烟叶脉坏死病毒原鉴定及cDNA克隆与序列分析

田间采集辽宁地区烟叶脉坏死病标样所得分离物,在测定的１２个科３５种植物中只侵染茄科的一些烟草品种及洋酸浆（ｐｈｙｓａｌｉｓｆｌｏｒｉｄａｎａ）,可由桃蚜（Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ）传播。病叶汁液稀释限点（ＤＥＰ）为１０￣（－２）－v１０￣（－３）;失毒温度（ＴＩＰ）为５５一６０℃;体外保毒期（Ｌ）为４８－７２小时。病毒粒体形态呈线条状７２０×１２ｎｍ,病叶脉坏死部细胞质中含风轮状内含体。病毒提取物的紫外最大吸收为２６５ｎｍ,最小吸收为２４５ｎｍ,Ａ＿（２８０）／Ａ＿（２６０）为０．８２。该病毒分离物与ＰＶＹ￣０抗血清呈阳性反应。以病毒ＲＮＡ为模板,按国外报道的ＰＶＹ￣Ｎ序列合成引物经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ。用ＰＣＲ扩增出约０．８０ｋｂ的ＣＰ基因片段,将这一片段插入载体ｐＧＥＭ７Ｚ－ｆ（＋）中转化Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＤＨ５ａ菌株得到了ＣＰ基因的克隆。ｃＤＮＡ序列分析表明,和国外报道的ＰＶＹ￣Ｎ序列同源性极高,初步表明引起辽宁地区烟叶脉坏死病的毒原为ＰＶＹ￣Ｎ。     

侵染新疆甜菜的两种病毒分离物的研究

在新疆甜菜的根部和叶片分离到两个球状病毒分离物。从病毒形态、生物学及物化性质等研究结果证明这两个分离物实是一种病毒。病毒粒体力２０面体,直径约２８ｎｍ,回接到甜菜上产生环斑和沿脉线纹最后形成坏死斑。此外还侵染苋色藜,昆诺阿黎,番杏,菠菜等,引起局部坏死斑。在普通烟,心叶烟,菜豆,黄瓜,蕃茄上无症状侵染,病毒致死温度为７０℃,１０分钟。体外存括期１３天以上,冻干病叶７年后仍有侵染力。通过ＰＥＧ沉淀、差速离心、琼脂糖柱层析及蔗糖梯度离心,可得到较高浓度的纯化病毒,病毒的紫外吸收最低值在２４５ｎｍ,最高值在２６０ｎｍ。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定,病毒外壳蛋白的分子量为２．７×１０￣４道尔顿,病毒基因组核酸为三个组份,分子量分别为３．０８ｋｂ,１．２８ｋｂ和０．８５ｋｂ。在琼脂双扩散实验中,能与番茄黑环病毒（ＴＢＲＶ）抗血清产生较弱的沉淀线,与黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＷＶ）、烟草环斑病毒（ＴＲＳＶ）、烟草坏死病毒（ＴＮＶ）、香石竹环斑病毒（ＣａＲＳＶ）的抗血清不发生反应。     

草莓伪温和黄边病毒的提纯技术研究

本研究比较了多种提纯方法,提出一个较理想的草莓伪温和黄边病毒（ＳＰＭＹＥＶ）提纯程序。病ＵＣ－４草莓叶经ＰＥＧ沉淀,蔗糖垫层差速离心,蔗糖密度梯度离心,可获得相当纯的病毒制剂。紫外检测呈典型的核蛋白吸收曲线,Ａ２６０ｎｍ／Ａ２８０ｎｍ＝１．２１,病毒得率为７－１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ病叶,病毒粒子电镜下观察,长６７０ｎｍ,宽１２～１３ｎｍ。     

