏、头肾、肝脏和前肠四个组织, 检测不同浓度维生素D₃处理对攻毒前和攻毒后TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因表达量的影响。同时另取6条新鲜黄颡鱼的肌肉、头肾、肾脏、皮肤、脑、鳃、脾脏、胃上皮、小肠和肝脏, 检测TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因在黄颡鱼中的组织分布。结果表明: 不同的维生素D₃添加水平会显著影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能; TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因在所检测的组织中均有表达, 但在脾脏中表达量最高; 饲料中不同维生素D₃含量在攻毒前后均会显著影响TLR18、TLR19和TLR21在头肾、脾脏、肝脏和前肠中的表达, 攻毒后基因的表达显著高于攻毒前; TLR18、TLR19和TLR21在不同组织中的表达和饲料中维生素D₃的浓度相关, 研究结果表明饲料中添加合适剂量的维生素D₃, 可以促进相关免疫基因的表达, 从而增强黄颡鱼对病原微生物的抵抗力。     

黄颡鱼MHC class II基因全长的克隆及饲料维生素D3对其组织表达的影响

为进一步丰富鱼类MHC class II基因的研究, 同时也为进一步探讨低磷饲料中添加维生素D₃对鱼类免疫功能可能的影响, 实验利用RACE (Rapid-amplification of cDNA ends) 即cDNA末端快速扩增技术, 成功克隆出黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)主要组织相容性复合体(Major histocompatibility complex, MHC) class II基因, 全长1074 bp, 其中ORF (Open reading frame)708 bp, 编码236个氨基酸, 5′UTR (5′端非翻译区)78 bp, 3′UTR (3′端非翻译区)259 bp。进行氨基酸序列比对分析得到: 黄颡鱼MHC class II基因ORF氨基酸序列与长吻逘(Leiocassis longirostris)的氨基酸序列相似度最高为69.5%, 与锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的氨基酸序列相似度最低为50.4%。利用qPCR对黄颡鱼MHC class II基因进行组织表达分析, 结果表明MHC class II在小肠、肝脏、鳃中表达较高; 在肌肉、鳍条中表达较低; 而在肾、脾脏、脑、头肾中表达量极低(几乎检测不到)。在低磷饲料中添加维生素D₃显著诱导了该基因的上调表达。研究结果展示了黄颡鱼MHC class II基因的分子结构、组织表达以及维生素D₃的作用, 在降低磷排放的同时, 为今后黄颡鱼免疫抗病及分子选育等方向的深入研究及免疫型饲料的使用奠定了基础。     

miR-194a介导饲料维生素D3调节黄颡鱼JAK-STAT免疫通路的研究

为了研究miRNA如何介导饲料维生素D3在黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)JAK-STAT通路中调节免疫应答的机制,选择黄颡鱼幼鱼为主要研究对象,设计了3组维生素D₃浓度分别为1120、3950和16600 IU/kg的饲料,开展了为期12周养殖实验,养殖实验结束后进行鮰爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)攻毒实验。对攻毒后的头肾和脾脏组织进行Illumina高通量测序,筛选差异表达的miRNAs,并对差异表达miRNAs进行靶基因的生物信息学预测和富集分析,发现miR-194a的靶基因富集在JAK-STAT信号通路中;进一步通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证了miR-194a对靶基因jak2a和tyk2具有靶向性调控的关系,能够发挥对jak2a和tyk2的抑制作用;通过体外巨噬细胞实验,在细胞中同样检测到miR-194a可以响应培养基中不同浓度的活性维生素D₃,并对靶基因jak2a与tyk2同样发挥抑制作用;通过进一步对靶基因在JAK-STAT通路中的下游基因表达检测,发现随着JAK-STAT信号通路...     

