MMPs抑制剂对结肠癌细胞凋亡、免疫功能及炎性因子的影响

摘要 目的：探究基质金属蛋白酶（Matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs）抑制剂对结肠癌细胞凋亡、免疫功能及炎性因子的影响。方法：取SW480结肠癌细胞,随机分为低表达组（将MMPs抑制剂慢病毒质粒与SW480细胞混合培养）,空白对照组（SW480细胞与慢病毒包装质粒混合培养）。采用流式细胞法、免疫细胞化学法、酶联免疫吸附（Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法、实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, qRT-PCR）法、Hoechst 33258 荧光染色法检测SW480细胞凋亡,TNF-α、IL-6蛋白阳性表达、免疫球蛋白表达水平、MMP-9 mRNA表达量。结果：空白对照组与低表达组相比较,低表达组SW480细胞内MMP-9 mRNA表达量显著下降(P<0.05),说明转染成功。与空白对照组相比较,低表达组SW480细胞凋亡数量显著上升(P<0.05)。低表达组细胞的细胞核出现核固缩的概率显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）。与空白对照组相比较,低表达组SW480细胞IL-2表达水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,IL-4、TGF-β1、TIM-1表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。SW480细胞内的MMP-9 mRNA与IL-2呈现负相关性（r=-0.723,P=0.007）,MMP-9 mRNA与IL-4、TGF-β1及TIM-1均呈现负相关性（均P＜0.05）。空白对照组SW480细胞中TNF-α、IL-6蛋白阳性数最高,低表达组SW480细胞中TNF-α、IL-6蛋白阳性数最低,与空白对照组相比较,低表达组SW480细胞中TNF-α、IL-6阳性数显著下降(均P<0.05)。结论：MMPs抑制剂可促进SW480细胞凋亡,改善免疫功能,降低炎性介质的表达水平。     

应用原代软骨细胞与SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞系建立体外骨关节炎模型的效果评价

目的通过比较白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)处理对原代软骨细胞与SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞系增殖活力、炎症因子与炎症通路表达水平变化的影响,为骨关节炎体外研究用细胞提供多重选择。方法免疫细胞化学法与甲苯胺蓝染色分别检测细胞中Ⅱ型胶原与蛋白多糖,鉴定所培养的原代细胞是否为软骨细胞。CCK-8法检测IL-1β(10ng/ml)处理24h、48h、72h对原代软骨细胞增殖活力的影响,IL-1β(1、10、20、40ng/ml)处理24h对SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞系增殖活力的影响。IL-1β(10ng/ml)分别处理原代软骨细胞与SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞系细胞24h后,ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)与基质金属蛋白酶-13(matrix metalloproteinase-13,MMP-13)的表达水平。Real-time PCR法检测核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)mRNA表达水平。结果所培养的原代细胞为原代软骨细胞。IL-1β(10ng/ml)处理可显著抑制原代软骨细胞增殖活力,但IL-1β(1、10、20、40 ng/ml)处理对SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞系增殖活力无明显影响。IL-1β(10ng/ml)处理可使IL-6、MMP-13表达水平及NF-κB mRNA的表达量均显著增加。结论IL-1β作用下原代软骨细胞与SW1353软骨肉瘤细胞系均可表现出骨关节炎样炎症反应,二者均可用于骨关节炎的体外实验研究。     

白细胞介素1β抑制心肌成纤维细胞胶原合成并促进其分解

本文应用3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷(3H-thymidine, 3H-TdR)掺入法及3H-脯氨酸(3H-proline, 3H-Pro)掺入法观察白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)对Spague-Dawley乳鼠心肌成纤维细胞DNA及胶原合成的影响,并用明胶酶谱法和Western blot检测基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) MMP-2、 MMP-9活性及MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达,用RT-PCR检测MMP-2、 MMP-9的mRNA表达.结果显示:(1)0.1、1、10、100ng/mL的IL-1β作用于细胞24h后,各组3H-TdR掺入量明显较对照组低(P<0.05, P<0.01),同时3H-Pro掺入量明显降低(P<0.05, P<0.01);而0.01ng/mL的IL-1β作用于细胞后,对3H-TdR掺入量和3H-Pro掺入量无明显影响.(2)不同剂量(0.01～100ng/mL)的IL-1β均刺激MMP-2和MMP-9活性升高,并呈剂量依赖性.IL-1β增加MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达(P<0.05, P<0.01).(3)IL-1β(0.01～100ng/mL)刺激MMP-2和MMP-9 mRNA表达升高(P<0.05, P<0.01).以上结果表明,IL-1β通过减少心肌成纤维细胞的细胞分裂来降低胶原的合成,同时促进MMP-2和MMP-9的转录及转录后的表达来促进胶原的分解,提示其在心肌重塑过程中起一定作用.     

