生物保鲜技术在果蔬防腐中的应用及研究进展

随着人们对食品安全问题的普遍关注,果蔬保鲜技术发展迅速,寻求一种更安全、高效的生物保鲜剂成为食品保鲜领域的研究趋势。本文介绍了生物保鲜技术的基本原理;总结了三类主要生物保鲜技术在果蔬防腐中的应用,包括利用微生物菌体及其代谢产物的保鲜、天然提取物的保鲜以及基因工程保鲜技术;最后讨论了各种生物保鲜技术的不足及今后发展的方向。     

低温储藏保鲜技术的发展概况

本文叙述了低温储藏保鲜技术的基本原理,介绍了制冷技术、低温技术、低温储藏的冷却冷冻保鲜技术、冷链的发展概况。最后针对实际存在的问题,提出了几点有效的对策,并且对未来低温储藏保鲜技术的发展趋势做出了展望。     

猕猴桃常温保鲜简述

本文简述当前国内外猕猴桃常温保鲜方法及其保鲜效果。根据现状,今后猕猴桃常温保鲜除了做好保鲜剂的筛选外,果实保鲜包装技术也应作为重要的研究课题。     

新鲜天麻贮藏保鲜的影响因素和相关技术研究进展

鲜天麻是一种营养丰富、功效显著的药食同源药材,但是鲜天麻组织脆嫩、富含微生物,在贮藏和运输过程中极易受到机械损伤和微生物侵害而腐败变质,严重影响其食用和商品价值,因此研究鲜天麻的高效保鲜技术延长其货架期是亟待解决的产业瓶颈问题。综述分析鲜天麻的物理损伤、酶促褐变和内源微生物等腐败机制,并重点阐述了现有物理保鲜技术（臭氧、低温、气调、包装、超高压、⁶⁰Go-γ辐照处理）、化学保鲜技术（化学保鲜剂、涂膜技术）以及生物保鲜技术（生物保鲜剂、组培技术）的作用原理、方式、保鲜效果、技术缺陷等,旨在为新鲜天麻保鲜技术研究提供参考,促进鲜天麻资源发展。     

蓝莓、桑葚浆果涂膜保鲜技术综述

蓝莓、桑葚同属浆果类,含水率高,果皮薄,采后不易保鲜.综述现阶段国内外涂膜技术在蓝莓、桑葚贮运保鲜中的研究与应用.同时结合生产实际,对涂膜技术在我国浆果类保鲜技术领域中的发展方向进行展望.     

紫外线在果蔬保鲜方面的研究进展

总结分析了紫外线对果蔬的保鲜作用相关方面的研究成果,对紫外结合传统保鲜技术在果蔬保鲜方面的应用进行了总结,及对紫外在保鲜领域的进一步发展做出了展望。     

自发气调保鲜体系的稳态处理初探

自发气调保鲜技术是目前国内外研究和使用较多的一种果蔬保鲜技术。这种技术在原理上运用先进的气调保藏理论,而实际上只是用适当的塑料薄膜包装果蔬,利用果蔬自身的呼吸作用和薄膜的一定透气性达到气调保鲜的目的,因而具有技术先进、简便易行而且十分有效的优点。这种技术的关键之处是,必须根据果蔬的需要选用透气性合适的薄膜。薄膜     

电子束辐照在农产品贮藏保鲜中的应用

对电子束辐照保鲜机理和特性进行了阐述,并对近年来电子束辐照技术在水果、食用菌、蔬菜、肉类、谷物等农产品保鲜中应用情况进行了评述。与钴源辐照相比,电子束辐照具有杀菌作用强、方便快捷、安全环保等优势,因此该技术在农产品保鲜应用上具有广阔的前景。     

