施氮对水稻植株和颖果发育及稻米品质的影响

以'扬稻6号'和'粳稻941'为材料,在施氮总量相同条件下分别设置低分蘖肥高孕穗肥和高分蘖肥低孕穗肥2个施氮处理,通过盆栽试验研究施氮量和施氮时期对水稻植株生长、颖果发育和稻米品质的影响.结果表明:水稻植株鲜重、干重、分蘖数和株高随分蘖期氮肥用量增加而增加;增加孕穗期氮肥用量比例能显著提高抽穗期水稻剑叶和颖果光合速率、颖壳叶绿素含量、呼吸速率、颖果CAT及SOD活性;增加孕穗期氮肥用量还能提高水稻籽粒出糙率、精米率、整精米率,降低稻米垩白率,改善稻米的碾米品质和营养品质.因此,增加分蘖期施氮比例能促进水稻植株生长,而提高孕穗期施氮量则有利于水稻颖果发育和稻米品质改善.     

稻鸭共作对稻米品质的影响

稻鸭共作技术是中国传统农业的精华.作为一种可持续的水稻生态种养模式,稻鸭共作对水稻生长、病虫草害防治、生物多样性和稻田环境的改善具有明显的作用,然而目前还没有关于稻鸭共作对稻米品质影响的报道.因此,于2005年在华南农业大学增城教学科研基地进行了田间试验,共设计稻鸭共作、混水处理和常规稻作3个处理,研究其对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质、营养品质和微量元素含量的影响效应.结果表明:稻鸭共作技术能够提高整精米率,减少垩白,增加粒宽,降低米粒长宽比值,同时促进稻米蛋白质和氨基酸含量的下降,Mn元素含量上升,但对出糙率、精米率、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量没有显著影响.说明稻鸭共作可在一定程度上改善稻米品质,为水稻的优质生产提供了一条较好的生态技术途径.     

稻鸭共生有机栽培模式对黄河三角洲稻米品质的影响

在黄河三角洲地区设计稻鸭共生、人工除草、常规稻作3种栽培模式,研究其对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮和食味品质、卫生品质的影响.结果表明:与常规稻作相比,稻鸭共生可以增加水稻粒宽,提高糙米率、精米率、整精米率,减少垩白,这主要是由于有效穗数和籽粒重的提高以及弱势粒的降低所致.稻鸭共生和人工除草栽培模式可以增加胶稠度,降低直连淀粉和蛋白质含量,改善稻米食味性,这主要归功于有机肥的施用.由于生产过程不施用化学肥料和农药,稻鸭共生、人工除草模式可以大幅降低甚至检测不到农药残留.稻鸭共生既可改善稻米品质,又能保护环境,为优质水稻生产提供了一条较好的生态技术途径.     

水稻品质性状的遗传改良及其关键科学问题

改善稻米品质是水稻遗传改良及基础研究的重要目标。破解控制稻米重要品质性状形成的调控机制,对稻米品质改良和品种选育具有十分重要的意义。近十多年来,稻米品质功能基因组研究成果为其遗传改良提供了丰富的功能基因、有效的功能性分子标记及良好的改良策略。但是,稻米品质本身由多个性状构成,且各品质性状间、品质与产量性状间、品质与环境间均互相影响,极大地限制了稻米品质的遗传改良。因此,文中提出了未来水稻品质性状基础研究及遗传改良的六个关键科学问题。     

研发动态

<正>中科院发现控制水稻粒形和稻米品质的重要基因中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所傅向东研究员领导的团队在水稻品质和产量协同遗传改良的研究中取得重要进展,从优质杂交水稻不育系泰丰A中成功分离并克隆了一个控制水稻粒形和提升稻米品质的重要基因GW7。这一基因能通过改变细胞分裂模式,让稻米变得更为细长,有效地减少垩白率和垩白面积,从而提高稻米     

Nature系列期刊导读

<正>研究发现控制水稻粒形和稻米品质的重要基因近日,中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所傅向东研究员领导的团队从优质杂交水稻不育系泰丰A中成功分离并克隆了一个控制水稻粒形和提升稻米品质的重要基因GW7。这一基因能通过改变细胞分裂模式,让稻米变得更为细长,有效地减少垩白率和垩白面积,从而提高稻米在外观、口感等方面的     

