林隙对小兴安岭阔叶红松林树种更新及物种多样性的影响

研究了小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同林隙梯度(林隙中心、林隙近中心、林隙边缘)中主要树种的数量特征,以及林隙大小对树种更新的影响.结果表明:不同梯度林隙内灌木树种的密度均明显高于非林隙,同种灌木密度的比值在1.08～18.15之间;随林隙面积增加,乔木幼苗更新密度逐渐增大,幼树Ⅰ(高度H≥1 m,胸径DBH≤2 cm)和幼树Ⅱ(H≥1 m,2 cm＜DBH≤5 cm)的更新密度呈多峰曲线.林隙灌木总体更新密度主要随幼苗和幼树Ⅰ数量而变化.林隙内不同位置幼苗的平均树高、平均基径、种密度和个体密度有所差异.从林隙中心到非林隙,更新层乔木幼苗重要值的大小顺序为:林隙中心＞林隙近中心＞林隙边缘＞非林隙;物种均匀度呈高-低-高的变化,物种多样性的变化为早期林隙＞中期林隙＞晚期林隙.     

阔叶红松林林隙结构与树种多样性关系研究

对阔叶红松林林隙与林下不同层次树种多样性进行比较,探讨林隙大小及发育阶段与树种多样性间的关系.结果表明,林隙与林下树种多样性存在显著差异（P<0.01）.与林下相比,林隙更新层树种多样性、丰富度和均匀度增大,生态优势度减小（P<0.01）;演替层树种多样性、丰富度和均匀度减小,生态优势度增大（P<0.0001）.林隙中不同层次树种多样性随着林隙大小呈现出相反的变化趋势.长白山阔叶红松林林隙演替层树种多样性和丰富度总体上呈单峰形变化,中等大小林隙（100～250 m²）中树种多样性和丰富度较高,生态优势度较小.而更新层树种多样性和均匀度在≥250 m²和<100 m²的林隙中最大,在200～250 m²的林隙中最小;生态优势度在200～250 m²的林隙中达到最大.更新层和演替层树种对林隙面积大小反应不同,有利于更新层幼苗建立的林隙面积并不是演替层幼树发育和成活的最适面积;随林隙年龄的增加,更新层和演替层树种多样性在不同层次上呈互补关系.     

喀斯特森林林隙梯度物种多样性变化规律

采用Margalef物种丰富度指数(R1)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)及Pielou均匀度指数(J)来研究物种多样性的林隙梯度变化。结果表明:从林隙中心至非林隙林地的水平梯度上,林隙不同区域的种类组成存在较大差异,一些阳性树种如圆果化香等在林隙中心分布较多,青冈等耐荫性强的树种则在郁闭林下较为丰富,而中度耐荫种类如香叶树、大叶冬青等则集中分布在林隙近中心和林隙边缘处。从非林隙到林隙中心,物种丰富度逐渐升高,即非林隙<林隙边缘<林隙近中心<林隙中心;物种多样性的变化则总体呈中间高两头低的现象,均匀度的变化与其一致;物种多样性林隙梯度变化程度受林隙发育期和面积的影响较大,变化程度为早期林隙>中期林隙>晚期林隙,大林隙>中等林隙>小林隙,早期林隙和大林隙的边缘效应显著。     

缙云山针阔混交林更新层物种多样性林隙梯度变化初探

根据对缙云山针阔混交林群落更新层的样带调查数据,采用Margalef物种丰富度指数（R）、Simpson多样性指数（D）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）及Alatolo均匀度指数（E）来研究更新层物种多样性的林隙梯度变化。结果表明：从非林隙到林隙中心,更新层物种多样性逐渐升高,即非林隙＜林隙边缘＜林隙近中心＜林隙中心;物种丰富度变化与其一致,而均匀度变化则表现为两端高中间低的现象;更新层物种多样性林隙梯度变化程度受林隙发育阶段的影响较大,随着林隙的发育,变化程度为早期林隙＞中期林隙＞晚期林隙。     

