蓑羽鹤在鄂尔多斯桃4阿海子的繁殖记录

蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)中有少量个体作为夏候鸟零星散布于内蒙古西部的鄂尔多斯高原.20世纪90年代初期,我们曾在桃力庙-阿拉善湾海子(简称桃-阿海子)记录到蓑羽鹤的繁殖,当时,1对蓑羽鹤将巢置于桃-阿海子南面的沙丘顶部,并成功育出2只幼鹤.     

鄂尔多斯蓑羽鹤小群体的GPS-GSM跟踪初步分析

在内蒙古鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家级自然保护区已多次发现有一个孤立的蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)小种群在此地繁殖和度夏。2015年7月,在该地区为5只成年蓑羽鹤(3只繁殖,2只非繁殖)佩戴了中国湖南生产的GPS-GSM发射器。截止到5只蓑羽鹤全部离开鄂尔多斯高原,共获得7 794个GPS位点信息。通过跟踪信息了解到1只个体在9月18日死于鄂尔多斯高原的中西部,其余个体于9月末至10月初先后迁出鄂尔多斯高原。迁徙过程中的最快瞬时速度为93.1 km/h。4只个体迁出鄂尔多斯高原的时间和路线均略有不同。     

蓝蓑羽鹤的人工饲养繁育

蓝蓑羽鹤主要分布于非洲南部,北京动物园2001年开始饲养展出,2005年繁殖成功.在我国北方饲养蓝蓑羽鹤冬季需要保温设施,还需要适当的耐寒训练,提高对寒冷的适应能力.蓝蓑羽鹤选择植物性食物多,全年在繁殖期和非繁殖期饲料蛋白含量分别为34.9%和21.6%,平均能量16.6 kJ/kg.精液澄清、透明.雌鹤性成熟年龄早于雄鹤.北京地区繁殖期3～6月,平均窝卵数2枚.雏鹤生长高峰期在35～60日龄.     

世界之鹤

全世界共有15种鹤,除了南极洲和南美洲之外,其他各大洲都有鹤的分布。在热带的非洲,有黑冠鹤、灰冠鹤、蓝鹤和肉垂鹤;在北美洲,有美洲鹤和沙丘鹤;在大洋洲有澳洲鹤;在亚洲有蓑羽鹤、赤颈鹤、灰鹤、黑颈鹤、丹顶鹤、白枕鹤、白鹤和白头鹤。     

北京发现蓑羽鹤

2006年5月至2009年9月,北京市野生动物救护中心陆续救助4只蓑羽鹤(Grus virgo),接收具体时间及测量数据见表1.4只蓑羽鹤都具有如下特征:体型略小(105 cm)而优雅的蓝灰色鹤.头顶白色,白色丝状长羽的耳羽簇与偏黑色的头、颈及修长的胸羽成对比.三级飞羽形长但不浓密,不足覆盖尾部.胸部的黑色羽较灰鹤的更为长垂.虹膜雄鸟红色,雌鸟橘黄,嘴黄绿,脚黑色;叫声如号角似灰鹤,但较尖而少起伏.     

草原动物你是谁

正非洲大草原的狮王听说,遥远的东方国家中国也有草原,奔跑在那里的动物味道也不错。它心痒痒了,想去东方瞧瞧那些草原动物都是谁。可是母狮们劝它:长途奔波不易,还是先跟东方的草原动物来个远程视频吧!遇见蓑羽鹤第一个出现在镜头前的是蓑羽鹤。狮王一见到它就大叫:"你明明是一只住在湖边的鹤,干吗冒充草原动物?"蓑羽鹤镇定自若:"一提起是我们鹤类,大家都只想到湖泊,今天我就给你上上课——草原也我们的重要栖息地呢!全世界有15种鹤,其中9种在中国都有过记录。夏季,西北高原上的草原为我们提供食物和活动空间,也是我们的重要繁殖地。"狮王挥挥爪,没兴趣。     

