新疆阜康荒漠地区叉毛蓬居群的遗传结构和分化

应用RAPD技术,对新疆阜康荒漠地区叉毛蓬进行了居群遗传分析。结果表明：①用14个随机引物对5个叉毛蓬亚居群的98个个体进行了RAPD扩增,共检出3919条扩增片段,多态带3868条,总的多态位点百分率为98．7％;②Shannon多样性指数(HPOP／HSP＝0．6933)和Nei基因多样性指数(HS／HT＝0．6948)显示出大部分的遗传变异存在于叉毛蓬亚居群内,遗传分化系数(GST＝o．3052)表明亚居群问的分子变异占居群总遗传变异的30％以上;②5个叉毛蓬亚居群间的平均遗传距离为0．1817,变异范围从0．1258到0．2445,与同一物种亚种间遗传距离的变幅较一致(0．02—0．20),表明5个亚居群间产生了遗传分化;④叉毛蓬亚居群的基因流Nm＝1．138,低于一般广布种的基因流水平(Nm＝1．881),且远低于毛乌素沙地柠条的基因流(Nm＝5．9529),相对有限的基因流可能在叉毛蓬居群遗传分化的维持中起着作用。以上分析表明,尽管大部分的遗传多样性存在于叉毛蓬亚居群内,但5个亚居群间已有明显遗传分化的趋势。     

濒危植物三棱栎遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用随机扩增多态DNA (RAPD)标记对 5个三棱栎 (Trigonobalanusdoichangensis)居群共 99个个体进行遗传多样性和居群遗传结构分析。 16个引物共检测到 15 7个位点 ,其中多态位点 83个 ,占 5 2 87%。物种水平Shannon多样性指数I =0 2 4 31,Nei基因多样度h =0 15 95 ,种内总遗传变异量Ht=0 16 0 0 ,居群内遗传变异量Hs =0 0 74 9,居群间变异量大于居群内变异量 ,表明三棱栎的遗传变异主要存在于居群之间。与同科植物相比 ,三棱栎遗传多样性较低 ,遗传分化系数Gst =0 5 32 0 ,说明居群间的遗传变异占 5 3 2 0 % ,居群间已出现强烈的遗传分化。当地人的强烈活动造成的生境破碎化和居群隔离 ,以及三棱栎演化过程中的地史变化对其种群发展的影响等 ,可能是造成其居群间强烈的遗传分化和较低遗传多样性的原因。基于本研究结果 ,提出了三棱栎遗传多样性的保护策略。     

云南穗花杉的遗传多样性研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对云南穗花杉(Amentotaxus yunnanensis)4个居群和台湾穗花杉似(Amentotaxus for9rmosana)1个居群共104个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。9个随机引物共扩增出清晰谱带143条。云南穗花杉在物种水平上遗传多样性较高(多态位点百分率P为79．0％,基因多样性指数He为0．2718),但云南穗花杉和台湾穗花杉居群内遗传多样性均较低(P为18．0％、6．9％;He为0．0688、0．0198)。云南穗花杉居群间遗传分化强烈(AMOVA,GST和Shannon多样性指数分别为0．7611,0．7503和0．7526)。据推测,第四纪冰川引起的瓶颈效应,小规模居群引起的遗传漂变及幼苗成活率低等因素都加剧了居群间的遗传分化。建议对所研究的云南穗花杉全部居群予以保护,特别是对云南西畴和贵州兴义市七舍两个具有相对较高遗传多样性的居群应该优先建立就地保护点,以达到最大限度保存云南穗花杉遗传多样性的目的。     