北京松山自然保护区典型植物群落物种多样性研究

基于2017年对北京松山自然保护区6种典型植物群落物种调查数据,选取α、β多样性指数描述植物群落乔、灌、草本层植被多样性特征,分析影响植物群落多样性的主导因素。结果表明：(1)研究区内共有40科58属75种植物种;主要乔木优势种为油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)和山杨(Populus davidiana);灌木层优势种为土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens Turcz.)和扁担杆(Grewia biloba G. Don);林下草本多以菊科植物(Compositae)为主。(2)不同植物生长型间Shannon Wiener多样性与丰富度指数排序均为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;随着山体高度的增加,林下草本α多样性指数增大,草本物种丰富度、均匀度都对其α多样性影响较大。(3)分析从山底到山顶草本β多样性指数的变化趋势发现,草本共有种经历先减少后增加,物种替代率则呈先增大后降低的变化模式。研究认为,在今后生物多样性保护实施过程中,需按照自然演替规律,综合考虑冠层物种组成与结构、微地形的调控作用,制定合理可行的保护经验和技术,为森林群落多样性保护及其生态功能的发挥提供科学支撑。     

白皮松林林隙物种组成动态及更新规律

研究了白皮松林林隙物种组成和种间关系在林隙发育的各个阶段的动态变化,并对林隙内主要树种的更新反应进行了探讨。结果表明,在发育阶段为前期、中前期、中后期和后期的序列上,林隙中乔木层优势度最大的物种分别是白皮松（Pinus bungeana）、辽东栎（Quercus wutaishanica）、山桃（Prunus davidiana）和侧柏（Platy-cladus orientalis）;灌木层优势种包括白莲蒿（Artemisia gmelinii）、胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）、薄皮木（Lepto-dermis oblonga）和狼牙刺（Sophora viciifolia）;草本层优势种包括大披针苔草（Carex lanceolata）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、紫菀（Aster tataricus）和荩草（Arthraxon hispidus）;非林隙林分的优势种不明显。在林隙发育过程中乔木层、灌木层、草本层的平均相似性系数为0.32、0.38和0.27。可见林隙发育过程中群落各层次的相似性系数由小到大顺序为：草本〈乔木〈灌木;草本植物随着林隙环境条件的改变而出现较大的消亡和更新,显示出较大的波动性;乔木的稳定性和连续性介于灌木和草本之间。依据林隙中树种幼苗、幼树Ⅰ和幼树Ⅱ的数量差异,可将林隙更新反应分为单峰型、双峰型、差异不明显3种,并分别以白皮松、辽东栎和油松（Pinus tabu-laeformis）为代表树种。     

林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种多样性和稳定性的影响

采用物种多样性指数和改进的M.Godron稳定性法研究林窗干扰对格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)自然保护区天然林更新层物种多样性和稳定性的影响.结果表明:林窗干扰改善了微环境,表现在林窗和林下乔灌层树种重要值和多样性存在差异.林窗乔木层中丰富度指数R、优势度指数D、Shannon-Wiener指数H、均优多指数Z均高于林下,均匀度指数Js和群落优势度指数C低于林下;灌木层中R、D、H、Js、Z指数均高于林下,群落优势度指数C低于林下,林窗物种多样性更为丰富,生态优势种不明显,群落向复杂化和均匀化方向发展.林窗与林下乔木层Jaccard相似性系数Cj、Sorenson相似性系数CS、Bray-Curtis指数CN相对较低,Morista-Horn指数CmH较高,林窗对树种更新具有促进作用;灌木层相似性系数Cj、Cs、CN、CmH均较高,物种组成基本一致.根据M.Godron稳定性原理拟合出稳定性模型,林窗和林下乔木层分别为对数模型与二次函数模型,林窗和林下灌木层最佳拟合模型均为对数模型.林窗乔木层植物处于稳定状态,林下乔木层植物不稳定;林窗和林下灌木层植物均处于稳定状态.林窗和林下乔木层树种中以桂北木姜子(Litsea subcoriacea)重要值最高,说明其在森林更新中占有重要地位,可能对格氏栲种群更新产生较大影响.林下乔木层中格氏栲重要值较低,格氏栲更新存在困难,而林窗干扰促进了格氏栲的向上生长和重要值的提升,可有效实现格氏栲种群的更新和恢复.     