骨髓间充质干细胞培养液促进STAT3磷酸化诱导Raw264.7细胞向M2型极化

炎症性疾病的发生是当今临床医学攻克的重点。M1型巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子产生炎症,而M2型巨噬细胞分泌抑炎因子抑制炎症的发生。M1型巨噬细胞向M2型极化,则是从炎症状态转变成抑制炎症发生的状态,因此研究巨噬细胞向缓解炎症的M2型极化将有利于炎症性疾病的治疗。本研究利用骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)培养液处理已被脂多糖(LPS)诱导呈M1型的Raw264.7巨噬细胞,探究骨髓间充质干细胞培养液(BMSC-CM)对巨噬细胞向M2型极化的影响及其分子机制。提取来源于3周龄C57BL/6鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞;再收集BMSC-CM处理M1型的Raw264.7巨噬细胞;半定量PCR检测M1型标记基因[肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(INOS)]和M2型标记基因[精氨酸酶1(ARG-1)和转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)]mRNA表达以及白介素10(IL-10)mRNA表达水平;Western蛋白质印迹法检测信号传导及转录激活蛋白3(STAT3)和磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)的表达。本研究发现,经过BMSC-CM培养后的M1型的Raw264.7巨噬细胞,其M2型相关指标ARG-1和TGF-β1 mRNA水平明显上升,并且IL-10 mRNA水平和p-STAT3蛋白水平也明显上升。这些结果说明,骨髓间充质干细胞培养液通过IL-10/STAT3信号通路促进STAT3磷酸化,诱导巨噬细胞Raw264.7细胞向M2型极化。     

即早基因c-fos在THP-1单核巨噬细胞亚型极化中的差异表达*

目的:探讨即早基因c-fos在THP-1巨噬细胞亚型极化过程中的表达变化。方法:运用PMA刺激诱导THP-1单核细胞极化为巨噬细胞,观察c-fos在单核细胞极化过程中的表达变化;在PMA刺激的基础上,分别运用LPS和IL-4诱导THP-1巨噬细胞向M1及M2亚型极化,实时定量PCR及Western blot技术分析刺激24 h时,细胞亚型标记物CD274、CD86和CD163的表达变化,并动态观察诱导极化过程中,c-fos的表达情况。结果:c-fos在PMA刺激THP-1单核细胞分化为巨噬细胞过程中蛋白和mRNA水平显示上调;LPS诱导THP-1巨噬细胞极化为M1型过程中,c-fos蛋白和mRNA水平表达降低,其特异性标记物在24 h呈现出M1型极化的特点(CD86蛋白表达升高,CD274、CD163蛋白表达降低);IL-4诱导THP-1巨噬细胞极化为M2型过程中,c-fos蛋白和mRNA水平表达升高,其特异性标记物在24 h表现出M2型极化的特点(CD86蛋白表达降低,CD274、CD163蛋白表达升高)。结论:c-fos参与了THP-1单核细胞向巨噬细胞极化的过程,并且可能通过抑制巨噬细胞M1亚型形成,促进巨噬细胞向M2亚型极化的作用参与巨噬细胞的亚型极化及其功能调节中。     

前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体诱导巨噬细胞极化

外泌体(exosome)是直径约30～150 nm的由细胞分泌的一种具有生物学活性的囊泡。有些来自癌细胞的外泌体可以将巨噬细胞(macrophages,Mφ)极化为M2亚型,但前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体在巨噬细胞极化中的作用仍缺乏研究。本研究采用超滤法提取前列腺癌细胞PC-3M-2B4和PC-3M-IE8条件培养基中的外泌体(PCa-exo)。分别用透射电子显微镜、纳米粒径分析及Western印迹对外泌体形态、颗粒大小和表面的特异性分子标志进行分析鉴定。用PKH67标记外泌体,观察PCa-exo能否被巨噬细胞吸收。免疫荧光分析PCa-exo处理巨噬细胞后,M2型巨噬细胞表面分子标志CD206的表达差异。用q-PCR观察PCa-exo诱导后的巨噬细胞中IL-10、IL-1β等细胞因子的表达。电镜、Western印迹和纳米粒径分析的结果显示,PCa-exo形态多为圆形,直径约为40～150 nm,PCa-exo能被巨噬细胞大量吸收。PCa-exo诱导后,巨噬细胞中CD206荧光表达显著增高,IL-10、IL-1β及IL-12等炎症因子的表达水平与M2/TAM亚型巨噬细胞的表达谱一致。本研究表明,前列腺癌细胞来源的外泌体能诱导巨噬细胞极化为M2表型。     

