菜油基长链辣椒素酯小型化合物库的制备与初步生物活性

以脂肪酶在有机介质中催化食用菜油与香草醇直接转酯反应合成了一个含菜油酰基的长链辣椒素酯小型化合物库。反应条件：5mmol香草醇,2．5mmol食用菜油溶于100mL丙酮中,加入0．5g固定化脂肪酶（Nov0435）,置于30℃的摇床上以200r／min反应24h。分离固定化酶后,反应物以硅胶柱色谱分离,得到长链辣椒素酯小型库,收率34．1％。这个化合物库主要由亚麻酸香草醇酯（1）、亚油酸香草醇酯（2）、软脂酸香草醇酯（3）、油酸香草醇酯（4）、硬脂酸香草醇酯（5）、花生-烯酸香草醇酯（6）、芥酸香草醇酯（7）组成;它在50彬mL时对PPARv模型具有弱的激活作用,激活倍数为1．5。用制备性高效液相色谱对这个化合物库进行分离,得到化合物1—4、7,以1HNMR确证了结构,其中化合物7未见文献报道。     

茉莉酸甲酯和苯丙氨酸对辣椒果实品质的影响

本文研究了不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）和苯丙氨酸（Phe）对‘湘研5号’辣椒果实不同发育时期的辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、维生素c以及干物质含量变化的影响。结果表明：500和1000mg·L-1 MeJA处理60d后的辣椒素含量分别比对照提高了41．7％和58．4％：同时500mg.L-1 MeJA处理能促进辣椒果实中的二氢辣椒素、维生素C的积累,对干物质积累也有一定作用。60mg·L-1 Phe处理能提高辣椒果实中辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和干物质的含量,但对维生素C影响不显著。     

辣椒素葡萄糖苷的合成

本文合成了辣椒素类物质-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷类化合物(3).首先,以BF3·OEt2为催化剂,用五乙酰葡萄糖酯与辣椒素类物质反应得到中间体辣椒素类物质4-O-β-D-四乙酰葡萄糖苷类化合物(2),以硅胶柱色谱纯化收率为22%,LC-MS分析表明含有降二氢辣椒素四乙酰葡萄糖苷(2a,M 623)、辣椒素四乙酰葡萄糖苷(2b,M635)、二氢辣椒素四乙酰葡萄糖苷(2c,M 637)、高二氢辣椒素四乙酰葡萄糖苷(2d,M 651);中间体2易水解为目标化合物3,收率63%.1H NMR分析表明化合物2及3均为β构型.     

羊角椒辣味物质成份分析

用紫外光谱法、红外光谱法和高效液相色谱法分析羊角椒中辣味物质纯度与组成,表明辣味物质由辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和降二氢辣椒素组成。     

有机介质中酶促合成壬酸香草醇酯的研究

壬酸香草醇酯是与天然辣椒素酯结构最接近的一个化合物,本文研究了有机相中脂肪酶催化合成这个化合物的方法,为天然辣椒素酯的酶促合成探索方法。考察了酶、溶剂、酶的用量、底物浓度、溶剂水含量以及温度等因素对反应的影响,结果表明脂肪酶Novozym e 435的活性最好,最适条件为:在1 mL脱水丙酮中,香草醇与壬酸甲酯的浓度分别为50、75 mmol/L,酶量为20 mg,30℃下反应24 h,产率可达到60%以上,产物经硅胶柱层析纯化,并以1H NMR及MS进行了表征。     