孑遗植物水杉的遗传多样性研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对孑遗植物水杉 (Metasequoiaglyptostroboides)的 8个居群 (包括 6个孑遗居群和 2个人工栽培居群 )的 48个个体进行了遗传多样性研究。用 16个随机引物共扩增出清晰谱带 5 7条。孑遗居群平均多态位点百分率为 38.6 %。各居群多态位点百分率差异显著 ( 10 .5 3%～ 33 .33 % ) :湖北利川的小河和桂花 2个居群较高 ,分别是 33 .33%和 31.5 8% ;湖南龙山洛塔居群较低 ,为 10 .5 3 %。人工栽培居群中 ,美国密西根州和湖北武汉 2个居群的多态位点百分率也较低 ,仅分别为 10 .5 3 %和 8.77%。用POPGENE 1.31版软件进行数据处理后结果如下 :孑遗居群的平均Nei’s基因多样性为 0 .130 5 ,Shannon’s遗传多样性信息指数为 0 .192 1,水杉孑遗居群遗传距离与地理距离的相关系数r =0 .2 346 6 (P =73 .2 7% ) ,基因分化系数Gst=0 .10 82 ,表明居群间有一定分化。用UPGMA方法聚类可知 ,2个人工居群与湖北利川居群优先聚类。鉴于目前水杉孑遗居群生境人为破坏严重、遗传多样性较低和原生母树分布分散 ,建议在湖北利川小河和桂花野生水杉最适生境建立水杉遗传多样性保护点 ,将现有的 2 5 0多株原生母树分别采种育苗定植于保护点 ,以达到最大限度地保存现有水杉遗传多样性的目的。     

我国部分金莲花种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD研究

用RAPD标记对来自不同产地的24份金莲花种质从分子水平开展遗传多样性研究,为综舍评价我国金莲花资源现状及植物资源的合理保护提供参考。结果显示,30条RAPD引物共扩增获得194条清晰可辨条带,其中多态性条带108条,多态性位点百分率为55．67％,金莲花总多样性指数为0．1460,居群内遗传多样性为0．0591,Shannon’s多样性指数为0．2248;通过UPGMA进行聚类分析,将24份金莲花种质划分为3个大类,根据总遗传多样性和居群内遗传多样性计算不同居群间遗传分化系数为0．6902,基因流估计平均值为0．2244。研究结果表明,目前我国金莲花种质资源的遗传多样性指教偏低,应该尽快采取相应措施,对不同金莲花资源进行合理保护。     

三峡库区稀有植物裸芸香的遗传多样性和保育策略

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)对采自长江三峡库区丰都(FD)、巫溪(WX)、巫山(WS)、巴东(BD)、兴山(XS)、秭归(ZG)6个自然居群的128份裸芸香(Psilopeganum sinense)样品进行了基因组DNA多态性分析。用13条引物,共扩增出85条谱带,其中57条多态带,多态位点占67．06％。6个居群的多态位点比率分别为25．97％(FD)、29．73％(WX)、24．32%(WC),43．21％(BD)、30．26％(XS)、39．19％(ZG)。用POPGENE 1．31版和NTSYS 2．10版软件对数据进行分析,结果显示：裸芸香具有较高的遗传多样性,居群总的Neis'基因多样性为0．2082,总Shannon信息多样性指数为0．3196;但各个居群内部遗传多样性较低,居群内平均Neis'基因多样性为0．1094,平均Shannon信息多样性指数为0．1641;居群间的基因分化系数Gst=0．5391,基因流Nm=0．4275,居群间基因分化大于居群内基因分化,居群间的基因交流相当少。UPGMA聚类可将6个居群分为两大类：丰都居群和以巴东居群为地理中心呈星散状分布的其他5个居群。居群间的遗传距离与地理距离呈显著正相关(r=0．93094,P=0．9861)。最后我们初步探讨了裸芸香的濒危原因,并提出了有效保护该物种的措施。     

濒危物种山红树居群遗传结构的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记检测了云南省3个山红树居群的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构。10个引物共检测到54个位点, 其中多态位点11个, 占20 37%。与其他的濒危物种相比, 山红树居群内的遗传多样性很低, 居群间的遗传分化很大(78 65%)。大量经济植物的种植加上人为的破坏, 使山红树的生境遭到严重破坏, 数量大为减少, 可能导致了山红树遗传多样性的丧失、居群间较高的遗传分化。基于以上结果, 探讨了山红树进一步的迁地保护措施。     