黄颡鱼20β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ基因特征分析和表达模式研究

为探讨20β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ(20β-HSDⅠ/Ⅱ)在黄颡鱼中的基因特征和表达模式, 研究从黄颡鱼中克隆了这2个基因的全长cDNA。对鱼类2个20β-HSD的系统进化分析和共线性分析结果发现, 20β-hsd基因的复制可能不是TSGD的结果。序列对比结果表明, 鱼类2个20β-HSD可能具有相似的空间结构, 结合相似的辅酶和底物, 但催化产物可能有差异。黄颡鱼2个20β-hsd基因均表达于多个组织, 其中20β-hsdⅠ主要表达于精巢、卵巢、头肾和肾脏中, 而20β-hsdⅡ则高表达于精巢、卵巢、心脏、头肾、肾脏、肠、垂体和肝脏。季节表达模式的研究发现, 在繁殖季节(5月)的黄颡鱼精巢中, 20β-hsdⅠ的表达相对较低, 而20β-hsdⅡ高表达。对黄颡鱼雄性成鱼注射人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)(1000 IU/kg体重)后, 20β-hsd Ⅰ的表达先显著升高, 随后迅速显著下调; 而20β-hsdⅡ的表达则持续显著上升。上述结果表明, 黄颡鱼20β-hsdⅠ和20β-hsdⅡ在hCG处理下表达模式存在较大差异。     

JNK通路对M2巨噬细胞极化及其肿瘤效应的影响

探究了JNK通路对M2巨噬细胞极化及M2介导的促肿瘤效应的影响。构建单核细胞THP1来源M2 巨噬细胞模型(THP1-M2),将细胞分为3组: 用PMA 诱导的未活化巨噬细胞组(M0),用PMA、IL-4处理及阴性干扰(DMSO)的M2型巨噬细胞组(M2),用特异性抑制剂阻断JNK通路的M2 型巨噬细胞组(M2-JNKI)。实时荧光定量PCR检测M2 表型marker基因的表达;免疫蛋白印迹法检测M2 表型marker蛋白水平;细胞划痕试验检测巨噬细胞迁移能力;流式细胞数检测786O及OSRC2凋亡。结果与THP1-M2组相比,阻断JNK通路的M2组M2表型marker表达明显下降,同时其细胞迁移能力也呈下降趋势。且阻断JNK通路后,M2巨噬细胞抑制肾癌细胞凋亡的能力减弱。结果表明,抑制JNK通路后,M2巨噬细胞极化状态受损,其促肿瘤效应可转变为抗肿瘤效应。     

巨噬细胞的自噬和极化抑制其泡沫化进程

目的:巨噬细胞是动脉粥样硬化斑块中最丰富的免疫细胞,巨噬细胞泡沫化加速动脉粥样硬化,本研究探讨巨噬细胞自噬与极化对泡沫化的影响。方法:分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,免疫荧光检测巨噬细胞的标记物F4/80。不同浓度雷帕霉素处理巨噬细胞,western blot检测自噬标记物LC3II,经典激活的巨噬细胞(Classically activated macrophages, M1)标记物白细胞介素6(interleukin 6, IL-6)和替代激活的巨噬细胞(Alternatively activated macrophages, M2)标记物转化生长因子β(transform growth factor,TGF-β)的表达。用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化,油红O染色鉴定泡沫细胞形成及巨噬细胞泡沫化情况。结果:免疫荧光结果显示,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞F4/80阳性率达87.6%;雷帕霉素处理巨噬细胞24 h,western blot结果显示LC3II表达增加,M1标记物IL-6表达增加,而M2标记物TGF-β表达减少,对其条带进行统计分析结果显示都具有显著性差异(P0.05);油红O染色结果显示雷帕霉素明显减少巨噬细胞泡沫化形成。结论:雷帕霉素能诱导巨噬细胞自噬,促进其向M1型极化,从而抑制巨噬细胞泡沫化。     

两种PMA诱导方案对THP-1巨噬细胞M1和M2亚型相关基因表达的影响

佛波酯诱导THP-1单核细胞系分化为巨噬细胞的模型广泛被使用,目前主要使用高、低浓度两种方案,其是否对M1和M2亚型相关基因的表达有影响鲜有报道。该研究比较了两种常用佛波酯方案对THP-1细胞分化为巨噬细胞及进一步极化为M1和M2亚型过程后相关标志基因的表达情况。结果表明,高浓度佛波酯方案增强M0细胞白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶和甘露糖受体C1、转化生长因子-β的表达,而抑制白介素-10的表达。进一步极化为M1和M2亚型时,高浓度佛波酯方案主要增强白介素-1β,而抑制白介素-6对干扰素-γ的应答,而低浓度方案增强甘露糖受体C1、树突状细胞特异性细胞间黏附分子-3结合非整合蛋白因子对白介素-4的应答。两种佛波酯方案可诱导THP-1产生不同表型的巨噬细胞以及后续极化亚型,需根据实验目的选择合适的诱导方案。     

