酵母中葡萄糖阻遏作用机制研究进展

大多数微生物通过一种复杂的机制来感知和传递环境中的葡萄糖变化并对其做出适当的反应。酵母细胞中，葡萄糖主要通过Snf1/Mig1信号通路来阻遏三羧酸循环、糖异生、乙醛酸循环和替代碳源代谢等相关基因的转录表达。木糖、半乳糖、蔗糖、乙醇和有机酸等替代碳源只有当环境中的葡萄糖消耗殆尽后才能重启代谢编程，进行替代碳源的利用。而葡萄糖去抑制对于提高现代微生物工业生产效率、解决环境与能源问题具有重要意义。本文综述了Snf1/Mig1信号通路阻遏机制以及相关转录因子的活性位点，具体介绍了多种替代碳源的应用以及其受葡萄糖阻遏的具体机制，总结提出了根据不同背景缓解或解除碳代谢阻遏的策略，以期为酵母菌现代化生产应用范围的扩大和效率的提高提供新思路。     

共代谢条件下光合细菌对2-氯苯酚的生物降解

光合细菌PSB-1D不能利用2-氯苯酚(2-CP)作为唯一的碳源和能源.选用苹果酸、丙酸钠、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠、苯酚、葡萄糖和可溶性淀粉等7种不同碳源作为光合细菌PSB-1D降解2-CP的共代谢基质,考察了在黑暗好氧培养条件下,不同共代谢基质对PSB-1D生长及降解2-CP效果的影响.结果表明:葡萄糖能够很好地促进PSB-1D的大量繁殖,提高降解效果,缩短降解周期,为最佳共代谢基质.对葡萄糖的投加浓度进行了优化,当葡萄糖的投加浓度为3 g·L-1时,菌株PSB-1D培养168 h后的菌体生长浓度△D560为1.749,2-CP的半衰期为3.9 d,降解速率常数为0.00864 h-1.采用SDS-PAGE对微生物全细胞蛋白质进行分析发现,在共代谢过程中当菌株PSB-1D利用葡萄糖作为底物提供能源和碳源时,可诱导产生2-CP特异性降解酶.     

葡萄糖二酸研究进展

葡萄糖二酸是一种葡萄糖衍生物,可作为原料制备多种聚合物和生物质新能源,在化工领域具有广泛的应用价值,被认为是"最具价值的生物炼制产品"之一。葡萄糖二酸也具有调控体内激素、提高机体免疫功能、减少癌症病发的作用,它在食品和医药领域的关注度和市场需求逐年增加。目前葡萄糖二酸的制备主要依靠化学氧化法生产,用微生物法合成的研究还处于初级探索阶段。本文综述了葡萄糖二酸的在医药、化工等领域的应用前景,阐述了其生产方法及测定手段,并对微生物法生产葡萄糖二酸进行了展望。     

易分解有机碳输入量对武夷山常绿阔叶林不同土层深度土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)的矿化在碳、氮循环过程中起着极为重要的作用。易分解有机碳的输入可以通过正(负)激发效应加快(减缓)原有SOC的矿化。然而,先前的研究更多关注易分解有机碳输入量对表层(0~20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响,而较少关注其对深层(>20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响。本研究利用¹³C标记葡萄糖(99 atom%)添加试验,研究葡萄糖添加量对武夷山常绿阔叶林表层(0~20 cm)和深层(30~40 cm)土壤激发效应的影响,并通过分析微生物群落组成的变化以及土壤可利用氮含量的变化探讨土壤激发效应产生的机理。结果表明:葡萄糖的添加抑制了表层和深层SOC的矿化(P<0.05),使SOC的矿化量分别减少了26%~61%与62%~68%,呈现负的激发效应,但激发强度因葡萄糖添加量和土层深度而异。对于表层土壤,激发强度随着葡萄糖添加量的增加而增加;而对于深层土壤,激发强度对葡萄糖添加量的响应并不敏感。而且,葡萄糖的添加并未显著影响表层和深层土壤的微生物量碳氮含量和微生物群落组成(总磷脂脂肪酸含量;细菌、真菌、放线菌磷脂脂肪酸含量以及细菌真菌比)(P>0.05)。土壤激发强度并非取决于土壤微生物群落组成,而是取决于土壤中可利用氮的含量,其可以分别解释表层和深层土壤激发效应变化的90.8%与63.4%。虽然葡萄糖的添加降低了土壤可利用氮的含量,但并未造成土壤氮的固持,这表明土壤现有可利用氮仍能够满足微生物对氮的需求。因此,在土壤矿质养分充足的情况下,微生物对外源易分解有机物的优先利用可能是负激发效应产生的主要原因。     