来氟米特联合依那西普对佐剂性关节炎大鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究来氟米特和依那西普联合使用对佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠的治疗作用及其可能的作用机制。方法:建立AA大鼠关节炎模型,分为正常对照组、模型组、来氟米特组、依那西普组、来氟米特联合依那西普配伍组;采用关节炎指数评分法评价大鼠关节炎症程度,半定量RT-PCR和放射免疫法检测滑膜组织及血清中IL-1β、TNF-α表达水平,免疫组化方法检测滑膜组织中MMP-3含量。结果:①相较于AA模型组,来氟米特组、依那西普组和配伍组中大鼠的AI评分均显著下降(P<0.01),其中以配伍组关节炎指数为最低(P<0.05)。②模型组大鼠血清及滑膜组织的IL-1β和TNF-α水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),用药后各组的IL-1β和TNF-α水平均有所下降,并以配伍组降低最为明显(P<0.01或P<0.05);③模型组大鼠滑膜组织MMP-3表达阳性密度显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),用药后各组的MMP-3阳性密度降低(P<0.01),其中配伍组下降程度明显高于来氟米特组和依那西普组(P<0.01)。结论:来氟米特和依那西普联合使用可明显减轻AA大鼠的关节炎症,降低血清和滑膜组织中IL-1β和TNF-α水平,减少滑膜中MMP-3的表达,疗效优于单独使用来氟米特或依那西普。     

FGF-21抑制HSC-T6细胞活化的抗肝纤维化作用及其机制的研究

目的:探索成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF-21)对肝星形细胞T6(HSC-T6)活化的作用及其作用机制。方法:1640+10%胎牛血清的培养基培养HSC-T6细胞,实验分为5组:正常对照组(Control)、模型组(Model 20 m M乙醇处理细胞12 h)、低剂量FGF-21组(LFGF-21,0.5μmol/L)、中剂量FGF-21组(MFGF-21,1.0μmol/L)和高剂量FGF-21组(HFGF-21,2.0μmol/L)。Real-time PCR检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、胶原蛋白Ⅰ(CollagenⅠ)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP9)和Notch2的m RNA水平,Western blot检测CollagenⅠ、α-SMA、MMP2、MMP9和Notch2的蛋白水平,ELISA检测IL-1β、TNF-α的蛋白水平。结果:模型组α-SMA、CollagenⅠ、MMP2、MMP9、IL-1β、TNF-α、Notch2的水平高于对照组(P0.05),HFGF-21组α-SMA、CollagenⅠ、MMP2、MMP9、IL-1β、TNF-α、Notch2的水平均低于模型组(P0.05)。结论:FGF-21可抑制Notch2的表达,抑制炎症反应,从而抑制HSC的活化,发挥抗肝纤维化作用。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平的检测及临床意义

目的:检测缺新生儿氧缺血性脑病(HIE)脑脊液和血浆白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,探讨IL-1β和TNF-α水平与HIE严重程度之间的关系.方法:采用ELISA法测定HIE组(28例)和对照组(13例)新生儿出生后24h内脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平.结果:HIE组脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平均明显高于对照组(p<0.01或者0.05),其脑脊液和血浆IL-1β水平比是4.05,TNF-α水平比是2.15.重度HIE组脑脊液IL-1β和TNF-α水平较轻和中度HIE组明显升高(p<0.01或者0.05).脑脊液IL-1β水平与HIE分度相关性(r=0.68,P<0.01)较脑脊液TNF-α水平与HIE分度相关性好(r=0.42,p<0.01).结论:新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平均升高.较高的脑脊液和血浆IL-1β水平比和TNF-α水平比暗示这些因子产生于缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿的受损脑组织.脑脊液IL-1β水平与HIE分度相关性较TNF-α水平好.     