植酸对稻米品质影响的研究（Ⅰ）

本文报道在水稻生长的抽穗期、齐穗期、灌浆期和蜡熟期喷施不同浓度植酸改良稻米品质的研究。结果表明,在水稻生长的不同阶段,控制喷施植酸浓度可提高糙米率,降低稻米垩白。     

稻米淀粉品质形成的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展

稻米淀粉的形成是影响水稻产量和品质的决定性因素之一。因此, 开展稻米淀粉形成过程中所涉及关键酶的研究是非常必要的。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展, 有关稻米淀粉品质的研究也越来越深入, 并取得了较大进展。该文对水稻淀粉品质形成过程中的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展进行了较为详尽的综述, 主要包括ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶和淀粉去分支酶等, 并对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

稻米淀粉品质形成的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展

稻米淀粉的形成是影响水稻产量和品质的决定性因素之一。因此,开展稻米淀粉形成过程中所涉及关键酶的研究是非常必要的。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,有关稻米淀粉品质的研究也越来越深入,并取得了较大进展。该文对水稻淀粉品质形成过程中的关键酶及其分子生物学研究进展进行了较为详尽的综述,主要包括ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶和淀粉去分支酶等,并对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

稻麦两熟地区机插水稻品质形成的播期效应

合理播期是机插稻实现高产、优质稻米生产的关键技术。本文研究了播期对粳型超级稻和籼粳交水稻机插方式下稻米品质形成特征的影响,为机插稻高产、优质稻米生产提供依据。结果表明:稻米糙米率、精米率、整精米率随播期推迟而升高,碾米品质变优,但早播稻糙米产量、精米产量、整精米产量显著高于晚播稻(P0.05);不同播期的稻米垩白粒率、垩白度变异较大,均随播期推迟而下降,早播与晚播间差异达显著水平(P0.05);外观品质改善,推迟播期,稻米直链淀粉含量降低,胶稠度变短,峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度、崩解值呈规律性下降,消减值变化幅度较大,逐渐升高,糊化温度波动较小,RVA谱变劣,稻米蒸煮食味品质变差;稻米蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量均随播期推迟而下降(P0.05),营养品质变差;机插粳稻适期早播,易取得高的糙米、精米、整精米及蛋白质产量,提升营养品质及蒸煮食味品质,改善米粉RVA谱特征,但降低稻米碾米品质和外观品质。因此,麦茬机插稻于5月26—31日播种,是实现较优品质稻米较高产量的最佳时期。     

Using C4 photosynthesis to increase the yield of rice-rationale and feasibility

90% of the world's rice is grown and consumed in Asia, with each hectare of rice-producing land providing food for 27 people. By 2050, because of population growth and increasing urbanisation, each remaining hectare will have to feed at least 43 people. This means that yields must be increased by at least 50% over the next 40 years to prevent mass malnutrition for the 700 million Asians that currently rely on rice for more than 60% of their daily calorific intake. Since predictive models suggest that yield increases of this magnitude can only be achieved by improving photosynthesis, and because evolution has increased photosynthetic efficiency by 50% in the form of the C4 pathway, one solution is to generate C4 rice. However, this is an ambitious goal that requires proof of concept before any major investment of time and money. Here, we discuss approaches that should allow proof of concept to be tested.     

Use of proteomics to understand seed development in rice

Rice is an important cereal crop and has become a model monocot for research into crop biology. Rice seeds currently feed more than half of the world's population and the demand for rice seeds is rapidly increasing because of the fast‐growing world population. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice seed development is incompletely understood. Genetic and molecular studies have developed our understanding of substantial proteins related to rice seed development. Recent advancements in proteomics have revolutionized the research on seed development at the single gene or protein level. Proteomic studies in rice seeds have provided the molecular explanation for cellular and metabolic events as well as environmental stress responses that occur during embryo and endosperm development. They have also led to the new identification of a large number of proteins associated with regulating seed development such as those involved in stress tolerance and RNA metabolism. In the future, proteomics, combined with genetic, cytological, and molecular tools, will help to elucidate the molecular pathways underlying seed development control and help in the development of valuable and potential strategies for improving yield, quality, and stress tolerance in rice and other cereals. Here, we reviewed recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of seed development in rice with the use of proteomics.     