乳酸菌及其细菌素在海水鱼保鲜中应用的研究进展

随着人们对生鲜海水鱼产品需求的日益增加,其保鲜技术的研发成为热点。乳酸菌及其细菌素以其天然、强抗菌性及安全可靠等优势,在海水鱼保鲜方面有广阔的应用前景。综述了海水鱼中乳酸菌细菌素分类、分离纯化方法,分析了乳酸菌产生的有机酸、细菌素和H₂O₂的抑菌作用,概述了乳酸菌及其细菌素在海水鱼保鲜中的应用现状和监管问题,提出了在应用上存在的问题和今后的发展重点。进一步阐明了乳酸菌生物保鲜剂在海水鱼保鲜中的应用价值,以推动海水鱼保鲜技术的发展。     

微生物技术在果蔬保鲜中的运用分析

随着社会经济的持续发展和生活水平的不断提升，人们对于健康饮食提出了更高的要求。在日常生活中，绝大多数消费者都倾向于购买高品质的瓜果蔬菜；而市场商家要想延长果蔬产品的保鲜期，避免其出现变质、腐烂等情况，就必须充分发挥现代微生物技术的作用。微生物技术作为一项新型果蔬保鲜技术，最大的应用优势在于其无毒无害，能够切实保障消费者的健康安全。文章将进一步对微生物技术在果蔬保鲜中的运用展开分析与探讨，旨在为新型果蔬保鲜技术的科学推广和应用提供参考意见。     

冷藏条件下白沙枇杷与红沙枇杷果皮活性氧代谢研究

为探讨红沙枇杷与白沙枇杷冷藏耐储性差异的原因,为枇杷采后生理和保鲜技术研究提供参考,以白沙枇杷"白玉"和红沙枇杷"鸡蛋红"为材料,在6℃的冷藏条件下,测定了果皮中氧自由基产生速率(oxygenfree radical production rate, SPR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶活性,以及膜脂过氧化伤害产物(MDA)的含量等活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)代谢相关指标的变化规律。表明,随着冷藏的进程,冷藏的前10 d,红沙枇杷果皮SPR高于白沙枇杷,10 d后红沙枇杷果皮SPR有所下降而白沙枇杷果皮则大幅上升,导致10 d后红沙枇杷果皮SPR低于白沙枇杷;冷藏后红沙枇杷果皮ROS相关酶(SOD, POD和CAT)活性高于白沙枇杷果皮,即其ROS清除能力高于白沙枇杷果皮;在冷藏5 d后白沙枇杷果皮膜脂过氧化伤害产物MDA含量持续上升,而红沙枇杷果皮则维持在较低水平并低于白沙枇杷果皮,说明白沙枇杷果皮膜脂过氧化程度较高。分析认为冷藏初期红沙枇杷果皮较高的氧自由基产生速率激活了ROS清除系统,导致红沙枇杷果皮具有更高的ROS清除能力;冷藏后期白沙枇杷果皮则出现了氧自由基和MDA的积累,暗示其膜脂过氧化的发生和果实内外环境的恶化。红沙枇杷和白沙枇杷果皮ROS代谢的差异与冷藏耐储性相关。     

Carbonic acid salts at 25 or 45 degrees C to control loquat decay under shelf life conditions

Generally recognised as save compounds (G.R.A.S) are attractive substitutes to synthetic chemicals in postharvest control diseases. They meet safety requirements, are cheap and able to be integrated with other disease control technologies. Among G.R.A.S compounds, carbonic acid salts have been investigated on carrots, bell pepper, melons, sweet cherries and their efficacy was also evaluated when combined with biological control agents. Moreover, the possibility to use sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to prevent P. digitatum an P. italicum spread on Citrus fruit was studied since the begin of the 20th century. We explored the possibility to extend the use of carbonate-bicarbonate salts on loquat fruit in order to control the pathogens and to extend postharvest life. Loquat is a very perishable fruit, susceptible to decay, mechanical damage, moisture and nutritional losses during its postharvest life. We tested the combined effect of temperature and sodium or potassium carbonate-bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate. The fruit was dipped in the salt solutions at variable concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2% w/v) at 25 or 45 degrees C for two minutes and than stored under shelf life conditions (25 degrees C and 70% RH). Decay, weight loss, pH, titrable acidity and sugar content were detected after twelve days. Preliminary data show that the combined treatments were effective in decay control depending on salts. Best results were obtained with 2% potassium and sodium carbonate solution at 25 degrees C. Weight losses were related to treatment temperature and salts concentrations whereas, no differences were detected in the chemical parameters compared to the control.     