HGF及血清炎症因子的变化与CAS严重程度的相关性分析

为了探讨血清肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、基质金属蛋白酶9 (MMP-9)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、乳脂球表皮生长因子-8 (MFG-G8)、细胞间黏附分子-1 (ICAM-1)与颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)严重程度的相关性,本研究选取颈动脉彩超诊断的CAS的患者120例(CAS组)、60例颈动脉无病变的研究对象(对照组),对比两组血清HGF及炎症因子水平,并根据颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)进行亚组分析。研究显示,CAS组血清HGF、MMP-9、TNF-α、IL-1β、MFG-G8、ICAM-1水平显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05);CAS组120例患者中IMT增厚患者有70例、颈动脉粥样斑块形成患者有50例,IMT增厚患者血清HGF、MMP-9、TNF-α、IL-1β、MFG-G8、ICAM-1水平显著低于颈动脉粥样斑块形成,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05);CAS组120例患者平均IMT厚度为(1.29±20) mm,CAS患者的血清HGF、MMP-9、TNF-α、IL-1β、MFG-G8、ICAM-1水平与IMT均呈显著正相关(p0.05),且CAS患者的血清HGF、MMP-9、TNF-α、IL-1β、MFG-G8、ICAM-1水平显著升高。说明HGF及各炎症因子与颈动脉粥样硬化关系密切。     

槲皮素对LPS刺激的小胶质细胞炎症因子的下调作用

探讨槲皮素对LPS刺激的小胶质细胞炎症因子的下调作用。用不同浓度的槲皮素处理细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导过的BV2小胶质细胞,观察不同浓度的槲皮素对炎症因子:一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α绿)以及白介素-1β(IL-1β)的抑制效果。槲皮素在10μm、20μm、30μm时可降低炎症因子NO、TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的产生,与LPS组相比只加10μmol/L槲皮素处理:NO下降17.26%,IL-1β下降21.21%,TNF-α绿下降18.93%;20μmol/L槲皮素处理:NO下降45.18%,IL-1β下降35.45%,TNF-α绿下降37.77%;30μmol/L槲皮素处理:NO下降72.59%,IL-1β下降57.59%,TNF-α绿下降62.32%。但只在20μmol/L、30μmol/L槲皮素处理时与LPS组相比NO、TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的下降有统计学差异(p0.05)。与上述相同与LPS组相比槲皮素为10μmol/L、20μmol/L、30μmol/L时可降低炎症因子TNF-α绿以及IL-1βm RNA的产生,10μmol/L槲皮素处理:IL-1βmRNA下降16.88%,TNF-α绿mRNA下降14.88%;20μmol/L槲皮素处理:IL-1βmRNA下降38.96%,TNF-α绿mRNA下降37.16%;30μmol/L槲皮素处理IL-1βmRNA下降55.49%,TNF-α绿mRNA下降54.38%。但只在20μmol/L、30μmol/L槲皮素处理时TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的mRNA下降有统计学差异(p0.05)。槲皮素对LPS刺激的小胶质细胞炎症因子有一定的下调作用,其抗炎机制可能与下调NO、TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的产生有关。     

皮层星形胶质细胞Toll样受体4在炎症和β淀粉样蛋白形成中的作用（英文）

为了探讨星形胶质细胞在炎症和β淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ-protein,Aβ)形成中的作用和可能的分子机制,本研究通过LPS刺激体外培养大鼠皮层星形胶质细胞,首先采用实时PCR和Western blot方法分别检测Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)、β淀粉样前体蛋白(β-amyloid precursor protein,β-APP)和β-位点APP剪切酶1(β-site APP clearing enzyme 1,BACE1)m RNA及TLR4、NF-κB/P65蛋白水平,而后用免疫荧光法进一步证明NF-κB/P65的核易位,ELISA法测定培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和Aβ含量。结果显示,这些指标在LPS刺激后均不同程度地上调。然而,如果预先用TLR4抗体处理,与仅用LPS刺激组相比,LPS对NF-κB/P65核易位及培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和Aβ含量的刺激作用显著减弱或消失。结果表明,星形胶质细胞TLR4可能通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路在炎症和Aβ的形成中发挥重要的作用。     