普洱季风常绿阔叶林乔木物种多样性高分辨率遥感估测

季风常绿阔叶林是我国南亚热带典型的地带性植被,也是云南省普洱地区重要森林类型。季风常绿阔叶林乔木物种多样性遥感估测对研究区域尺度生物多样性格局及其规律具有重要作用。根据光谱异质性假说和环境异质性假说,首先使用1m空间分辨率的机载高光谱数据和激光雷达数据提取了光谱多样性特征和垂直结构特征。然后利用基于随机森林算法的递归特征消除方法选择对研究区森林乔木物种多样性指数具有较好解释能力的遥感特征,并对Shannon-Winner物种多样性指数进行建模、制图。研究结果表明：（1）基于机载LiDAR数据提取的垂直结构特征和机载高光谱数据提取的光谱多样性特征均对研究区森林乔木物种多样性具有较好的解释能力,随机森林模型估测结果分别为R²=0.48,RMSE=0.46和R²=0.5,RMSE=0.45;两种数据源融合可以进一步提高遥感数据的森林乔木物种多样性估测精度,随机森林估测模型R²和RMSE分别为0.69和0.37。（2）机载激光雷达数据对研究区针阔混交林乔木物种多样性的估测能力优于机载高光谱数据。（3）机器学习方法有助于从高维遥感数据特征中选择适合于森林乔木物种多样性建模的少量特征。该研究在云南普洱开展对季风常绿阔叶林的遥感估测研究,可为森林生物多样性调查提供补充手段,有助于森林生物多样性大尺度、长期动态监测。     

杉木林改造成乡土阔叶林对林下植物物种组成和多样性的影响

把杉木林改造成乡土阔叶林,不仅能提供高价值木材,而且能够提升生态系统服务功能,是我国目前改造退化针叶林最常见的经营模式之一,但这些改变对其林下植物物种组成和多样性的影响及机制我们尚知之甚少。以南亚热带杉木林采伐迹地上重新种植的杉木林、红锥林和米老排林为研究对象,调查研究其灌木层和草本层植物物种组成和多样性,结果表明：（1）和杉木林相比,改造后的红锥林和米老排林灌木层的植物物种丰富度和多样性均呈极显著降低（P<0.01）,但其草本层植物只有物种丰富度极显著降低（P<0.01）,多样性均无显著变化（P>0.05）;（2）主成分分析（PCA）表明改造后的林分灌木层和草本层的植物物种组成发生明显的变化,冗余分析（RDA）确定导致林分灌木层植物物种组成发生变化的主要原因是杉木林改造成红锥林和米老排林后的冠层透光率、土壤碳氮比、土壤含水量和凋落物碳氮比的显著变化,而冠层透光率和土壤碳氮比的显著变化是导致其林下草本层植物物种组成发生明显变异的主要因子;（3）方差分解结果显示微地形、乔木特性和土壤理化性质的独立效应对灌木层和草本层植物物种组成的影响高于它们的交互效应。该研究为科学经营管理人工林和提高人工林生态系统多功能性提供科学依据。     

桂林岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落结构与物种多样性

常绿落叶阔叶混交林是亚热带岩溶石山典型的森林植被类型之一，为了掌握这类森林植被的群落结构和物种多样性的变化特征，在桂林市灵田镇小水村岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林内设置了1个320 m×60 m的样地，用于分析群落的垂直结构、径级结构和α多样性变化。结果表明：（1）组成群落的木本植物有37科75属96种，密度为6371株/hm²。其中，常绿树53种，落叶树43种。（2）垂直结构可以分为乔木上层、乔木下层和灌木层。其中，乔木上层分布34个物种（常绿18种，落叶16种），优势种为青冈栎（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）和南酸枣（Ziziphus jujuba）；乔木下层分布30个物种（常绿17种，落叶13种），优势种为粗糠柴（Mallotus philippensis）和菜豆树（Radermachera sinica）；灌木层分布32个物种（常绿18种，落叶14种），优势种为狗牙花（Ervatamia divaricata）和刺叶冬青（Ilex bioritsensis）。（3）在个体水平上，整个样地内所有个体胸径（DBH）呈明显的倒"J"型分布，平均胸径为4.32 cm；以小径级植株数量最多，DBH≤5 cm的个体占总个体数92.36%，而DBH≥20 cm的个体数较少，仅占0.96%；在物种水平上，平均DBH≤5 cm的物种有79种，占总物种数的85.86%，平均DBH≥20 cm的物种数（6种）仅占总物种数的6.52%。（4）每个样方中个体数的均值为262±132，Shannon-Wiener指数均值为2.67±0.26，Simpson指数均值为0.89±0.03，Pielou均匀度指数均值为0.78±0.05。（5）人为干扰和海拔对物种分布影响极显著，土壤厚度、岩石裸露率和坡度对物种分布影响显著。     