RNA isolation from loquat and other recalcitrant woody plants with high quality and yield

RNA isolation is difficult in plants that contain large amounts of polysaccharides and polyphenol compounds. To date, no commercial kit has been developed for the isolation of high-quality RNA from tissues with these characteristics, especially for fruit. The common protocols for RNA isolation are tedious and usually result in poor yields when applied to recalcitrant plant tissues. Here an efficient RNA isolation protocol based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and two successive precipitations with 10 M lithium chloride (LiCl) was developed specifically for loquat fruits, but it was proved to work efficiently in other tissues of loquat and woody plants. The RNA isolated by this improved protocol was not only of high purity and integrity (A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratios ranged from 1.90 to 2.04 and A₂₆₀/A₂₃₀ ratios were > 2.0) but also of high yield (up to 720 μg on average [coefficient of variation = 21%] total RNA per gram fresh tissue). The protocol was tested on loquat fruit (different stages of development, postharvest, ripening, and bruising), leaf, root, flower, stem, and bud; quince fruit and root; grapevine cells in liquid culture; and rose petals. The RNA obtained with this method is amenable to enzymatic treatments and can be efficiently applied for research on gene characterization, expression, and function.     

Polyamine Changes and Chilling Injury in Cold-stored Loquat Fruits

Free polyamine levels (spermine (SPM), spermidine (SPD), and putrescine (PUT)) were determined using thin-layer chromatography and fluorometric method in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. cv. Dahongpao) fruits stored at 1℃ and 12℃ and in postharvest SPM treated fruits stored at 1℃ respectively to investigate the relationship between changes in polyamines and chilling injury. In the loquat fruits stored at 1℃, SPM level decreased gradually in the first two weeks, then increased sharply and reached a peak value after three weeks, thereafter it decreased rapidly. SPD level decreased steadily during the first three weeks and increased significantly afterwards. PUT level evolved in a similar way as the SPM level did except that it increased slowly in the first two weeks. The fruit showed symptom of chilling injury manifested as flesh leatheriness after three weeks. However, no significant increase and decrease of these three polyamines was detected during storage at the nonchilling temperature (12℃). The SPM-treated fruits maintained high levels of SPM and SPD and remained low level of PUT during storage at 1℃, and no symptom of chilling injury was observed. These results suggested that the increase in SPM level in response to chilling exposure might serve as a defense mechanism against chilling injury while the accumulation of PUT could be a cause of the stress-induced injury and the increase in SPD level could be a consequence of this kind of stress.     

普通枇杷、大渡河枇杷和栎叶枇杷遗传关系研究——基于RAPD和AFLP分析

利用筛选得到的24个随机引物和5对AFLP引物组合对普通枇杷、大渡河枇杷及栎叶枇杷的遗传关系进行RAPD及AFLP分析,结果表明,普通枇杷与栎叶枇杷的相似性系数最小(0.3864和0.5364),而大渡河枇杷介于普通枇杷和栎叶枇杷之间,偏向于栎叶枇杷。分别以普通枇杷、大渡河枇杷和栎叶枇杷作为待定杂种,计算了三者谱带的叠加性,结果表明,无论是RAPD分子标记,还是AFLP分子标记,以大渡河枇杷作待定杂种获得最高叠加性,支持大渡河枇杷可能是普通枇杷与栎叶枇杷的杂交种的结论。     

Genetic Diversity and Identity of Chinese Loquat Cultivars/Accessions (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriobotrya japonica</Emphasis>) Using Apple SSR Markers