侵染半夏的两种病毒的分离纯化和初步鉴定

用自然感染的半夏（Ｐｉｎｅｌｌｉａｔｅｒｎａｔａ）为材料,经粗提纯后检查到一种线状病毒和一种球状病毒,用两种方法对担提纯样品中的病毒粒子进行了分离纯化。１０％－７０％连续甘油梯度８００００ｇ离心１５０分钟获得两条病毒带,经紫外吸收测定均为强的核蛋白吸收峰,病毒粒子检查分别为球状和线状病毒粒子,线状病毒经浓缩收集为均一成份．与芋花叶病毒（Ｄａｓｈｅｅｍｍｏｓａｉｃｖｉｒｕｓ,ＤＭＶ）抗体有强的阳性反应。粗提纯样品经０．８％琼脂糖凝胶电脉分离为一条蛋白带,该条带回收后经紫外吸收测定为核蛋白吸收峰,电镜下检查为均一的球状病毒,以ＴＭＶ为对照、醋酸铀（ＵＡＣ）负染后测得该球状病毒（ｐｉｎｅｌｌｉａｓｐｈｅｒｉｃａｌｖｉｒｕｓ１．ＰｓＶ－１）的大小为３１．７ｎｍ;戊二醛固定后磷钨酸（ＰＴＡ）负染测得ＰｓＶ—１的大小为３４．０ｎｍ。各组分经ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酸胺凝焦电泳分析测得线状病毒和球状病毒的外壳蛋白分子量分别为２０ＫＤ和２８ＫＤ。初步确定线状病毒为ＤＭＶ．球状病毒ＰｓＶ—１为侵梁天南星科半夏的一种新病毒。     

大豆花叶病毒（SMV）抗原及抗血清制备

大豆花叶病毒（ＳＭＶ）汁液经正丁醇、氯仿混合液澄清，ＰＥＧ沉淀，差速离心提取病毒粗提液。再经琼脂糖凝胶层析柱纯化，得到病毒提纯液。电镜观察病毒粒子为线条状，长７３０－７５０ｎｍ，宽１３ｎｍ。提纯液用紫外分光光度计扫描，得到一条典型的核蛋白吸收曲线，同时以波长２６０ｎｍ的ＯＤ值计算病毒含量。用病毒提纯液免疫兔子，制得抗血清。通过回接试验在寄主植株显症，确认为大豆花叶病毒。     

表达马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白的转基因烟草的抗病性研究

将马铃薯Ｙ病毒中国分离物（ＰＶＴ－Ｃ）的外壳蛋白（ＣＰ）基因,在土壤农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４的介导下,转化烟草生产品种ＮＣ８９,获得了６个烟草株系。通过抗性分析发现,６个株系中有一个株系在２００μｇ／ｍｌＰＶＹ－Ｃ的攻毒下,仍未发病,分子检测发现,转基因植物中抗性产生的程度并不是同ＰＶＹ－Ｃ外壳蛋白的表达水平成正相关。     

螺旋藻藻胆体核心复合物结构与功能的研究──四种变藻蓝蛋白复合物的分离及光谱特性的研究

从螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）的藻胆体中分离出四种不同光谱形线的变藻蓝蛋白（ＡＰＣ）复合物：ＡＰＩ,ＡＰⅡ,ＡＰⅢ,ＡＰＢ,利用吸收光谱,荧光光谱（室温和低温）以及荧光激发偏振光谱比较了ＡＰＣ复合物三聚体和单体的光谱特性,四种ＡＰＣ复合物三聚体的最大吸收和最大发射峰位置各不相同,ＡＰⅡ和ＡＰⅢ位于短波区（最大吸收波长在～６５０ｎｍ,最大发射波长在６６２～６６４ｎｍ）ＡＰＩ和ＡＰＢ     

螺旋藻藻胆体核心复合物结构与功能的研究──四种变藻蓝蛋白复合物的分离及光谱特性的研究

从螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）的藻胆体中分离出四种不同光谱形式的变藻蓝蛋白（ＡＰＣ）复合物：ＡＰⅠ、ＡＰⅡ、ＡＰⅢ、ＡＰＢ,利用吸收光谱、荧光先谱（室温和低温）以及荧光激发偏振光谱比较了ＡＰＣ复合物三聚体和单体的光谱特性。四种ＡＰＣ复合物三聚体的最大吸收和最大发射峰位置各不相同,ＡＰⅡ和ＡＰⅢ位于短波区（最大吸收波长在～６５０ｎｍ．最大发射波长在６６２～６６４ｎｍ）,ＡＰⅠ和ＡＰＢ位于长波区（最大吸收波长在～６５５ｎｍ,最大发射波长在～６８０ｎｍ）,低温下的荧光发射光谱均有红移。在能量传递中,各种不同形式的ＡＰＣ复合物表现出不同的功能,以实现能量的高效传递：ＡＰⅡ和ＡＰⅢ是能量传递的中介,ＡＰⅠ和ＡＰＢ作为终端发射基因,分别将激发能传给反应中心。通过荧光激发偏振光谱研究了四种ＡＰＣ复合物及其单体内各色团间的相互关系及其在能量传递中的取向和功能。     