Differences in forest composition in two boreal forest ecoregions of Quebec

Abstract. In order to describe and compare the post‐fire succession patterns of the two ecological regions (mixed‐wood and coniferous ecoregions) of northwestern Quebec, 260 forest stands were sampled with the point‐centred plot method. The mixed‐wood ecological region belongs to the Abies balsamea‐Betula papyrifera bioclimatic domain whereas the coniferous ecological region belongs to the Picea mariana‐moss bioclimatic domain. In each plot, tree composition was described, surficial deposits and drainage were recorded, and fire history was reconstructed using standard dendro‐ecological methods. Ordination techniques (Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis) were used to describe the successional patterns of forest vegetation and to correlate them with the explanatory variables. The results showed the importance of surficial deposits, the time since fire and the ecoregion in explaining the variation of stand composition. Abies balsamea tends to increase in importance with an increase in time since fire, and this trend is more pronounced in the mixed‐wood region. Even when controlling both for surficial deposits and time since fire, differences in successional trends were observed between the two ecoregions. As all the species are present in both ecoregions and as they are all observed further north, our results suggest that both the landscape configuration and fire regime parameters such as fire size and fire intensity are important factors involved in these differences.     

Organic matter and nutrient dynamics of the forest and forest floor in the Hubbard Brook forest

Summary The forest floor is a major reservoir of organic matter and nutrients for the ecosystem and as such it influences or regulates most of the functional processes occurring throughout the ecosystem. This study reports on the nutrient and organic matter content of the forest floor of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest during different seasons and attempts to correlate results from studies of vegetation, litter, decomposition, stemflow, throughfall, and soil. An organic matter budget is presented for an undisturbed watershed.Average weight of the forest floor on an undisturbed watershed ranged from 25,500 to 85,500 kg/ha. The weighted watershed average was 46,800 kg/ha. Although the F and H horizons did not vary significantly with time, the L horizon increased significantly during the period June to August largely as a result of a severe hail storm. The order of abundance of elements in the forest floor was N;CaFe>S>P>Mn>K>Mg>Na>Zn>Cu. The concentrations of Ca, K, and Mn decreased with depth in the forest floor while N, P, S, Na, Fe, Zn, and Cu concentrations increased. N:P ratios were similar in decomposing leaf tissue, the forest floor, litterfall, and net stemflow plus throughfall suggesting a similar pattern of cycling. S was proportional to N and P in decomposing leaf tissue, the forest floor, and litterfall. Net stemflow and throughfall were affected by a relatively large input of SO₄=-S from the atmosphere. Residence times for elements in the forest floor were affected by inputs other than litterfall (precipitation, stemflow, and throughfall). Calculation of residence times using all inputs caused smaller values than if litterfall alone was used. While all residence times were reduced, the major differences occurred for K, S, and Na. N and P showed relatively long residence times as a result of retranslocation and immobilization by decomposers. The slow turnover rate because of the strong demand and retention by all biota must account for the efficiency of the intrasystem cycling process for N and P. K showed the shortest residence time. A rapid and efficient uptake of K by vegetation seems to account for the efficient cycling of this element. The patterns of nutrient cycling are several depending on the chemical properties of the forest floor, and nutritional requirements of the biota.This is contribution No. 67 of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation.     

Long-term forest composition and its drivers in taiga forest in NW Russia

Understanding the processes behind long-term boreal forest dynamics can provide information that assists in predicting future boreal vegetation under changing environmental conditions. Here, we examine Holocene stand-scale vegetation dynamics and its drivers at the western boundary of the Russian taiga forest in NW Russia. Fossil pollen and conifer stomata records from four small hollow sites and two lake sites are used to reconstruct local vegetation dynamics during the Holocene. Variation partitioning is used to assess the relative importance of the potential drivers (temperature, forest fires and growing site wetness) to the long-term stand-scale dynamics in taiga forest. All the main tree taxa, including the boreal keystone species Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Larix sibirica (Siberian larch), have been locally present since 10,000 cal yr bp. The constant Holocene presence of L. sibirica at three small hollow sites suggests a fast postglacial immigration of the species in northern Europe. Picea was present but not dominant at all study sites until its expansion between 8,000 and 7,000 cal yr bp markedly changed the forest structure through the suppression of Betula (birch), Pinus (pine) and Larix. Our results demonstrate that in general, the Holocene forest dynamics in our study region have been driven by temperature, but during short intervals the role of local factors, especially forest fires, has been prominent. The comparison between sites reveals the importance of local factors in stand-scale dynamics in taiga forests. Therefore, the future responses of taiga forest to climate change will be predominantly modulated by the local characteristics at the site.     