我国的鹤

“鹤”泛指鹤形目鹤科的各种类,世界上现存鹤类计15种,我国有9种,分属鹤亚科鹤属和衰羽鹤属（衰羽鹤）。均为大型迁徙性涉禽。头顶（或额）通常裸出或被羽（蓑羽鹤属）,橡强直,鼻孔呈直线状;初级飞羽11枚（第1枚较第2枚短）,次级飞羽比初级飞羽长;尾短,尾羽12枚;腔、跑路和趾均细长,后趾很小,位置高于前3趾;气管发达,在胸骨和胸肌间构成复杂的卷曲,利于发声共鸣。栖息于河口、湖泊等水域附近的沼泽湿地、草原或宽阔的农田,涉水取食蠕虫、软体动物、昆虫、小型脊椎动物以及植物的嫩芽和种子,较少飞翔。繁殖期通常有复杂的求…     

四川鹤类一新纪录

1986年4月10日,宝兴县永富乡农民徐志清和石成禄,在巴斯沟海拔1470米处的沟旁灌丛捕得一只步履艰难的鹤类,经我们鉴定为蓑羽鹤Anthropoides virgo(Linnaeus)的雌性成鸟。形态头和颈部除头顶、颏和后颈羽毛呈灰色外,其余概黑色;眼后具一束修长丝状白羽,向后延伸超过头部。前颈黑羽延长,呈披针形,向下覆盖胸部,状若蓑衣罩身,故名蓑羽鹤。翅上小翼羽、大覆羽和飞羽黑褐色;内侧次级飞羽灰色,具黑色羽端,向后延伸呈长矛形。尾羽灰色。其余体羽概灰白色。虹膜红褐色,嘴淡绿,末端红色;跗蹠和趾黑色。量衡度(克或毫米):体重1125,全长754,翅460,嘴峰…     

鹤类的研究

世界现存鹤科鸟类共有15种,除南美洲和南极洲外,其余各洲均有分布。化石鹤计有17种,发现于始新世、渐新世、上新世和更新世。其中游荡鹤属5种,发现于始新世;鹳鹤属2种,分别发现于始新世和渐新世,这两属的鹤类均已灭绝;鹤属10种。 根据大陆漂移学说和古气候的资料,初步分析认为鹤科鸟类大约发生在7千万年以前(白垩纪末期至新生代的第三纪初期),正值世界第二次大冰期后的间冰期,气候温湿,世界上具有适于鹤类栖息的广泛环境。至第四纪冰期和喜马拉雅运动的影响,有些鹤类绝灭了,有些则继续留存。例如黑颈鹤适应了青藏高原的隆起而形成,是为最年轻的种类。蓑羽鹤广泛分布于欧、亚、非洲,蓝蓑羽鹤分布于非洲南部,有可能是最古老的种类。地中海、非洲和北美洲可能是世界鹤类的发源地。从赤颈鹤、澳洲鹤的形态看,有可能起源于冈瓦纳古陆,但从气管的形态来看,又与其他鹤属鸟类较为一致;肉垂鹤、澳洲鹤和两种冕鹤都具肉垂或垂囊,赤颈鹤亦或具肉垂。鹤属中的白鹤,其气管则与分布在非洲南部的肉垂鹤相似。无论从分类学及鹤科鸟类的起源地,均值得进一步研究。     

内蒙古胡列也吐的鹤类及保护

胡列也吐位于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟陈巴尔虎旗境内 ,地理位置在东经 4 9°4 8′,北纬 1 1 8°2 7′ ,总面积为 4 0km2 。 1 998年笔者对本区的鹤类资源进行了为期一年的调查。本区共有 5种鹤栖息 ,本次共记录到 4种鹤计 78只。其中白头鹤 52只 ,丹顶鹤 1 1只 ,白枕鹤 4只 ,蓑羽鹤 1 1只。灰鹤在本区有分布 ,但本次调查未见。此外还记录到我国最大的白头鹤夏季集群。     