北京平谷地区次生林栓皮栎枝叶挥发性物质组分分析及对机械损伤的响应

分析栓皮栎枝叶挥发性物质的组成成分以及对机械损伤的响应。本文通过气质联用（GC/MS）方法比较分析了北京平谷地区天然次生林林栓皮栎枝叶机械损伤前、后挥发性气体VOCs主要成分和相对含量。（1）栓皮栎枝叶中的挥发性物质有酯类、烷烃类、萜烯类、芳香烃类、醛酮类、醇类、烯烃类以及其他含氮、氯、硫等物质等8大类,其中酯类和烷烃类含量最多,约占总物质含量的30.32%~41.60%和30.02%~33.14%;（2）虽然机械损伤前、后挥发性物质的组分和含量均有所变化,但是每一类物质主要成分基本保持一致,其中主要成分有酞酸二丁酯、2-甲基-1-己醇、2,6,10-三甲基十四烷、3-亚甲基-1,1-二甲基-2-乙烯基环己烷、十四烷、十九烷、油酸酰胺、壬醛、癸醛等;（3）机械损伤随栓皮栎枝叶挥发性物质成分及含量均产生了不同程度的影响。机械损伤后总挥发物含量均有明显的增加,其中明显增加的组分有：萘、d-柠檬烯、（Z）-3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-十八烷三烯、4-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯、酞酸二丁酯、乙酸己酯、苯甲酸丁酯、3-亚甲基-1,1-二甲基-2-乙烯基环己烷等化合物。栓皮栎枝叶8大类挥发性物质中酯类和烷烃类含量最多;机械损伤后,萘、d-柠檬烯、4-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯、酞酸二丁酯等物质均有明显的增加,这些物质对昆虫具有一定的驱避作用,这可能是栓皮栎的一种化学防御策略来响应和免受外界虫食等胁迫的侵害。另外,机械损伤后许多组分也发生了不同程度或是小幅度的变化,其变化机理和生态功能尚未知晓,有待进一步研究。     

RP-HPLC分离制备桔梗皂苷

在对桔梗总皂苷粗分的基础上,利用制备高效液相色谱分离制备桔梗单体皂苷,共分离得到四个化合物,经波谱法分别鉴定为platycodinD（1）,platycoside E（2）,deapio-platycoside E（3）,未知化合物（4,鉴定中）,经HPLC分析,纯度均大于98％．对比以前的分离手段,该方法分离制备桔梗单体皂苷工艺简单,效率高,为在桔梗中寻找新的天然活性物质提供了新方法。     

南瓜籽抗前列腺增生化学成分研究

本文研究了南瓜籽抗前列腺增生活性及功效成分。南瓜籽乙醇回流提取,经石油醚萃取,硅胶柱、ODS反向柱层析柱分离,用核磁共振方法鉴定结构。结果表明:南瓜籽醇提石油醚萃取相经硅胶柱层析氯仿∶甲醇(8∶2、7∶3)梯度洗脱物对小鼠前列腺增生活性的抑制效果最明显,再经ODS柱分离,得到了三个单体化合物,分别为3-甲酸-1,4-环己二烯-2-十一烷酸甲酯(1),3-甲酸-1,4-环己二烯-2-十一烯酸甲酯(2),2-十一烯酸甲酯-3-十一烷酸-环己-1,4-二烯酯(3)。化合物1~3为首次从南瓜籽中分离得到的酯类物质。     

产酸克雷伯氏菌耐氧产氢及其可溶性氢酶耐氧特性研究

目的：考察产酸克雷伯氏菌（KZebsielaloxytocaHPl）耐氧产氢特性及其可溶性氢酶的氧耐受特性。方法：研究K．oxytocctHPl在不同气相氧浓度条件下利用葡萄糖（1％,m/v）、丙酮酸钠（0．5％,m／v）及甲酸（0．1％,v／v）等底物产氢活性的以及K．oxyto-07,HPl可溶性氢酶在空气及氧饱和溶液中催化产氢活性。结果：K．oxytocaHP1在葡萄糖（1％,m/v）底物中具有较高耐氧产氢活性,6h内在气相氧浓度为5％、10％和21％条件下的氢产量分别为厌氧条件下的20．9％、13．7％、8．3％;K．oxytoca HP1可溶性氢酶在空气中孵育12h后,其活性残余85．4％,在氧饱和溶液中活性损失一半约3h。结论：试验结果提示K．oxytoca HP1具有耐氧产氢特性,其可溶性氢酶具有较高氧耐受性,在氢能源的开发中具有潜在的应用前景。     