Improving the performance of short‐duration basmati rice in water‐saving production systems by boron nutrition

Over exploitation of groundwater and decreasing canal water resources are threating the productivity of conventional rice production systems in Asia which is the main rice bowl. Therefore, strategies are needed to produce more rice with less water in the shortest possible duration without compromising the yield to feed the increasing world population. Panicle sterility is one of the major obstacles in wide‐scale adoption of water‐saving rice production systems. Boron (B) deficiency, in water‐saving rice production systems, has been identified as a possible reason for panicle sterility. This 2‐year field study was aimed to investigate the potential of pre‐optimised boron application through various methods in improving the productivity of short‐duration basmati rice (Shaheen Basmati) in water‐saving production systems, as delivered through seed priming (0.1 mM boron), foliar spray (200 mM boron) or soil application (1 kg boron ha^?1), while hydropriming and no boron application were taken as control. Boron nutrition, by either way, improved the growth, water relations, morphology, yield‐related traits, panicle fertility, grain yield, grain quality and grain boron contents of short‐duration basmati rice; nonetheless, boron application as seed priming was superior and cost effective with maximum marginal rate of return. In conclusion, boron nutrition through seed priming is cost effective and may help improving the productivity, quality, and boron grain contents in short‐duration basmati rice under water‐saving production systems.     

水稻营养品质的改良

稻米是我国的主要食粮 ,但其蛋白质含量低、营养不够全面 ,满足不了人们对营养的需求。长期以来 ,人们一直采用传统的育种方法来选育高蛋白质的水稻新品种 ,但收效不大。近年来 ,水稻遗传转化技术的飞速发展和不断完善 ,应用生物技术改良水稻营养品质已逐步变为现实 ,并显示出诱人的前景。综述了利用生物技术进行水稻营养品质改良的途径、研究进展 ,并指出在水稻营养品质改良中存在的问题及解决途径。     

Enhancing photosynthetic CO2 use efficiency in rice: approaches and challenges

It is estimated that 925 million people mainly in developing countries suffer from malnutrition due to food shortage. This situation will deteriorate as world population will reach 9 billion by 2050. It is obvious that current rate of increase in crop yields is not sufficient to solve the problem of food security worldwide, especially in Asia, where at least 50 % increase in rice yield is needed to satisfy the increasing population. Depending on advanced development of modern biotechnology, several strategies have been provided for ‘supercharging’ photosynthesis to increase rice yield. In this review, we updated four major approaches: namely improving the performance of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), establishment of photorespiratory bypass, installing single-cell and two-celled C₄ photosynthesis. The first approach aimed at direct manipulation of Rubisco for more efficient catalytic character by directed molecular evolution. The second approach focused on reducing the loss of photorespiratory CO₂ by direct manipulation of photorespiratory pathway. The last two concentrated on introduction of C₄ pathway into rice, based on the observation that the efficiency of C₄ photosynthesis is 50 % higher than that of C₃ photosynthesis.     

QTL mapping of grain quality traits from the interspecific cross <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">O. glaberrima</Emphasis>

International rice export markets are increasing demands for rapid improvements in grain quality characteristics. The African rice Oryza glaberrima is a new potential source of genes that will enhance the eating, cooking, and milling properties of the rice grain. The objective of this research was to identify and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) among 312 doubled haploid lines derived from the BC₃F₁ of an interspecific cross of O. sativa × O. glaberrima. Genetic material was planted in replicated plots and evaluated for ten grain quality traits in 2001 in Colombia. A linkage map was constructed with 100 polymorphic microsatellite markers using the mapdisto software program to adjust for segregation distortion. Transgressive segregation was observed for all traits. Interval and composite interval analyses identified 27 QTLs for nine characters located on 11/12 chromosomes. The chromosomal positions of QTLs for percentage amylose, alkali-spreading score, and percentage protein were in agreement with data reported by others, whereas QTL markers for percentage head rice, percentage milled rice, percentage protein, and percentage brown rice were different in our mapping population. Five major QTLs were found to be associated with improved percentage rice bran, percentage amylose, and alkali-spreading score. Seven QTLs for improved percentage rice bran, percentage milled rice, alkali-spreading score, percentage protein, and grain length/width ratio were derived from the O. glaberrima accession. Three new QTLs for percentage rice bran are reported here for the first time. Results from this study suggest that the African rice might be a valuable new source for introgression and improvement of several traits that affect quality traits demanded by the different rice export markets.Approved for publication by the Director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station as paper no. 04-14-0054.     