Extracellular Mycobacterial DnaK Polarizes Macrophages to the M2-Like Phenotype

Macrophages are myeloid cells that play an essential role in inflammation and host defense, regulating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can polarize to two distinct phenotypes. The M1 phenotype is activated by IFN-γ and bacterial products, and displays an inflammatory profile, while M2 macrophages are activated by IL-4 and tend to be anti-inflammatory or immunosupressive. It was observed that DnaK from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has immunosuppressive properties, inducing a tolerogenic phenotype in dendritic cells and MDSCs, contributing to graft acceptance and tumor growth. However, its role in macrophage polarization remains to be elucidated. We asked whether DnaK was able to modulate macrophage phenotype. Murine macrophages, derived from bone marrow, or from the peritoneum, were incubated with DnaK and their phenotype compared to M1 or M2 polarized macrophages. Treatment with DnaK leads macrophages to present higher arginase I activity, IL-10 production and FIZZ1 and Ym1 expression. Furthermore, DnaK increased surface levels of CD206. Importantly, DnaK-treated macrophages were able to promote tumor growth in an allogeneic melanoma model. Our results suggest that DnaK polarizes macrophages to the M2-like phenotype and could constitute a virulence factor and is an important immunomodulator of macrophage responses.     

Regulation of alternative macrophage activation by MSCs derived hypoxic conditioned medium,via the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway

Macrophages are re-educated and polarized in response to myocardial infarction (MI). The M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype is a known dominator of late stage MI. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising tool for cell therapy, particularly heart related diseases. In general, MSCs induce alteration of the macrophage subtype from M1 to M2, both in vitro and in vivo. We conjectured that hypoxic conditions can promote secretome productivity of MSCs. Hypoxia induces TGF-β1 expression, and TGF-β1 mediates M2 macrophage polarization for anti-inflammation and angiogenesis in infarcted areas. We hypothesized that macrophages undergo advanced M2 polarization after exposure to MSCs in hypoxia. Treatment of MSCs derived hypoxic conditioned medium (hypo-CM) promoted M2 phenotype and neovascularization through the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. In addition, hypo-CM derived from MSCs improved restoration of ischemic heart, such as attenuating cell apoptosis and fibrosis, and ameliorating microvessel density. Based on our results, we propose a new therapeutic method for effective MI treatment using regulation of macrophage polarization.      

Characterization of monoglucuronides of vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in rat bile using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

The characterization of vitamin D₂ 3-glucuronide, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ 3-glucuronide and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ 25-glucuronide, biliary metabolites obtained from rats dosed with vitamin D₂ and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ per os, was carried out using HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. The glucuronide obtained from bile specimens was identified by comparison of its chromatographic behaviour with an authentic sample using HPLC—APCI-MS operating in the negative-ion mode. Methylation of the respective fraction with diazomethane gave the methyl ester, which was also confirmed by HPLC—APCI-MS operating in the positive-ion mode. The (M-M)⁻ and (M+NH₄)⁺ ions were monitored in the selected-ion monitoring mode.     

Macrophage differentiation and polarization via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-ERK signaling pathway conferred by serum amyloid P component

Macrophage differentiation and polarization is influenced by, and act on, many processes associated with autoimmunity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage polarization in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain largely debated. We previously demonstrated that macrophage M2b polarization conferred by activated lymphocyte-derived (ALD)-DNA immunization could initiate and propagate murine lupus nephritis. Serum amyloid P component (SAP), a conserved acute-phase protein in mice, has been reported to bind to DNA and modulate immune responses. In this study, murine SAP was shown to promote macrophage-mediated ALD-DNA uptake through binding to ALD-DNA (SAP/ALD-DNA). Moreover, macrophage phenotypic switch from a proinflammatory M2b phenotype induced by ALD-DNA alone to an anti-inflammatory M2a phenotype stimulated with SAP/ALD-DNA were found because of PI3K/Akt-ERK signaling activation. Both in vivo SAP supplements and adoptive transfer of ex vivo programmed M2a macrophages induced by SAP/ALD-DNA into SLE mice could efficiently alleviate lupus nephritis. Importantly, increased IL-10 secretion, accompanied by anti-inflammatory effect exerted by M2a macrophages, was found to predominantly impede macrophage M2b polarization. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-10 notably reduced the suppressive effect of M2a macrophages. Our results demonstrate that binding of SAP to ALD-DNA could switch macrophage phenotypic polarization from proinflammatory M2b to anti-inflammatory M2a via PI3K/Akt-ERK signaling activation, thus exerting protective and therapeutic interventions on murine lupus nephritis. These data provide a possible molecular mechanism responsible for modulation of macrophage polarization in the context of lupus nephritis and open a new potential therapeutic avenue for SLE.     