Establishment of laurel forest vegetation in adjacent secondary forest in central Japan

Distributions of lucidophyllous species are limited due to the fragmentation of laurel forest. On Komayama Hill in central Japan, we evaluated the colonization of typical lucidophyllous vascular plants from a 350-year-old laurel forest into adjacent abandoned secondary forest for conservation and restoration purposes. A total of 14 consecutive subplots were established along the vegetation border between the two forests (length, 30 m; width, 5 m), extending 70 m into the secondary forest; 18 quadrats of old-growth forest were surveyed. Edge effects of old-growth forest were found to play an important role in re-establishing lucidophyllous saplings and seedlings in the secondary forest. In particular, the abundances of the four dominant canopy species of the old-growth forest significantly decreased with increasing distance. Hence, they are expected to colonize further into the secondary forest and, ultimately, to dominate the canopy. However, the number of lucidophyllous species did not change with distance. Species such as Ficus nipponica, Damnacanthus indicus, Ilex integra, and Lemmaphyllum microphyllum were near-completely or completely limited to the old-growth forest. They are known to be negatively affected by forest fragmentation and were observed to be struggling to colonize the exterior of the old-growth forest even after 60 years of abandonment. Their absence highlighted the limited colonization capacities of some old-growth forest species and underlined the time required for habitat restoration following human disturbance. We conclude that it is important to consider the population dynamics of dominant canopy species and the colonization of these interior species when assessing the habitat expansion of lucidophyllous species and hence the restoration of degraded lands.     

中国南部亚热带森林地表植被动态变化

系统研究了南方5个亚热带森林生态系统地表植被的动态变化情况.研究方法是:在每个研究区域内,按照地形梯度分别布设50个1m2 的样方,记录样方内所有物种的频度及相关的环境变量,5个研究区域共设250个样方,每个样方分别调查两次.通过单元及多元统计方法分析表明:维管植物物种频度在一个区域明显下降,另二个区域显著增加;苔藓物种频度在一个区域有明显下降,另一个区域明显增加;苔藓物种数量在3个区域显著增加,另二个区域显著下降;维管植物物种数量显著增加在二个区域;物种组成沿着第一个植被梯度轴DCA 1没有显著变化,沿着第二个植被梯度轴DCA 2在二个区域有显著变化.综合分析表明,苔藓对气候变化及其波动反映敏感,是较好的气候变化及气候波动生物指示因子,而管植物数量及频度的变化没有明显证据显示与土壤酸化和大气污染有紧密关系.     

Traffic noise affects forest bird species in a protected tropical forest

The construction of roads near protected forest areas alters ecosystem function by creating habitat fragmentation and through several direct and indirect negative effects such as increased pollution, animal mortality through collisions, disturbance caused by excessive noise and wind turbulence. Noise in particular may have strong negative effects on animal groups such as frogs and birds, that rely on sound for communication as it can negatively interfere with vocalizations used for territorial defense or courtship. Thus, birds are expected to be less abundant close to the road where noise levels are high. In this study, we examined the effects of road traffic noise levels on forest bird species in a protected tropical forest in Costa Rica. Data collection was conducted in a forest segment of the Carara National Park adjacent to the Coastal Highway. We carried out 120 ten minute bird surveys and measured road noise levels 192 times from the 19th to the 23rd of April and from the 21st to the 28th of November, 2008. To maximize bird detection for the species richness estimates we operated six 12 m standard mist nets simultaneously with the surveys. The overall mist-netting effort was 240 net/h. In addition, we estimated traffic volumes by tallying the number of vehicles passing by the edge of the park using 24 one hour counts throughout the study. We found that the relative abundance of birds and bird species richness decreased significantly with the increasing traffic noise in the dry and wet season. Noise decreased significantly and in a logarithmic way with distance from the road in both seasons. However, noise levels at any given distance were significantly higher in the dry compared to the wet season. Our results suggest that noise might be an important factor influencing road bird avoidance as measured by species richness and relative abundance. Since the protected forest in question is located in a national park subjected to tourist visitation, these results have conservation as well as management implications. A decrease in bird species richness and bird abundance due to intrusive road noise could negatively affect the use of trails by visitors. Alternatives for noise attenuation in the affected forest area include the enforcement of speed limits and the planting of live barriers.     