Association Analysis of the Amino Acid Contents in Rice

The main objective of the present study was to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with the amino acid content of rice (Oryza sativa L.). SSR markers were selected by prescreening for the relationship to amino acid content. Eighty-four rice landrace accessions from Korea were evaluated for 16 kinds of amino acids in brown rice and genotyped with 25 SSR markers. Analysis of population structure revealed four subgroups in the population. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and distributions are of fundamental importance for genome-wide mapping associations. The mean r2 value for all intrachromosomal loci pairs was 0.033. LD between linked markers decreased with distance. Marker-trait associations were investigated using the unified mixed-model approach, considering both population structure (Q) and kinship (K). A total of 42 marker-trait associations with amino acids (P < 0.05) were identified using 15 different SSR markers covering three chromosomes and explaining more than 40% of the total variation. These results suggest that association analysis In rice is a viable alternative to quantitative trait loci mapping and should help rice breeders develop strategies for improving rice quality.     

Genetic and genotype × environment interaction effects for the content of seven essential amino acids in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Indica</Emphasis> rice

It is necessary for rice breeders to understand the genetic basis of nutrient quality traits of rice. Essential amino acids are most important in determining the nutrient quality of rice grain and can affect the health of people who depend on rice as a staple food. In view of the paucity of genetic information available on essential amino acids inindica rice, we estimated the genetic main effects and genotype × environment (G × E) interaction effects on the content of essential amino acids. Nine cytoplasmic male sterile lines as females and five restorer lines as males were introduced in a North Carolina II design across environments. Estimates of the content of the essential amino acids valine, methionine, leucine and phenylalanine showed that they were mainly controlled by genetic main effects, while the contents of threonine, cysteine and isoleucine were mainly affected by G × E effects. In the case of genetic main effects, both cytoplasmic and maternal genetic effects were predominant for all essential amino acids, indicating that selection for improving essential amino acid content based on maternal performance would be more effective than that based on seeds. The total narrow-sense heritabilities were high and ranged from 0.72 to 0.83. Since general heritabilities for these essential amino acids (except for cysteine) were found to be much larger than G × E interaction heritability, the improvement of content of most essential amino acids under selection would be expected under various environments. Rice varieties such as Zhenan 3, Yinchao 1, T49, 26715, 102 and 1391 should be selected as optimal parents for increasing the content of most essential amino acids, while the total genetic effects from Zhexie 2, Xieqingzao, Gangchao 1, V20, Zuo 5 and Zhenshan 97 were mainly negative and these parents could decrease the contents of most essential amino acids.     

Genetic and Molecular Insights into the Enhancement of Rice Yield Potential

Rice is one of the most important global food crops and a primary source of calories for more than half of the world's population. Rice production increased steadily during the green revolution era primarily as a result of introducing high-yielding rice varieties. World rice production increased at a rate of 2.3–2.5% per year during 1970s and 1980s, but this rate of growth was only 1.5% per year during the 1990s. The yield growth rate for rice has further declined during the first decade of this century. However, the populations in the major rice-consuming countries continue to grow at a rate of more than 1.5% per year. According to various estimates, world rice production must increase at the rate of 2 million tons per year. To meet this challenge, rice varieties with higher yield potential and greater yield stability are needed. Various strategies for increasing the yield potential of rice include; (1) conventional hybridization and selection, (2) F₁ hybrid breeding, (3) modification of plant architecture, and (4) enhancement of photosynthesis. Many genes and QTLs have recently been identified which will assist with rice breeding objectives.     

Approaches to breeding for salinity tolerance - a case study on Porteresia coarctata

Cereals are the world's major source of food for human nutrition. Among these, rice (Oryza sativa) is the most prominent and represents the staple diet for more than two-fifths (2.4 billion) of the world's population, making it the most important food crop of the developing world (Anon., 2000a). Rice production in vast stretches of coastal areas is hampered due to high soil salinity. This is because rice is a glycophyte and it does not grow well under saline conditions. In order to increase rice production in these areas there is a need to develop rice varieties suited to saline environments. Research has shown that Porteresia coarctata, a highly salt tolerant wild relative of rice growing in estuarine soils, is an important material for transferring salt tolerant characteristics to rice. It is quite possible that Porteresia may be used as a parent for evolving better and truly salt resistant varieties. The inadequate results and the difficulties associated with conventional breeding techniques necessitate the use of the tools of crop biotechnology in unravelling some of the characteristics of Porteresia that have been highlighted in this report. In view of the limited resources available for increasing salinity tolerance to the breeders to wild rice germplasm, Porteresia is undoubtedly one of the key source species for elevating salinity tolerance in cultivated rice.