齐墩果酸抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞炎症因子表达及其机制研究

探讨齐墩果酸(Oleanolic acid,OA)对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)诱导成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞的炎症因子表达的影响及其机制。首先复苏培养人成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞(FLS),通过RT-PCR检测细胞IL-6及IL-1βmRNA表达,采用Western blot方法检测p38MAPK及NF-κB蛋白表达变化,通过ELISA法检测细胞上清液中IL-6及IL-1β浓度。与对照组比较,TNF-α明显诱导FLS细胞IL-6及IL-1βmRNA的表达及上清液中IL-6及IL-1β的分泌(P0.05),同时磷酸化p38蛋白和核NF-κB明显增加(P0.05),且p38MAPK阻断剂SB203580能抑制TNF-α诱导的核NF-κB增加。OA呈浓度依赖性抑制TNF-α诱导的FLS细胞p38蛋白磷酸化和核NF-κB增加(P0.05)。且OA、p38MAPK通路抑制剂SB203580或NF-κB阻断剂BAY 11-7082均能抑制TNF-α诱导的IL-6及IL-1β分泌增加(P0.05)。综上所述,OA能抑制TNF-α诱导的FLS细胞炎症因子IL-6及IL-1β的产生,其机制可能与抑制p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 13 through down-regulating Notch signaling pathway in osteoarthritis

Mounting evidence suggests that an excess of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) plays an important role in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in osteoarthritis (OA). Here, the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) on the expression of MMP-13 in IL-1β-induced SW 1353 chondrosarcoma cells and an experimental rat model of OA induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) were investigated. SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells were pretreated with or without GRb1 and Notch signaling pathway inhibitor, DAPT, then were stimulated with IL-1β. In rats, experimental OA was induced by ACLT. These rats then received intra-articular injections of vehicle, an inhibitor of γ-secretase, DAPT, and/or GRb1. Expression of MMP-13, collagen type II (CII), Notch1, and jagged 1 (JAG1) were verified by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition, levels of MMP-13 mRNA were detected using quantitative real-time PCR. In histological analyses, treatment with DAPT reduced the number of cartilage lesions present and the expressions of MMP-13, CII, Notch1, and JAG1. In addition, treatment with GRb1 was associated with lower levels of Notch1 and JAG1 in both IL-1β-induced SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells and in the rat OA model. Furthermore, the suppressive effect of GRb1 on MMP-13 was greater than that exhibited by the signaling pathway inhibitor. In conclusion, GRb1 inhibits MMP-13 through down-regulating Notch signaling pathway in OA.     

Triptolide suppresses proinflammatory cytokine-induced matrix metalloproteinase and aggrecanase-1 gene expression in chondrocytes

A hallmark of rheumatoid- and osteoarthritis (OA) is proinflammatory cytokine-induced degeneration of cartilage collagen and aggrecan by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS). Effects of the Chinese herb, Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF), on cartilage and its anti-arthritic mechanisms are poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of a purified derivative of TWHF, PG490 (triptolide), on cytokine-stimulated expression of the major cartilage damaging proteases, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS4. PG490 inhibited cytokine-induced MMP-3, MMP-13 gene expression in primary human OA chondrocytes, bovine chondrocytes, SW1353 cells, and human synovial fibroblasts. Triptolide was effective at low doses and blocked the induction of MMP-13 by IL-1 in human and bovine cartilage explants. TWHF extract and PG490 also suppressed IL-1-, IL-17-, and TNF-alpha-induced expression of ADAMTS-4 in bovine chondrocytes. Thus, PG490 could protect cartilage from MMP- and aggrecanase-driven breakdown. The immunosuppressive, cartilage protective, and anti-inflammatory properties could make PG490 potentially a new therapeutic agent for arthritis.     

Mithramycin downregulates proinflammatory cytokine-induced matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in articular chondrocytes

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are the main proinflammatory cytokines implicated in cartilage breakdown by matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) in arthritic joints. We studied the impact of an anti-neoplastic antibiotic, mithramycin, on the induction of MMPs in chondrocytes. MMP-3 and MMP-13 gene expression induced by IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17 was downregulated by mithramycin in human chondrosarcoma SW1353 cells and in primary human and bovine femoral head chondrocytes. Constitutive and IL-1-stimulated MMP-13 levels in bovine and human cartilage explants were also suppressed. Mithramycin did not significantly affect the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Despite effective inhibition of MMP expression by mithramycin and its potential to reduce cartilage degeneration, the agent might work through multiple unidentified mechanisms.     