大王马先蒿云南五个居群遗传变异研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法,对大王马先蒿(PedicularisrexL.)分布在云南中甸、丽江、大理、武定和昆明的5个居群(其中中甸居群有3个亚居群)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明,大王马先蒿居群具有较高的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率P、Shannon表型多样性指数I和Nei的基因多样性指数h分别为82.0%、0.361和0.240,遗传多样性水平与居群的地理分布范围相关;大王马先蒿居群间的遗传变异较高,遗传变异主要发生在居群之间,而不是居群内部;居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.747,遗传分化明显,居群间基因交流较少。居群间的遗传距离与居群间的相对地理距离具有一定的相关性。对云南西北部中甸居群的3个亚居群的遗传多样性分析表明,居群的遗传多样性水平与海拔高度有一定的相关性。居群间遗传变异较高可能是由于大王马先蒿为短命多年生植物,繁育系统为混交型,且自交占较大比例等原因造成的。     

祁连山两侧中国沙棘不同居群的遗传多样性研究

应用RAPD技术研究了祁连山中段中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoidoes ssp．sinensis)4个居群和1个对照居群的遗传多样性水平,探讨中国沙棘边缘居群的遗传变异以及天然屏障祁连山对中国沙棘居群遗传结构的影响。结果显示,祁连山地区中国沙棘居群水平的Nei’基因多样度(h)和Shannon多态信息指数(I)分别为0．2070和 0．297 4,基因分化系数(Gst)为0．319 3,均高于中国沙棘整个分布区的平均值,表明该地中国沙棘边缘居群遗传多样性水平及居群间的遗传分化都有增加的趋势;居群间每代迁移数(Nm=1．065 9)显著低于异交风媒植物(Nm= 5．380),表明祁连山的隔离对中国沙棘居群间的基因交流有限制作用,造成了该地中国沙棘边缘居群间较高的遗传分化。     

西双版纳地区流苏石斛遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对西双版纳分布的兰科濒危植物流苏石斛（Dendrobium fimbriatum）5个居群共114个个体的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100条引物中筛选出了12条用于扩增,共检测到117个位点,其中105个为多态位点。分析结果表明,流苏石斛居群水平遗传多样性较低。在物种水平上,流苏石斛多态位点百分率PPB为89．74％,Nei’s基因多样性指数日为0．3227,Shannon’s多样性信息指数见。为0．4779;在居群水平上,各个居群的多态位点百分率PPB差异较大（6．84％～39．32％）,平均值为23．93％,Nei’s基因多样性指数H为0．0871,各个居群的Shannon’s多样性信息指数见平均为0．1290。AMOVA分析的结果显示,流苏石斛的遗传变异大多数存在于居群间,占总遗传变异的74．79％。基于Nei’s遗传多样性分析得出的居群间遗传分化系数Gst=0．7443。各居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度（I）范围为0．5882～0．8331。Mantel检测发现,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间无显著的正相关关系（r=0．2419,P=0．2416）。鉴于流苏石斛的遗传多样性现状和居群遗传结构,我们建议对流苏石斛居群所有个体实施及时的就地保护,同时建立迁地保护居群,促进基因交流。     

高黎贡山自然保护区西坡垂直带蚂蚁群落研究

首次研究了高黎贡山自然保护区西坡垂直带蚂蚁群落及共物种多样性。在北段和中北段随海拔升高优势种数目增加,而在南段随海拔升高优势种数目递减。在北段和中北段海随海拔升高优势种所占百分比递减,而在南段随海拔升高优势种所占比例递增。在西坡４个地段均呈现随海拔升高种数目和密度递减的基本规律。北段和中北段随海拔升高优势度指数降低,中南段和南段随海拔升高优势度指数增大。北段随海拔升高多样性指数递增,中北段多样性指数缺乏规律性,中南段和南段随海拔升高多样性指数递减。北段、中北段和中南段均呈现随海拔升高无效度指数递增规律,而南段表现出随海拔升高均匀度指数递减的相反情况。西坡４个地段垂直带上,蚂蚁群落之间的相似系数几乎均在０．００－０．２５,处于极不相似水平,只有１个系数超过此范围,我们认为在原始植被状态下,高黎贡山自然保护区西坡蚂蚁群落的基本规律是随着海拔升高。优势种数目递减,优势种所占比 递增,物种数目递减,优势度指数递增,多样性指数递减,均匀度指数递减。山体中部和下部植被的毁坏导致了实际调查中出现的反常情况。     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii Reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10 bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands, were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei's diversity index (h), Shannon's diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson's correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard's genetic distance showed that the individuals from the same population formed a single sub-group. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei's unbiased genetic distance (G(ST)) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel's test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation in northern grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within and among regions.     

Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America

The diversity of a region reflects both local diversity and the turnover of species (beta diversity) between areas. The angiosperm flora of eastern Asia (EAS) is roughly twice as rich as that of eastern North America (ENA), in spite of similar area and climate. Using province/state‐level angiosperm species floras, we calculated beta diversity as the slope of the relationship between the log of species similarity (S ) and either geographic distance or difference in climate. Distance‐based beta diversity was 2.6 times greater in the north–south direction in EAS than in ENA and 3.3 times greater in the east–west direction. When ln S was related to distance and climate difference in multiple regressions, both distance and climate PC1 were significant effects in the north–south direction, but only geographic distance had a significant, unique influence in the east–west direction. The general predominance of distance over environment in beta diversity suggests that history and geography have had a strong influence on the regional diversity of these temperate floras.     

Leopard tortoises in southern Africa have greater genetic diversity in the north than in the south (Testudinidae)

In contrast to mammals, little is known about the phylogeographic structuring of widely distributed African reptile species. With the present study, we contribute data for the leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis). It ranges from the Horn of Africa southward to South Africa and westwards to southern Angola. However, its natural occurrence is disputed for some southern regions. To clarify the situation, we used mtDNA sequences and 14 microsatellite loci from 204 individuals mainly from southern Africa. Our results retrieved five mitochondrial clades; one in the south and two in the north‐west and north‐east of southern Africa, respectively, plus two distributed further north. Using microsatellites, the southern clade matched with a well‐defined southern nuclear cluster, whilst the two northern clades from southern Africa corresponded to another nuclear cluster with three subclusters. One subcluster had a western and central distribution, another occurred mostly in the north‐east, and the third in a small eastern region (Maputaland), which forms part of a biodiversity hotspot. Genetic diversity was low in the south and high in the north of our study region, particularly in the north‐east. Our results refuted that translocations influenced the genetic structure of leopard tortoises substantially. We propose that Pleistocene climatic fluctuations caused leopard tortoises to retract to distinct refugia in southern and northern regions and ascribe the high genetic diversity in the north of southern Africa to genetic structuring caused by the survival in three refuges and subsequent admixture, whereas tortoises in the south seem to have survived in only one continuous coastal refuge.     

Genetic diversity of natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. in Karelia

The genetic structure of ten natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. at eight isozyme loci was studied. The populations were located in the northern part of the species range, 200 km from the north to the south along the Onega Lake coast in Karelia. Considerable genetic diversity (P99% = 43.7, Hobs = 0.003) was revealed that is not typical of populations of self-pollinating plant species. A direct correlation between the proportion of polymorphic loci and geographical latitude was shown (r = 0.68; P < 0.05). It is suggested that a high polymorphism level in Karelian Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) populations increasing from the south to the north is due to extreme environmental conditions in the northern part of the species range. The distribution of genetic diversity within and between populations is typical of self-pollinating species: the larger part of the total diversity resides among populations (GST = 0.583).     

微地形对优势种群点格局和关联性的影响

不同的空间格局类型和关联性可以反映出不同生境下植物种群的资源环境适应策略.老鹳草与米口袋是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查和室内试验,运用点格局分析法中的Ripley K函数,对不同坡向的米口袋和老鹳草种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性进行分析.结果表明:从阳坡-西坡-阴坡,土壤含水量和养分含量逐渐增加,土壤温度和光照度逐渐降低.米口袋和老鹳草在3个坡向(阴坡、西坡、阳坡)上的分布呈现出明显差异,随着坡向由阴坡向阳坡的转变,米口袋种群数量呈递增趋势,老鹳草种群数量则表现出递减趋势.在阴坡,米口袋种群在0~1.8 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.8~5.0 m尺度上聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度上均以聚集分布为主;在西坡,米口袋种群在0~1.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~2.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在2.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布;在阳坡,米口袋与老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度内均表现出随机分布.阴坡上这两种物种在0~1.0 m尺度上表现为正相关,在1.0~5.0 m尺度不相关;西坡上两物种在0~2.1 m尺度上呈负关联,在2.1~5.0 m尺度上两个物种间关联度均趋向于不相关;阳坡上这两个物种在0~5.0 m尺度上表现出不相关.     