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is an underutilized fruit crop that originated in China and for which only a small number of molecular markers are available. This number can be increased by identifying apple SSRs that are transferable to loquat cultivars/accessions to provide new insight into the level of genetic diversity within loquat and synteny with apple. We evaluated 71 apple SSR markers distributed across 17 linkage groups, and identified 39 SSRs transferable to loquat. Testing 54 loquat accessions, from Japan, Spain, four provinces in China, and two wild species gave a total of 155 different alleles with a mean value of 3.38 per locus. The mean effective number of alleles was 2.21, and the mean observed heterozygosity was 0.47. These values indicate a high degree of genetic diversity in the set of Chinese loquat accessions analyzed. Unweighted pair-group method analysis based on simple matching coefficent clustered the accessions into two groups, cultivated and wild loquat. The cultivated loquat can be subdivided into three subgroups which generally reflect their geographic origin in China. The Spanish cultivars clustered with those of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. A core set of five SSR markers could distinguish most accessions.     

枇杷幼果内源一氧化氮和茉莉酸对低温胁迫的响应

以三年生抗寒性较弱的‘早钟6号’枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. cv. Zaozhong No.6)容器苗为材料,采用一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂L-NAME、硝酸还原酶非专一性抑制剂NaN₃和一氧化氮清除剂cPTIO处理低温胁迫下的枇杷幼果,研究其处理对枇杷幼果内源一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)和茉莉酸(Jasmonate acid,JA)含量的影响,探讨枇杷幼果内源NO与JA对低温胁迫的响应及其信号转导的关系。结果表明:低温胁迫可诱导枇杷幼果内源NO和JA含量增加,采用NO清除剂和合成酶抑制剂处理均抑制了低温胁迫下的枇杷幼果中过氧化氢酶(CAT,EC 1.11.1.6)、过氧化物酶(POD,EC 1.11.1.7)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1)的活性,使过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H₂O₂)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量增加,细胞膜脂的过氧化加剧,加重了低温胁迫对幼果的伤害,导致了幼果脂氧合酶(LOX,EC 1.13.11.12)和丙二烯氧化物合成酶(AOS,EC 4.2.l.92)活性下降,内源JA生物合成受阻。细胞内源NO变化与JA含量密切相关,它们在枇杷对低温胁迫的响应中可能存在信号交叉。     

A high-density genetic linkage map of bronze loquat based on SSR and RAPD markers

We constructed a high-density genetic linkage map of bronze loquat (Eriobotrya deflexa) by using a three-way cross of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) × (loquat × bronze loquat) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The positions of the SSR loci used in this study were previously identified on reference maps of pears (Pyrus spp.) and apples (Malus spp.). The map of bronze loquat (‘Taiwan loquat No. 1’) consisted of 308 loci including 167 SSRs (8 loquat, 57 pear, and 102 apple SSRs), 140 RAPDs, and the loquat canker resistance gene Pse-a on 19 linkage groups covering a genetic distance of 1036 cM. Almost all loquat linkage groups were aligned to the pear consensus map by using at least two pear or apple SSRs, suggesting that positions and linkages of SSR loci were well conserved between loquat and pear and between loquat and apple. The constructed map may be used to determine the location of genes and quantitative trait loci of interest and to analyze genome synteny in the tribe Pyreae, subfamily Spiraeoideae of the family Rosaceae.     

Genetic mapping of the loquat canker resistance locus in bronze loquat (Eriobotrya deflexa)

Loquat canker disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. eriobotryae, is one of the most harmful diseases of commercial cultivars of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). To introgress resistance to loquat canker, we identified the linkage group and position of the resistance locus derived from the related wild species bronze loquat (Eriobotrya deflexa). The segregation of resistance and susceptibility fit the expected ratio of 1:1 in 96 individuals from a three-way cross involving bronze loquat (heterozygous for resistance) and two cultivars of loquat (susceptible). The genomic region containing Pse-a was identified by using a genome scanning approach, and the loquat canker resistance locus was mapped at the top of linkage group 10 by applying novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers designed on the basis of the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple genome sequence. The constructed linkage group spans 69.4 cM and has an average marker density of 2.6 cM per marker. The developed molecular markers tightly linked to the loquat canker resistance locus will be useful for marker-assisted selection and for introgression of resistance into loquat in breeding programs.