引起番茄坏死病的黄瓜花叶病毒TN分离物的研究

从南京郊区田间番茄坏死病株中分离出黄瓜花叶病毒ＴＮ分离物,经人工接种１０科３９种植物,能侵染其中的８科２６种,接种番茄,辣椒和普通烟都引起坏死症状。ＴＮ分离物的失毒温度为５０℃,稀释限点５×１０￣（－３）－５×１０￣（－４）,体外存活期１－２天。蚜虫以非持久性方式传毒,经免疫双扩散测定,ＴＮ分离物与黄瓜花叶病毒抗血清呈阳性反应。用差速离心提纯的病毒粒子经电镜观察为廿面体,直径为２８ｎｍ。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析病毒外壳蛋白为单一组份,分子量２７５００Ｄ。病毒核酸组份分析发现,该病毒分离物含有ＣＭＶ基因组核酸和一个低分子量的卫星ＲＮＡ。以上结果同已报道的引起番茄坏死的带卫星ＲＮＡ的黄瓜花叶病毒株系一致（Ｋｅａｒｎｅｙ,Ｃ．Ｍ．１９９０;Ｊｏｒｄａ,Ｃ．１９９２）。本文还讨论了该病害的发生和流行。     

雀麦花叶病毒缺陷型RNA_（3b）的研究

采用ＰＥＧ沉淀和差速离心的方法提纯雀麦花叶病毒的Ｇ和Ｔ分离物。利用蛋白酶Ｋ和两相酚法制备雀麦花叶病毒的总ＲＮＡｓ。将Ｇ和Ｔ分离物ＲＮＡｓ进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,结果发现Ｂｒ－ＭＶ－Ｇ除含有正常的ＲＮＡ组分外,还出现了另一新的ＲＮＡ＿（３ｂ）组分,其分子量为０．５０×１０￣６。ＲＮＡ＿（３ｂ）只出现在大麦寄主中,而在昆诺基上缺失。ＲＮＡ＿（３ｂ）仅依靠于其来源的Ｇ分离物的ＲＮＡｓ进行复制。以ＲＮＡ＿（３ｂ）为模板合成￣（３２）Ｐ－ｃＤＮＡ探针,和ＢｒＭＶ－Ｇ分离物的ＲＮＡｓ进行分子杂交试验表明：ＲＮＡ＿（３ｂ）属ＲＮＡ＿３的缺陷型组分,它依赖于ＢｒＭＶ－Ｇ－ＲＮＡ＿３的帮助才能在大麦寄主中复制。ＲＮＡ＿（３ｂ）的出现和缺失对ＢｒＭＶ的症状表现没有影响。     

Occurrence of Tobacco Necrosis Virus in Strawberry Cultivars and Frageria vesca Indicators

Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) was found occasionally in roots of indicator plants such as UC-4, UC-5 and alpine, commonly used for screening of strawberry virus diseases. The virus was purified and identified as TNV by its host-range, physical properties, electron microscopy and serological tests. The implication of the possible occurrence of TNV in indicator plants on reliable diagnosis of virus disease in strawberry is discussed.     

Arabis mosaic and Prunus necrotic ringspot viruses in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Purified virus preparations made from nettlehead-diseased hop plants, or from Chenopodium quinoa, to which the virus was transmitted by inoculation of sap, contained polyhedral virus particles of 30 mμ diameter which were identified serologically as arabis mosaic virus (AMV). There were serological differences between AMV isolates from hop and from strawberry, and also differences in host range and in symptoms caused in C. quinoa and C. amaranticolor. AMV was always associated with nettlehead disease. The nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum occurred in small numbers in most hop gardens, but was numerous where nettlehead disease was spreading rapidly. Preparations from nettlehead-affected hops also contained a second virus, serologically related to Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (NRSV), in mild and virulent forms which infected the same range of test plants but showed some serological differences. Mild isolates did not protect C. quinoa plants against infection by virulent isolates. Hop seedlings inoculated with virulent isolates of NRSV developed symptoms indistinguishable from those of split leaf blotch disease. Latent infection with NRSV was prevalent in symptomless hop plants. Nettlehead disease is apparently associated with dual infection of AMV and virulent isolates of NRSV. An unnamed virus with rod-shaped particles 650 mμ long was common in hop and was transmitted by inoculation of sap to herbaceous plants. Cucumber mosaic virus was obtained from a single plant of Humulus scandens Merr.     