微生物共培养技术的研究进展

摘要:本文对微生物共培养的发展历史及其在食品、农业、工业及污水净化等方面的应用进行了综述,并对已知的共培养微生物之间的生态学关系进行了总结。人们利用微生物联合共培养、序列共培养和共固定化细胞混菌培养等技术来获得新的代谢产物,提高产量,改造传统发酵工业,生产能源物质,提高底物利用率,扩大底物范围,降解有毒物质。共培养微生物之间可能具有协同代谢作用、诱导作用、种间群体感应、基因转移等多种生态学关系。对共培养微生物之间的微生态机理进行深入系统的研究,有助于充分发挥共培养技术的应用潜力。     

易分解有机碳输入量对武夷山常绿阔叶林不同土层深度土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)的矿化在碳、氮循环过程中起着极为重要的作用。易分解有机碳的输入可以通过正(负)激发效应加快(减缓)原有SOC的矿化。然而,先前的研究更多关注易分解有机碳输入量对表层(0～20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响,而较少关注其对深层(20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响。本研究利用~(13)C标记葡萄糖(99 atom%)添加试验,研究葡萄糖添加量对武夷山常绿阔叶林表层(0～20 cm)和深层(30～40 cm)土壤激发效应的影响,并通过分析微生物群落组成的变化以及土壤可利用氮含量的变化探讨土壤激发效应产生的机理。结果表明:葡萄糖的添加抑制了表层和深层SOC的矿化(P0.05),使SOC的矿化量分别减少了26%～61%与62%～68%,呈现负的激发效应,但激发强度因葡萄糖添加量和土层深度而异。对于表层土壤,激发强度随着葡萄糖添加量的增加而增加;而对于深层土壤,激发强度对葡萄糖添加量的响应并不敏感。而且,葡萄糖的添加并未显著影响表层和深层土壤的微生物量碳氮含量和微生物群落组成(总磷脂脂肪酸含量;细菌、真菌、放线菌磷脂脂肪酸含量以及细菌真菌比)(P0.05)。土壤激发强度并非取决于土壤微生物群落组成,而是取决于土壤中可利用氮的含量,其可以分别解释表层和深层土壤激发效应变化的90.8%与63.4%。虽然葡萄糖的添加降低了土壤可利用氮的含量,但并未造成土壤氮的固持,这表明土壤现有可利用氮仍能够满足微生物对氮的需求。因此,在土壤矿质养分充足的情况下,微生物对外源易分解有机物的优先利用可能是负激发效应产生的主要原因。     

落叶松和水曲柳带状混交对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨造林模式对土壤理化性质和微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以辽宁省新宾陡岭水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)人工纯林及二者混交林土壤为研究对象,对不同林型土壤pH值、养分含量和土壤微生物活性进行研究,对3种人工林土壤微生物代谢功能多样性进行分析。结果表明:混交林土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷和速效磷分别比落叶松纯林增加28.1%、35.6%、9.5%和12.9%;不同人工林土壤微生物群落代谢活性差异显著,总碳源的利用能力(AWCD)的顺序为水曲柳林混交林落叶松林,落叶松纯林土壤微生物代谢最慢,活性最弱;3种不同人工林土壤微生物群落对六大碳源的利用率存在差异,混交林在L-精氨酸、L-天门冬酰胺、丙酮酸甲酯、腐胺、N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺、D-半乳糖醛酸、D-葡萄糖胺酸和4-羟基苯甲酸等8种碳源的利用能力显著高于落叶松纯林;主成分分析显示,糖类和氨基酸类碳源是影响微生物活性的重要碳源;3种不同人工林土壤微生物优势度指数无显著差异,物种丰富度指数依次为水曲柳林混交林落叶松林;落叶松和水曲柳带状混交后可以提高土壤肥力及土壤微生物活性。     

科学出版社科学出版中心生命科学分社新书推介

可再生能源的微生物转化技术宋安东等编著978-7-03-024586-1 $55.00 2009年5月出版本书在分析当前全球面临的能源和环境危机的基础上,阐述了利用生物质转化为主的生物炼制的内涵,将微生物技术与可再生能源转化有机结合起来,全面论述了利用微生物技术转化可再生能源的基础理论、基本工艺、基本装备、应用情况和发展前景。     

微生物胞外电子传递效率的合成生物学强化

电活性微生物(产电微生物和亲电微生物)通过与外界环境进行双向电子和能量传递来实现多种微生物电催化过程(包括微生物燃料电池、微生物电解电池、微生物电催化等),从而实现在环境、能源领域的广泛应用,并为开发有效且可持续性生产新能源或大宗精细化学品的工艺提供了新机会。但是,电活性微生物的胞外电子传递效率比较低,这已经成为限制微生物电催化系统在工业应用中的主要瓶颈。以下综述了近年来利用合成生物学改造电活性微生物的相关研究成果,阐明了合成生物学如何用于打破电活性微生物胞外电子传递途径低效率的瓶颈,从而实现电活性微生物与环境的高效电子传递和能量交换,推动电活性微生物电催化系统的实用化进程。     

从Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982中鉴定出一种新型葡萄糖醛酸转移酶CSCD

糖基化是增加化合物极性的一种有效方法。UDP-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGTs)在II期药物代谢中被广泛研究。然而,微生物中的UGTs没有得到很好的研究,这阻碍了这种类型的酶在天然产品的微生物葡萄糖醛酸化中的利用。     

Residual charge interactions in unfolded staphylococcal nuclease can be explained by the Gaussian-chain model

The discrepancy of the pH dependence of the unfolding free energy for staphylococcal nuclease from what is expected from an idealized model for the unfolded state is accounted for by the recently developed Gaussian-chain model. Residual electrostatic effects in the unfolded state are attributed to nonspecific interactions dominated by charges close along the sequence. The dominance of nonspecific local interactions appears to be supported by some experimental evidence.     

Heat production and metabolism during the contraction of mammalian skeletal muscle

Methods are described whereby initial processes of muscular contraction may be investigated in a mammalian preparation, the soleus muscle of the rat. Conditions are chosen so that recovery is avoided. An isometric tetanus is investigated and an energy balance sheet is drawn up. It is found that there is more heat evolved than can be accounted for in terms of measured chemical reaction. This discrepancy is discussed with reference to the similar results that have been obtained using frog muscle.     

Is H2 the Universal Energy Source for Long-Term Survival?

Abstract This review revisits anabiosis (cryptobiosis or latent life); but more specifically with the discrepancy (time factor) between the finding of viable bacteria in ancient material and the racemization of amino acids and depurination of DNA that would have contributed to their death. The omnipresence of H₂ in the biosphere since life began, its ability to penetrate the microbial cell, its low energy of activation, its ability to form protons and electrons in the presence of Fe(II), and its (including electrons and protons) role in many biochemical reactions make H₂ the best candidate as the energy of survival for microbial cells. Although the concentration of H₂ in most environments is below the threshold level for microbial growth, the surviving cells have a long period of time to carry out the necessary metabolism to offset the racemization and depurination processes. This paper explores a hypothesis that explains this discrepancy. Received: 30 March 1999; Accepted: 27 July 1999; Online Publication: 30 November 1999     

Microdosimetric calculation of absorption fraction and the resulting dose conversion factor for radon progeny

It is an established fact that radon progeny can induce lung cancers. However, there is a well-known discrepancy between the epidemiologically derived dose conversion factor for radon progeny (4 mSv/WLM) and the dosimetrically derived value (15 mSv/WLM) (mSv is a unit of the dose while WLM is a unit of exposure to radon progeny). Up to now there is no satisfactory explanation to this. In the present study we propose that microdosimetry will help reduce the discrepancy significantly. The ICRP Human Respiratory Tract Model (HRTM) has been applied to calculate the effective dose conversion factor. All parameters have been kept at their best estimates. Modifications were made in the calculation of the absorbed fractions of alpha particles. In contrast to the ICRP approach where the energy has been considered to be deposited in the layer containing the sensitive cells, we used a microdosimetric approach in which the alpha particles deposit their energy only in the nuclei of sensitive cells. This modification alone has lowered the dose conversion factor by about one-third (from 15 mSv/WLM down to approximately 10 mSv/ WLM). Received: 19 February 2001 / Accepted: 10 July 2001     

A reexamination of the problem of resonance energy transfer between DNA intercalated chromophores using bisintercalating compounds.

The rate of energy transfer between DNA intercalated ethidium cations calculated by Paoletti and Le Pecq1 using the Forster theory differs from the measured one by a factor of twenty two, if the proper geometrical factors are taken into account. By changing some of the parameters used in the calculation, the discrepancy can be reduced but not eliminated. This led us to the study of other systems where experimental and calculated results can be more directly compared. The apparent rate of energy transfer between ethidium and one of its non fluorescent analogues and between various pairs of intercalated chromophores has been studied. The fluorescence anisotropy decay of acridine dimers in glycerol or bisintercalated in DNA has been measured. These studies show that the Forster theory of energy transfer does not apply to the case of identical chromophores when they are relatively close to each other.     

Energy budgets do balance—A comment on a paper by Wightman and Rogers

Summary In a recently published energy budget for the larvae of the leafcutter bee (Wightman and Rogers, Oecologia (Berl.) 36 (1978) 245–257) respiration as estimated by respirometry amounted to only 67% of the respiration as estimated from the difference between assimilation and production. In this note it is shown that this discrepancy seems to result from an incorrect value of the oxycalorific equivalent and that a more reasonable value makes the two estimates of respiration agree.     