Production of the chemokine eotaxin-1 in osteoarthritis and its role in cartilage degradation

The expression of the chemokine, eotaxin-1, and its receptors in normal and osteoarthritic human chondrocytes was examined, and its role in cartilage degradation was elucidated in this study. Results indicated that plasma concentrations of eotaxin-1 as well as the chemokines, RANTES, and MCP-1alpha, were higher in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) than those in normal humans. Stimulation of chondrocytes with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha significantly induced eotaxin-1 expression. The production of eotaxin-1 induced expression of its own receptor of CCR3 and CCR5 on the cell surface of chondrosarcomas, suggesting that an autocrine/paracrine pathway is involved in eotaxin-1's action. In addition, eotaxin-1 markedly increased the expressions of MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA, but had no effect on TIMP-1 expression in chondrocytes. However, pretreatment of anti-eotaxin-1 antibody significantly decreased the MMP-3 expression induced by IL-1beta. These results first demonstrate that human chondrocytes express the chemokine, eotaxin-1, and that its expression is induced by treatment with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. The cytokine-triggered induction of eotaxin-1 further results in enhanced expressions of its own receptor of CCR3, CCR5, and MMPs, suggesting that eotaxin-1 plays an important role in cartilage degradation in OA.     

The effect of IL-1beta on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in human chondrocytes

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays key roles in altering cartilage matrix turnover. This turnover is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In the present study, we examined the effect of IL-1beta on cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, and the expression of MMPs, and TIMPs in chondrocytes derived from normal human femoral cartilage. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum and 0, 1, 10, or 100 U/ml of IL-1beta for up to 28 days. The level of expression of MMPs and TIMPs was estimated by determining mRNA levels using real-time PCR and by determining protein levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell proliferation decreased in the presence of IL-1beta after day 21 of culture. ALPase activity decreased significantly in the presence of IL-1beta after day 10 of culture. The expression of MMP-1, -2, and -3 increased markedly in the presence of IL-1beta after day 21 of culture. MMP-13 expression increased markedly in the presence of IL-1beta on day 1 of culture, but decreased markedly after day 7. The expression of TIMP-1 increased significantly after day 14 of culture. The expression of TIMP-2 decreased significantly on day 1, but increased significantly from day 3 to day 14 of culture. These results suggest that IL-1beta may stimulate cartilage matrix turnover by increasing mainly MMP-13 production by the cells.     

Caesalpinia sappan extract inhibits IL1β-mediated overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases in human chondrocytes

Exacerbated production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a key event in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and represents a promising target for the management of OA with nutraceuticals. In this study, we sought to determine the MMP-inhibitory activity of an ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan extract (CSE) in human OA chondrocytes. Thus, human articular chondrocytes isolated from OA cartilage and SW1353 chondrocytes were stimulated with Interleukin-1beta (IL1β), without or with pretreatment with CSE. Following viability assays, the production of MMP-2 and MMP-13 was assessed using ELISA, whereas mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13 and TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 were quantified using RT-qPCR assays. Chondrocytes were co-transfected with a MMP-13 luciferase reporter construct and NF-kB p50 and p65 expression vectors in the presence or absence of CSE. In addition, the direct effect of CSE on the proteolytic activities of MMP-2 was evaluated using gelatin zymography. We found that CSE significantly suppressed IL1β-mediated upregulation of MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels via abrogation of the NF-kB(p65/p50)-driven MMP-13 promoter activation. We further observed that the levels of IL1β-induced MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9 mRNA, but not TIMP mRNA levels, were down-regulated in chondrocytes in response to CSE. Zymographic results suggested that CSE did not directly interfere with the proteolytic activity of MMP-2. In summary, this study provides evidence for the MMP-inhibitory potential of CSE or CSE-derived compounds in human OA chondrocytes. The data indicate that the mechanism of this inhibition might, at least in part, involve targeting of NF-kB-mediated promoter activation.