7种鹤形目鸟类性别的分子鉴定

生境破碎化和非法狩猎已经使很多鸟类陷入了濒危境地,笼养繁殖进行迁地保护及再引入的保护措施已经具有举足轻重的作用,鸟类性别鉴定对于有效的繁殖至关重要。然而对珍稀濒危鸟类进行安全、方便和准确的性别鉴定一直是个难题。本文运用CHD基因的一对引物2550F/2718R,对7种鹤形目鸟类:大鸨(Otis tarda)、丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)、蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)、灰鹤(G.grus)、白鹤(G.leucogeranus)、白头鹤(G.monacha)和灰冠鹤(Balearica regulorum)共48只鸟,进行了有效的性别鉴定。研究结果不但对7种鹤形目鸟类的笼养繁殖和个体交换起到了指导作用,而且为今后的再引入提供了有利条件。本研究的性别分子鉴定方法适用于7种鹤形目鸟类,具有安全、方便、准确等特点,并且可以推广使用。     

Cranes (Gruiformes,Gruidae) of the Northern Pontic Area in the Late Holocene

Biology Bulletin - Bone remains of cranes from Holocene sites of the northern Black Sea region are analyzed. The distribution and number of crane subfossil records show that Anthropoides virgo was...     

中国鹤类现状及其保护对策

中国有9种鹤类,其中灰鹤（Grus grus）、黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）、赤颈鹤（Grus antigone）、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo）在中国进行繁殖。中国政府为保护鹤类采取了大量有效措施。本文在结合当前鹤类数量和保护现状的基础上,对中国鹤类的保护对策进行探讨。     

天津地区水鸟区系组成及多样性分析

1997年10月－2000年12月间,作者对天津地区的20处湿地的水鸟进行了调查,共记录到水鸟107种,分属7目14科39属。其中候鸟103种,占总数的96.2%。Xing形目和雁形目无论在种类上还是在数量上都占绝对优势,分别占水鸟群落种类组成的41.1%和31.1%。记录到包括东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana)、黑鹳（Ciconia nigra)、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis)、白鹤（Grus leucogeranus)、大鸨（Otis tarda)及遗鸥（Larus relictus)在内的国家Ⅰ级保护物种6种。记录到国家Ⅱ级保护物种8种,分别为白枕鹤（Grus vipio)、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo)、灰鹤（Grus grus)、海鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax pelagicus)、大天鹅（Cygnus cygnus)、小天鹅（C.columbianus)、疣鼻天鹅（C.olor)、白额雁（Anser albifrons)。对包括北大港水库、团泊洼水库、七里海水库及尔王庄水库在内的4个重点调查区域进行水鸟多样性分析表明,北大港水库的物种多样性及科、属多样性均较高,且有众多的珍稀物种,是一个重要的水鸟停歇地,应加强对该区域的保护。此外,本文提出在分析生物群落多样性时,应将分类因素与物种的数量因素综合起来考虑,因而同时使用G－F指数与Shannon-Wiener指数,可更为全面地评价某一地区的群落多样性。     

Interspecific aggression causes negative selection on sexual characters

Interspecific aggression originating from mistaken species recognition may cause selection on secondary sexual characters, but this hypothesis has remained untested. Here we report a field experiment designed to test directly whether interspecific aggression causes selection on secondary sexual characters, wing spots, in wild damselfly populations. Males of Calopteryx virgo are more aggressive toward males of C. splendens with large than with small wing spots. This differential interspecific aggression may cause negative selection on wing spot size. Indeed, our results show that directional survival selection on wing spot size of C. splendens males was changed by experimental removal of C. virgo males. Without removal, directional selection went from positive to negative with increasing relative abundance of C. virgo males. In populations where C. virgo males were removed, this relationship disappeared. These results verify that interspecific aggression can cause negative selection on sexual characters. Thus, interspecific aggression has the potential to cause divergence on these characters between two species offering an alternative explanation for reinforcement for generating character displacement in secondary sexual characters.     