GENETIC VARIABILITY OF GELIDIUM CANARIENSIS (RHODOPHYTA) DETERMINED BY ISOZYME ELECTROPHORESIS1

The populations of Gelidium canariensis (Grunow) Seoane-Camba from the Canary Islands were analyzed for genetic variability by isozyme electrophoresis in 1989 and 1990. Each population was divided into sporophytic and gametophytic subpopulations. Twenty-three to 27 putative alleles corresponding to 22 gene loci were analyzed. Sev-enteen loci were monomorphic in all six subpopulations, and five were polymorphic in at least one subpopulation. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found. The amount of genetic variability (percentage of polymorphic loci, mean number of alleles per locus, and average gene diversity) of haploid subpopulations was lower than that of diploid subpopulations. No correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance was found. Low genetic differentiation between sporophytic and gametophytic subpopulations of the same locality was obsewed in two populations. The low genetic diversity and genetic differentiation suggest that the genetic structure of the populations of G. canariensis from the Canary Islands is due to a combination of founder effects and the predominance of asexual reproduction. Initial differences in gene frequencies may have persisted because of insufficient time to reach a higher level of differentiation.     

Postglacial migration and the loss of allozyme variation in northern populations of Asclepias exaltata (Asclepiadaceae)

The recent Wisconsin glaciation has provided opportunities for examining the effects of postglacial recolonization on the population genetics of plant and animal communities. In this study allozyme Variation was examined in 19 populations of the herbaceous perennial Asclepias exaltata occurring in previously glaciated regions of North America. These northern populations of A. exaltata possess significantly fewer polymorphic loci (46.31 ± 2.7; mean ± 1 SD), alleles per polymorphic locus (1.84 ± 0.24), and expected heterozygosity (0.133 ± 0.031) than populations found in the Pleistocene refugium in the southern Appalachians. Population-level allozyme diversity decreased linearly from south to north and from east to west. Nineteen uncommon alleles previously observed in southern Appalachian populations were undetected in the northern region. Seven common alleles exhibited a clinal change in allele frequency. Of these, only Pgd-1a and Mnr-1c were at low-frequency in the southern Appalachians and increased significantly with increasing latitude and longitude, respectively. Despite this loss of allozyme diversity following postglacial migration, northern populations of A. exaltata have higher allozyme diversity and lower population differentiation (G" = 0.1 17) than mean values for other long-lived herbaceous perennials. Increased habitat fragmentation in northern regions and potential habitat loss in the southern Appalachians are likely to reduce the historically rich gene pool that has provided the genetic stock for postglacial recoveries.     

内蒙古高原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)、中间锦鸡儿(C. davazamcii)和柠条锦鸡儿(C. korshinskii)的遗传多样性及遗传关系

采用RAPD技术对10个具较大地理跨度的小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿种群的遗传多样性和遗传关系进行了研究.共检测到678个位点,多态条带比率(PPB)为100%;特有位点41个,占6.05%.总体上3种锦鸡儿的遗传多样性表现出自东向西递减的趋势,分析表明其与生长地点年均气温呈显著负相关.AMOVA表明:3种锦鸡儿种间变异只占总体变异的6.08%,且显著性检验表明这种变异不显著;种内种群间的变异占总变异的11.90%;总变异的主要部分来自种群内部(82.02%). 3种锦鸡儿各种群总体分析结果表明:种群内变异比率Hpop/Hsp为0.8013,基因分化系数Gst为0.1603,种群每代迁移数Nm为2.6192,显示种群间存在一定强度的基因流,3种锦鸡儿间表现为异交性.3种锦鸡儿多样性高低及种群聚类分布格局都表现出一定的地理连续性.