小果博落回中2种杀虫活性成分的分离及鉴定

以粘虫(Mythimna separata)3龄幼虫为试虫,采用生物活性示踪法从小果博落回(Macleaya microcarpa)乙醇提取物中分离纯化出2种活性成分,经MS1、H-NMR1、3C-NMR分析鉴定为二氢血根碱和二氢白屈菜红碱。采用小叶碟添加法测试了2种化合物对粘虫3龄幼虫的拒食及毒杀活性。结果表明,2种化合物对粘虫3龄幼虫均具有较高的拒食活性,48 h的拒食AFC50分别为0.168和0.231 mg.mL-1,同时,二氢血根碱对粘虫3龄幼虫具有一定的毒杀活性,96 h的LC50为0.085 mg.mL-1。分析认为二氢血根碱可能是小果博落回的主要杀虫活性成分之一。     

β-胡萝卜素抑制MCF-7细胞生长上调过氧化酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）表达

为了研究过氧化酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）表达在β 胡萝卜素影响乳腺癌MCF 7细胞活力中所起的作用,采用MTT法测定细胞活力、Western 印迹检测细胞中PPARγ的蛋白质水平,用RT-PCR从mRNA水平检测细胞内PPARγ、P21^WAF1/CIP1、COX-2和P27表达.研究发现,β 胡萝卜素显著抑制人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7细胞的生长,β-胡萝卜素对细胞生长的抑制作用呈现出时间和计量依赖关系;β-胡萝卜素能够呈现时间效应地从mRNA和蛋白质水平显著上调PPARγ的表达,β-胡萝卜素能够通过PPARγ调节P21^WAF1/CIP1和COX-2mRNA水平;PPARγ的抑制剂GW9662和抗氧化剂还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）都能部分阻止由β-胡萝卜素引起的细胞活力下降.研究结果提示,激活PPARγ途径和调制细胞氧化状态是β 胡萝卜素对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的生长抑制效应原因之一.     

The Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ in Pig Fetal Tissue and Primary Stromal‐Vascular Cultures

Objective: This study was designed to determine when peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed in developing fetal adipose tissue and stromal‐vascular adipose precursor cells derived from adipose tissue. In addition we examined developing tissue for CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein β (C/EBPβ) expression to see if it was correlated with PPARγ expression. Pituitary function and hormones involved with differentiation (dexamethasone and retinoic acid) were also tested for their effects on PPARγ expression to determine if hormones known to affect differentiation also effect PPARγ expression in vivo and in cell culture. Research Methods and Procedures: Developing subcutaneous adipose tissues from the dorsal region of the fetal pig were collected at different gestation times and assayed using Western blot analysis to determine levels of PPARγ and C/EBPβ. Hypophysectomy was performed on 75‐day pig fetuses and tissue samples were then taken at 105 days for Western blot analysis. Adipose tissue was also taken from postnatal pigs to isolate stromal‐vascular (S‐V) cells. These adipose precursor cells were grown in culture and samples were taken for Western blot analysis to determine expression levels of PPARγ. Results: Our results indicate that PPARγ is expressed as early as 50 days of fetal development in adipose tissue and continues through 105 days. Expression of PPARγ was found to be significantly enhanced in adipose tissue from hypophysectomized fetuses at 105 days of fetal development (p < 0.05). C/EBPβ was not found in 50‐ or 75‐day fetal tissues and was found only at low levels in 105‐day tissues. C/EBPβ was not found in hypophysectomized (hypoxed) 105‐day tissue where PPARγ was elevated. S‐V cells freshly isolated from adipose tissue of 5‐ to 7‐day postnatal pigs showed the expression of PPARγ1. When S‐V cells were cultured, both PPARγ1 and 2 were expressed after the first day and continued as cells differentiated. High concentrations of retinoic acid decreased PPARγ expression in early S‐V cultures (p < 0.05). Discussion: Our data indicate that PPARγ is expressed in fetal adipose tissue very early before distinct fat cells are observed and can be expressed without the expression of C/EBPβ. The increase in PPARγ expression after hypophysectomy may explain the increase in fat cell size under these conditions. Adipose precursor cells (S‐V cells) from 5‐ to 7‐day postnatal pigs also express PPARγ in the tissue before being induced to differentiate in culture. Thus S‐V cells from newborn pig adipose tissue are probably more advanced in development than the 3T3‐L1 cell model. S‐V cells may be in a state where PPARγ and C/EBPα are expressed but new signals or vascularization are needed before cells are fully committed and lipid filling begins.     