Association of a potyvirus with mosaic disease of gherkin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis anguria</Emphasis> L.) in India

A virus associated with severe mosaic disease of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) in south India was identified. The infected plants showed mosaic, vein banding, blistering on malformed leaves and fruits. Host range, transmission, serological and electron microscopic studies were carried out to identify the virus. The virus was readily transmitted by Sap inoculation and by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The host range of the virus was mainly limited to cucurbitaceous and chenopodium species. The virus showed positive serological relationships with members of potyvirus genus but not with cucumo, ilar and taspoviruses. Electron microscopy of leaf dip preparation of infected leaves revealed long flexuous filamentous virus particles measuring 750 × 12 nm. On the basis of symptomotology, host range, transmission, serology and particle morphology the virus associated with mosaic disease of gherkin might be the member of potyvirus genus.     

Czech and scandinavian isolates resembling dandelion yellow mosaic virus

Virus isolates resembling the dandelion yellow mosaic virus (synonym: lettuce necrosis virus) were obtained from dandelion plants in twenty five localities of Bohemia and also of Norway, Sweden and Finland. All isolates were sap transmissible merely to lettuce, but some of them also toChenopodium quinoa; other test plants could not be infected. Attempted serological and biological identification of the isolates with some viruses presumed to be able to infect spontaneously dandelion plants have failed.     

Detection of Seed-Transmitted Brome Mosaic Virus by ELISA, Radial Immunodiffusion and Immunoelectroblotting Tests

The extent of contamination of wheat seedlots by brome mosaic virus (BMV), and the possible transmission of the virus through seed, were investigated by radial immunodiffusion (RID), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and enzyme-assisted immunoelectroblotting (IEB) tests. BMV was purified from seed washings, and from plants grown from contaminated seed. All three serological tests proved of value in detecting contaminated seeds, while ELISA and IEB were especially useful in detecting virus in infected plants grown from such seed. Rhopalosiphum padi aphids were shown to increase the incidence of BMV infectLon in seedling batches containing a few seed-infected plants. The implications of these findings for wheat breeding schemes are discussed.     

Potato Virus X—a New Report from Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) in India

A virus isolated from turnip in Aligarh, India, which caused mild mosaic, mottling and curling of leaves followed by overall stunting of plants, was characterized as potato virus X (PVX) on the basis of its host range, biological and physical properties, particle morphology, ultrastructural studies, and serological relationship.     

A Survey of German Hops for the Presence of American Hop Latent Virus (AHLV)

The presence of rod-shaped viruses in German hops has been known for a long time and Hop Mosaic Virus (HMV) and Hop Latent Virus (HLV) were proved to be present by serological techniques. When another CARLA-Virus, the American Hop Latent Virus was detected in England an extensive survey was carried out in the German hop growing regions and among wild hops. No natural occurrence of the virus could be detected. Only recently introduced plants of the American clone USDA 21055 in an isolated breeding garden were infected. Spread of the virus to German seedlings could not be detected.     

STUDIES ON THE HOST RANGE, PROPERTIES AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF BEET RINGSPOT VIRUS

An apparently undescribed mechanically transmissible virus has been named beet ringspot virus (BRV). It occurs naturally in Scotland in sugar-beet, turnip, swede, potato and many kinds of weed plants. BRV is readily distinguished from raspberry ringspot virus by the symptoms produced in Chenopodium amaranticolor , French bean, tobacco and Petunia hybrida plants. BRV lost infectivity when heated for 10 min. at 63°C. but not at 60°C.: at 20°C. its longevity in vitro was about 3 weeks. BRV was precipitated by ammonium sulphate, ethanol and acetone.
Protection experiments with tobacco plants, and serological tests, gave no evidence that BRV was related to tobacco ringspot, raspberry ringspot, potato bouquet or tobacco rattle viruses, but showed that viruses isolated from different host plants and from different localities were strains of BRV.
BRV is soil-borne: in glasshouse experiments sugar-beet, beetroot, potato, turnip, swede, French bean, Fragaria vesca , oat and wheat plants often became systemically infected when grown in soil from the site of a disease outbreak, but the virus was restricted to the roots of many infected plants. When sugar-beet seedlings were grown in virus-containing soil, BRV was first detected in their roots, where its concentration increased, before progressively increasing amounts of virus were found in the shoots.
Soils from five localities were found to contain BRV. BRV has been found only where the soil is light in texture, and often in fields where raspberry ringspot virus occurs.     

Cucumber Mosaic Virus on Banana in Crete

A virus was isolated from banana plants grown in plastic houses and showing chlorotic striping on leaves and stunting. On the basis of host range symptomatology, aphid transmission and serological tests, it was identified as a strain of cucumber mosaic virus. Infected propagating material was more responsible for the outbreak of the disease than aphids.