SIMULATING RANGE EXPANSION: MALE SPECIES RECOGNITION AND LOSS OF PREMATING ISOLATION IN DAMSELFLIES

Prolonged periods of allopatry might result in loss of the ability to discriminate against other formerly sympatric species, and can lead to heterospecific matings and hybridization upon secondary contact. Loss of premating isolation during prolonged allopatry can operate in the opposite direction of reinforcement, but has until now been little explored. We investigated how premating isolation between two closely related damselfly species, Calopteryx splendens and C. virgo , might be affected by the expected future northward range expansion of C. splendens into the allopatric zone of C. virgo in northern Scandinavia. We simulated the expected secondary contact by presenting C. splendens females to C. virgo males in the northern allopatric populations in Finland. Premating isolation toward C. splendens in northern allopatric populations was compared to sympatric populations in southern Finland and southern Sweden. Male courtship responses of C. virgo toward conspecific females showed limited geographic variation, however, courtship attempts toward heterospecific C. splendens females increased significantly from sympatry to allopatry. Our results suggest that allopatric C. virgo males have partly lost their ability to discriminate against heterospecific females. Reduced premating isolation in allopatry might lead to increased heterospecific matings between taxa that are currently expanding and shifting their ranges in response to climate change.     

Selective predation on wing morphology in sympatric damselflies

Although predation is thought to affect species divergence, the effects of predator-mediated natural selection on species divergence and in nonadaptive radiations have seldom been studied. Wing melanization in Calopteryx damselflies has important functions in sexual selection and interspecific interactions and in species recognition. The genus Calopteryx and other damselfly genera have also been put forward as examples of radiations driven by sexual selection. We show that avian predation strongly affects natural selection on wing morphology and male wing melanization in two congeneric and sympatric species of this genus (Calopteryx splendens and Calopteryx virgo). Predation risk was almost three times higher for C. virgo, which has an exaggerated degree of wing melanization, than it was for the less exaggerated, sympatric congener C. splendens. Selective predation on the exaggerated species C. virgo favored a reduction and redistribution of the wing melanin patch. There was evidence for nonlinear selection involving wing patch size, wing patch darkness, and wing length and width in C. splendens but weaker nonlinear selection on the same trait combinations in C. virgo. Selective predation could interfere with species divergence by sexual selection and may thus indirectly affect male interspecific interactions, reproductive isolation, and species coexistence in this genus.     

Avian daily foraging patterns: Effects of digestive constraints and variability

Summary Birds show a typical daily pattern of heavy morning and secondary afternoon feeding. We investigate the pattern of foraging by a bird that results in the lowest long-term rate of mortality. We assume the following: mortality is the sum of starvation and predation. The bird is characterized by two state variables, its energy reserves and the amount of food in its stomach. Starvation occurs during the day if the bird's reserves fall to zero. The bird starves during the night if the total energy stored in reserves and the stomach is less than a critical amount. The probability that the bird is killed by a predator is higher if the bird is foraging than if it is resting. Furthermore, the predation risk while foraging increases with the bird's mass. From these assumptions, we use dynamic programming techniques to find the daily foraging routine that minimizes mortality. The principal results are (1) Variability in food finding leads to routines with feeding concentrated early in the day, (2) digestive constraints cause feeding to be spread more evenly through the day, (3) even under fairly severe digestive constraints, the stomach is generally not full and (4) optimal fat reserve levels are higher in more variable environments and under digestive constraints. This model suggests that the characteristic daily feeding pattern of small birds is not due to digestive constraints but is greatly influenced by environmental variability.     

Interspecific aggression and character displacement in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens

Problems in species recognition are thought to affect the evolution of secondary sexual characters mainly through avoidance of maladaptive hybridization. Another, but much less studied avenue for the evolution of sexual characters due to species recognition problems is through interspecific aggression. In the damselfly, Calopteryx splendens, males have pigmented wing spots as a sexual character. Large-spotted males resemble males of another species, Calopteryx virgo, causing potential problems in species recognition. In this study, we investigate whether there is character displacement in wing spot size and whether interspecific aggression could cause this pattern. We found first that wing spot size of C. splendens in populations decreased with increasing relative abundance of C. virgo. Secondly, C. virgo males were more aggressive towards large- than small-spotted C. splendens males. Thirdly, in interspecific contests C. virgo males had better territory holding ability than C. splendens males. These results suggest that interspecific aggression may have caused character displacement in wing spot size of C. splendens, because the intensity of aggression towards large-spotted males is likely to increase with relative abundance of C. virgo males. Thus, interspecific aggression may be an evolutionarily significant force that is able to cause divergence in secondary sexual characters.