PPARβ mRNA expression,reduced by n − 3 PUFA diet in mammary tumor,controls breast cancer cell growth

The effect of numerous anticancer drugs on breast cancer cell lines and rodent mammary tumors can be enhanced by a treatment with long-chain n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n − 3 PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n − 3) which is a natural ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). In order to identify the PPAR regulating breast cancer cell growth, we tested the impact of siRNA, selected to suppress PPARα, PPARβ or PPARγ mRNA in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The siPPARβ was the most effective to inhibit breast cancer cell growth in both cell lines. Using PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ pharmacological antagonists, we showed that PPARβ regulated DHA-induced inhibition of growth in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. In addition, the expressions of all 3 PPAR mRNA were co-regulated in both cell lines, upon treatments with siRNA or PPAR antagonists. PPAR mRNA expression was also examined in the NitrosoMethylUrea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumor model. The expressions of PPARα and PPARβ mRNAs were correlated in the control group but not in the n − 3 PUFA group in which the expression of PPARβ mRNA was reduced. Although PPARα expression was also increased in the n − 3 PUFA-enriched diet group under docetaxel treatment, it is only the expression of PPARβ mRNA that correlated with the regression of mammary tumors: those that most regressed displayed the lowest PPARβ mRNA expression. Altogether, these data identify PPARβ as an important player capable of modulating other PPAR mRNA expressions, under DHA diet, for inhibiting breast cancer cell growth and mammary tumor growth.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a critical role in the development of TGFβ resistance of H460 cell

The primary goal of the study was to investigate how peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) played a critical role in the protection of H460 cell, one of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with multidrug resistance, from transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-mediated mitoinhibition. In the study, TGFβ resistance of H460 cell was first confirmed by analyses of PPARγ expression, its interaction with TGFβ-induced Smad3 and phospho-Smad3 (p-Smad3) and survival of H460. Results showed that enable to escape from G2/M phase arrest, H460 cell had higher resistance to TGFβ-mediated mitoinhibition than CH27 (a drug sensitive control). TGFβ significantly increased PPARγ expression of H460 but not of CH27 cell whereas nuclear accumulation of p-Smad3 was only limited to CH27, the latter was believed to contribute to the induction of P^{21 waf1/cip1} and cyclin B1, cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and TGFβ-mediated mitoinhibition of CH27 cell. TGFβ-induced PPARγ of H460 cell was further demonstrated to bind to Smad3 and p-Smad3, and GW9662 (PPARγ inhibitor) or PPARγ-specific shRNA could disrupt the binding. GW9662 also increased the nuclear accumulation of p-Smad3 that eventually led to the reduction of TGFβ resistance of H460. A transient knockdown of PPARγ with shRNA revealed a similar effect as GW9662. In addition, activation of P³⁸ instead of ERK played a critical role in TGFβ-induced expression of PPARγ, which subsequently activated RhoA in H460 cell.     

Identification of 6-octadecynoic acid from a methanol extract of Marrubium vulgare L. as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist

6-Octadecynoic acid (6-ODA), a fatty acid with a triple bond, was identified in the methanol extract of Marrubium vulgare L. as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Fibrogenesis caused by hepatic stellate cells is inhibited by PPARγ whose ligands are clinically used for the treatment of diabetes. Plant extracts of Marrubium vulgare L., were screened for activity to inhibit fibrosis in the hepatic stellate cell line HSC-T6 using Oil Red-O staining, which detects lipids that typically accumulate in quiescent hepatic stellate cells. A methanol extract with activity to stimulate accumulation of lipids was obtained. This extract was found to have PPARγ agonist activity using a luciferase reporter assay. After purification using several chromatographic methods, 6-ODA, a fatty acid with a triple bond, was identified as a candidate of PPARγ agonist. Synthesized 6-ODA and its derivative 9-octadecynoic acid (9-ODA), which both have a triple bond but in different positions, activated PPARγ in a luciferase reporter assay and increased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a PPARγ-dependent manner. There is little information about the biological activity of fatty acids with a triple bond, and to our knowledge, this is the first report that 6-ODA and 9-ODA function as PPARγ agonists.     