Structural/functional disturbances in the rat sensorimotor cortex evoked by low-intensity environmental factors

The effect of low-frequency continuous vabration, hypokinesia, and shielding from the geomagnetic field were studied on 424 albino mongrel male rats. The action of these low-intensity factors of a different nature caused changes first of all in the microcirculatory bed (MCB) of the cerebral cortex. Structural disturbances, as well as the disturbances of redox metabolism in the neurons appeared close to those observed during hypoxia of a different origin; they obviously resulted from the disturbances of the MCB functions, which caused discrepancy between the needs for energy supply and the transport system state. Specificities of the disturbances evoked by different factors can be related to desynchronization of the biorhythms (e.g., caused by deprivation of the geomagnetic field).     

Obtaining the Morse parameter for large bond-stretching using Murrell-Sorbie parameters

Although the second derivative approach has been shown to provide good parameter relationships between any two interatomic potential functions, these relations are valid only at and near the equilibrium point. Arising from the significant discrepancy between connected potential functions for large stretching of covalent bonds by the second derivative approach, an integral approach is developed herein. By equating interatomic energy integral from equilibrium to bond dissociation, the overall discrepancy is minimized for that range between the Morse and Murrell-Sorbie potential functions. Plotted results reveal two observations. First of all, the second derivative approach is appropriate for bond compression and infinitesimal bond stretching, while the integral approach is more suitable when the extent of bond stretching is significant. Secondly, the Morse function exactly fits the Murrell-Sorbie curve when the Morse shape parameters based on the second derivative and integral approaches are equal. Hence a criterion for determining the accuracy level of Murrell-Sorbie parameters for conversion to Morse parameter is established. Finally, a demonstration was made for cases where a clear discrepancy was observed in the potential energy curves. It was found that the integral approach gives a more conservative and more realistic interatomic force curve than those of derivative approach. Figure Morse potential force using Murrell-Sorbie parameters     

RNA folding with soft constraints: reconciliation of probing data and thermodynamic secondary structure prediction

Thermodynamic folding algorithms and structure probing experiments are commonly used to determine the secondary structure of RNAs. Here we propose a formal framework to reconcile information from both prediction algorithms and probing experiments. The thermodynamic energy parameters are adjusted using 'pseudo-energies' to minimize the discrepancy between prediction and experiment. Our framework differs from related approaches that used pseudo-energies in several key aspects. (i) The energy model is only changed when necessary and no adjustments are made if prediction and experiment are consistent. (ii) Pseudo-energies remain biophysically interpretable and hold positional information where experiment and model disagree. (iii) The whole thermodynamic ensemble of structures is considered thus allowing to reconstruct mixtures of suboptimal structures from seemingly contradicting data. (iv) The noise of the energy model and the experimental data is explicitly modeled leading to an intuitive weighting factor through which the problem can be seen as folding with 'soft' constraints of different strength. We present an efficient algorithm to iteratively calculate pseudo-energies within this framework and demonstrate how this approach can be used in combination with SHAPE chemical probing data to improve secondary structure prediction. We further demonstrate that the pseudo-energies correlate with biophysical effects that are known to affect RNA folding such as chemical nucleotide modifications and protein binding.     

Dietary protein content alters energy expenditure and composition of the mass gain in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis)

Many fruits contain high levels of available energy but very low levels of protein and other nutrients. The discrepancy between available energy and protein creates a physiological paradox for many animals consuming high-fruit diets, as they will be protein deficient if they eat to meet their minimum energy requirement. We fed young grizzly bears both high-energy pelleted and fruit diets containing from 1.6% to 15.4% protein to examine the role of diet-induced thermogenesis and fat synthesis in dealing with high-energy-low-protein diets. Digestible energy intake at mass maintenance increased 2.1 times, and composition of the gain changed from primarily lean mass to entirely fat when the protein content of the diet decreased from 15.4% to 1.6%. Daily fat gain was up to three times higher in bears fed low-protein diets ad lib., compared with bears consuming the higher-protein diet and gaining mass at the same rate. Thus, bears eating fruit can either consume other foods to increase dietary protein content and reduce energy expenditure, intake, and potentially foraging time or overeat high-fruit diets and use diet-induced thermogenesis and fat synthesis to deal with their skewed energy-to-protein ratio. These are not discrete options but a continuum that creates numerous solutions for balancing energy expenditure, intake, foraging time, fat accumulation, and ultimately fitness, depending on food availability, foraging efficiency, bear size, and body condition.