Regulation of Macrophage Motility by the Water Channel Aquaporin-1: Crucial Role of M0/M2 Phenotype Switch

The water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) promotes migration of many cell types. Although AQP1 is expressed in macrophages, its potential role in macrophage motility, particularly in relation with phenotype polarization, remains unknown. We here addressed these issues in peritoneal macrophages isolated from AQP1-deficient mice, either undifferentiated (M0) or stimulated with LPS to orientate towards pro-inflammatory phenotype (classical macrophage activation; M1). In non-stimulated macrophages, ablation of AQP1 (like inhibition by HgCl₂) increased by 2–3 fold spontaneous migration in a Src/PI3K/Rac-dependent manner. This correlated with cell elongation and formation of lamellipodia/ruffles, resulting in membrane lipid and F4/80 recruitment to the leading edge. This indicated that AQP1 normally suppresses migration of resting macrophages, as opposed to other cell types. Resting Aqp1^-/- macrophages exhibited CD206 redistribution into ruffles and increased arginase activity like IL4/IL13 (alternative macrophage activation; M2), indicating a M0-M2 shift. In contrast, upon M1 orientation by LPS in vitro or peritoneal inflammation in vivo, migration of Aqp1^-/- macrophages was reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that AQP1 oppositely regulates macrophage migration, depending on stimulation or not by LPS, and that macrophage phenotypic and migratory changes may be regulated independently of external cues.     

Induction of Murine Macrophage M2 Polarization by Cigarette Smoke Extract via the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway

Cigarette smoking is a major pathogenic factor in lung cancer. Macrophages play an important role in host defense and adaptive immunity. These cells display diverse phenotypes for performing different functions. M2 type macrophages usually exhibit immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting characteristics. Although macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype has been observed in the lungs of cigarette smokers, the molecular basis of the process remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the possible mechanisms for the polarization of mouse macrophages that are induced by cigarette smoking (CS) or cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The results showed that exposure to CSE suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and down-regulated the phagocytic ability of Ana-1 cells. The CD163 expressions on the surface of macrophages from different sources were significantly increased in in vivo and in vitro studies. The M1 macrophage cytokines TNF-α, IL-12p40 and enzyme iNOS decreased in the culture supernatant, and their mRNA levels decreased depending on the time and concentration of CSE. In contrast, the M2 phenotype macrophage cytokines IL-10, IL-6, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were up-regulated. Moreover, phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was observed after the Ana-1 cells were treated with CSE. In addition, pretreating the Ana-1 cells with the STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor WP1066 inhibited the CSE-induced CD163 expression, increased the mRNA level of IL-10 and significantly decreased the mRNA level of IL-12. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the M2 polarization of macrophages induced by CS could be mediated through JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation.     

巨噬细胞极化的研究进展

巨噬细胞是一群表型和功能均具有高度异质性的免疫细胞。巨噬细胞通过清除并修复受损的细胞和基质来维护组织完整性。巨噬细胞在不同的组织微环境、不同病理条件下,可极化成不同的表型即M1型巨噬细胞(经典活化的巨噬细胞)和M2型巨噬细胞(替代活化的巨噬细胞)。本文将对不同巨噬细胞亚群在抗细菌感染、抗寄生虫感染、哮喘、动脉粥样硬化和肿瘤产生中起到的的保护或致病作用,以及调控巨噬细胞极化的机制进行综述。掌握巨噬细胞极化在不同疾病中的作用以及调控巨噬细胞极化的具体机制,将为疾病的预防、诊断、治疗及药物研发提供新策略。