The effect of substituted thiophene and benzothiophene derivates on PPARγ expression and glucose metabolism

Eighteen substituted thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives were studied for their effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in HepG2 cells. Three derivatives (compounds 5, 120.97%; 15, 102.14%; and 17, 113.82%) were found to transactivate PPARγ in vitro. By comparison, the positive control rosiglitazone (Ros) transactivated PPARγ by 311.53%. The three compounds were studied for their effects on glucose metabolism in vivo in KK/Ay diabetic mice. In vivo, the 2-(β-carbonyl/sulfonyl) butyryl-thiophene compounds 5 and 15 significantly decreased blood glucose levels (compounds 5, to?<?15.6?mmol/L; 15, to?<?10?mmol/L), improved glucose tolerance, improved impaired pancreatic islet β-cells, and lowered serum insulin levels.     

Dihydromyricetin enhances glucose uptake by inhibition of MEK/ERK pathway and consequent down‐regulation of phosphorylation of PPARγ in 3T3‐L1 cells

Accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling can reduce phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) at serine 273, which mitigates obesity‐associated insulin resistance and might be a promising treatment for type 2 diabetes. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a flavonoid that has many beneficial pharmacological properties. In this study, mouse fibroblast 3T3‐L1 cells were used to investigate whether DHM alleviates insulin resistance by inhibiting PPARγ phosphorylation at serine 273 via the MEK/ERK pathway. 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes were differentiated, and the effects of DHM on adipogenesis and glucose uptake in the resulting adipocytes were examined. DHM was found to dose dependently increase glucose uptake and decrease adipogenesis. Insulin resistance was then induced in adipocytes using dexamethasone, and DHM was shown to dose and time dependently promote glucose uptake in the dexamethasone‐treated adipocytes. DHM also inhibited phosphorylation of PPARγ and ERK. Inhibition of PPARγ activity with GW9662 potently blocked DHM‐induced glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion. Interestingly, DHM showed similar effects to PD98059, an inhibitor of the MEK/ERK pathway. DHM acted synergistically with PD98059 to improve glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion in dexamethasone‐treated adipocytes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that DHM improves glucose uptake in adipocytes by inhibiting ERK‐induced phosphorylation of PPARγ at serine 273.     

PPARgamma-mediated ALDH1A3 suppression exerts anti-proliferative effects in lung cancer by inducing lipid peroxidation

Context: The metabolic function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in lung cancer remains unclear.

Objectives: To determine the relationship of PPARγ on ALDH1A3-induced lipid peroxidation to inhibit lung cancer cell growth.

Materials and methods: In silico analysis using microarray dataset was performed to screen the positive correlation between PPARγ and all ALDH isoforms. NUBIscan software and ChIP assay were used to identify the binding sites (BSs) of PPARγ on ALDH1A3 promoter. The expression of ALDH1A3 under thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment was evaluated by QPCR and Western Blot in HBEC and H1993 cell lines. Upon treatment of TZD, colony formation assay was used to check cell growth inhibition and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) production as lipid peroxidation marker was determined by Western Blot in PPARγ positive cell H1993 and PPARγ negative cell H1299.

Results: Compared to other ALDH isoforms, ALDH1A3 showed the highest positive correlation to PPARγ expression. ALDH1A3 upregulated PPARγ expression while PPARγ activation suppressed ALDH1A3. Among 2 potential screened PPARγ response elements, BS 1 and 2 in the promoter of ALDH1A3 gene, PPARγ bound directly to BS2. Ligand activation of PPARγ suppressed mRNA and protein expression of ALDH1A3. Growth inhibition was observed in H1993 (PPARγ positive cell) treated with PPARγ activator and ALDH inhibitor compared to H1299 (PPARγ negative cell). PPARγ activation increased 4HNE which is known to be suppressed by ALDH1A3.

Conclusions: ALDH1A3 suppression could be one of PPARγ tumor suppressive function. This study provides a better understanding of the role of PPARγ in lung cancer.