火对森林土壤的影响

林火是林地上自由蔓延的火,主要有计划火烧(控制火烧)和野火2种类型.火烧的严重程度决定了火灾的效果及其影响的持续时间.火能够通过燃烧有机质和改变粘土矿物来影响土壤结构,导致土壤容重增加和持水能力降低.长期来看,火烧引起土壤有机质减少.火烧之后土壤温度和pH值的升高会促进土壤呼吸,而微生物数量的减少、根系的死亡和可分解物质的减少则减弱土壤呼吸.林火消耗了森林的枯落物层,通过氧化、挥发、灰分颗粒对流、淋溶等途径减少了森林土壤的养分含量.火灾对土壤生物有重要影响,火灾引起的高温可直接杀死土壤微生物,同时通过改变土壤的各种理化性质及林地微环境,间接影响土壤微生物生存和群落的组成.火对土壤动物的影响显著小于对土壤微生物的影响,原因是前者具有更高的灵活性来逃避火灾.中低程度火烧主要通过土壤环境变化间接影响土壤酶,而严重火烧则通过高温直接使其变性.今后应开展跨学科的森林火灾长期研究,加强对火烧后土壤动物、微生物和生态系统之间相互关系的研究,注重计划用火、火灾对土壤有机碳、土壤养分库的稳定、土壤斥水性、水土流失强度和生物多样性影响方面的研究.     

Ant community structure during forest succession in a subtropical forest in South-East China

Understanding how communities respond to environmental gradients is critical to predict responses of species to changing habitat conditions such as in regenerating secondary habitats after human land use. In this study, ground-living ants were sampled with pitfall traps in 27 plots in a heterogeneous and diverse subtropical forest to test if and how a broad set of environmental variables including elevation, successional age, and tree species richness influence ant diversity and community composition. In total, 13,441 ant individuals belonging to 71 species were found. Ant abundance was unrelated to all environmental variables. Rarefied ant species richness was negatively related to elevation, and Shannon diversity decreased with shrub cover. There was considerable variation in ant species amongst plots, associated with elevation, successional age, and variables related to succession such as shrub cover. It is shown that younger secondary forests may support a species-rich and diverse community of ants in subtropical forests even though the species composition between younger and older forests is markedly different. These findings confirm the conservation value of secondary subtropical forests, which is critical because subtropical forests have been heavily exploited by human activities globally. However, the findings also confirm that old-growth forest should have priority in conservation as it supports a distinct ant community. Our study identifies a set of ant species which are associated with successional age and may thus potentially assist local conservation planning.     

冬季森林鸟类对林窗的响应分析

林窗主要指由森林中老龄树死亡或其他偶然因素导致的成熟阶段优势树种死亡,从而造成在林冠层形成空隙的现象。2011年11月—2012年2月,于广西防城金花茶国家级自然保护区,采用定点观察法,就北热带季雨林冬季鸟类对林窗的响应特征及鸟类在林窗和非林窗的分布特征等进行了研究。在林窗记录到鸟类45种,占所有鸟类的84.9%,平均种数为9.6种;在非林窗记录到鸟类39种,占所有鸟类的73.6%,平均种数为5.3种。多元回归表明林窗面积、林窗外10m乔木平均高度、林窗外10m乔木数量、林窗外10m灌木数量、林窗外1m草本平均盖度和裸地比例是林窗影响鸟类多样性的关键因子。总体上,林窗鸟类多样性大于非林窗。另外,林窗对鸟类空间分布影响主要表现在:鸟类的垂直分布以林窗中层和林冠层为主,水平分布以近离和较近离为主,而这种空间分布格局主要是由鸟类取食生态位分化所造成。     

Beyond the tropics: forest structure in a temperate forest mapped plot

Question: How do the diversity, size structure, and spatial pattern of woody species in a temperate (Mediterranean climate) forest compare to temperate and tropical forests? Location: Mixed evergreen coastal forest in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, USA. Methods: We mapped, tagged, identified, and measured all woody stems (≥1 cm diameter) in a 6‐ha forest plot, following Center for Tropical Forest Science protocols. We compared patterns to those found in 14 tropical and 12 temperate forest plots. Results: The forest is dominated by Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and three species of Fagaceae (Quercus agrifolia, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus), and includes 31 woody species and 8180 individuals. Much of the diversity was in small‐diameter shrubs, treelets, and vines that have not been included in most other temperate forest plots because stems <5‐cm diameter had been excluded from study. The density of woody stems (1363 stems ha^?1) was lower than that in all but one tropical plot. The density of large trees (diameter ≥30 cm) and basal area were higher than in any tropical plot. Stem density and basal area were similar to most other temperate plots, but were less than in low‐diversity conifer forests. Rare species were strongly aggregated, with the degree of aggregation decreasing with abundance so that the most common species were significantly more regular than random. Conclusions: The patterns raise questions about differences in structure and dynamics between tropical and temperate forests; these need to be confirmed with additional temperate zone mapped plots that include small‐diameter individuals.