芒和荻种子对复合盐碱胁迫的生理响应

土壤盐碱化在世界范围内普遍存在,日益严峻的盐碱化形势严重威胁着植物的生长发育。芒(Miscanthus sinensis)和荻(Miscanthus sacchariflora)作为能源植物具有良好的经济效益和生态效益,并且在城市园林中已得到广泛应用。该研究以引种自辽宁省本溪阿家岭的芒和哈尔滨市太阳岛的荻为对象,模拟我国东北大庆盐碱地的低(浓度1、2)、中(浓度3)、高(浓度4、5)浓度土壤环境,分别对芒和荻的种子进行复合盐碱胁迫处理,对芒和荻的种子萌发情况进行研究。结果表明：(1)复合盐碱胁迫处理下,芒种子的发芽率随着复合盐碱浓度的升高而降低,发芽势、活力指数、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度、胚根鲜重、胚芽鲜重和耐盐碱指数均先升高后降低;荻种子的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度、胚根鲜重、胚芽鲜重和耐盐碱指数均随着复合盐碱浓度的升高而降低。(2)芒和荻的种子能够抵抗低、中浓度的复合盐碱胁迫处理,当高浓度的复合盐碱胁迫处理时,各项指标均下降明显,且芒种子的各项指标均优于荻种子,说明芒种子比荻种子更耐盐碱。该研究结果基本界定芒荻种子的复合盐碱耐受范围,为今后芒荻类能源植物的耐盐碱性筛选和在园林中的应用提供了理论依据。     

NaCl胁迫对超大甜椒种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以超大甜椒种子和幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究低、中、高浓度(50、150、250 mmol·L-1)NaCl胁迫对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果显示:(1)低浓度NaCl处理促进种子萌发,而中、高浓度NaCl处理抑制种子萌发;NaCl处理第18天时,高浓度NaCl处理植株全部死亡,其余各处理植株苗高、叶面积、地上部鲜重和干重均随处理浓度升高而下降,但低浓度NaCl能刺激超大甜椒的根系生长.(2)低、中浓度NaCl处理时,植株叶绿素含量未受到大的影响,类胡萝卜素含量却随胁迫时间延长微量升高;在盐胁迫7 d的周期内,低、中浓度NaCl处理植株MDA含量、SOD活性和可溶性糖含量均随浓度升高及时间延长显著增加,脯氨酸含量在低浓度下变化不明显而中浓度下显著升高;在高浓度NaCl处理3 d中,MDA含量急剧升高,SOD活性先升高后下降,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加.研究发现,NaCl胁迫浓度越高对超大甜椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制效应越明显;低中浓度NaCl处理幼苗能通过自身的抗氧化酶清除系统和渗透调节物质来抵抗胁迫引起伤害,类胡萝卜素可能也有一定的抗胁迫作用,而高浓度NaCl处理增加了膜脂过氧化程度,严重影响了活性氧和渗透调节物质的正常代谢.     

NaCl胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生长及其生理响应

为了研究栓皮栎幼苗期对盐胁迫的生理耐受特性,选择2年生栓皮栎实生幼苗为材料,在盆栽条件下,设置NaCl盐分梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%),系统测定分析栓皮栎幼苗在不同盐胁迫梯度和胁迫时间下的形态生长指标以及保护酶活性、脯氨酸含量、根系活力等各项生理指标。结果显示:(1)随着盐胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎幼苗各部分器官鲜重和干重以及株高、基径和一级侧根长均先升高后降低,而主根长度逐渐增加,叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平。(2)随着盐胁迫时间的延长,栓皮栎幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但变化时间和幅度不同;丙二醛(MDA)含量则日益增加,且胁迫度越大增加越显著。(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在低盐胁迫下不断升高,高盐胁迫下先升高后降低;而可溶性糖的含量则随时间延长和胁迫加剧显著增加。(4)随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗根系活力值先增后减,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均呈下降趋势。研究表明,在轻、中度NaCl胁迫下,栓皮栎幼苗通过提高保护酶活性、增加渗透调节物质等策略缓解盐胁迫伤害,表现出一定的耐盐潜力;而在高浓度盐分胁迫下幼苗受到伤害,自我调节能力降低,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力等下降。     

腐植酸浸种对盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦品种进行腐植酸浸种处理,研究了腐植酸对盐(NaCl)、碱(Na CO3)两种胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量增加,膜透性增强,地上部鲜质量降低;盐胁迫下,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升后降,而碱胁迫下CAT和POD活性均升高,SOD活性降低;碱胁迫处理的小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统活性高于同浓度的盐胁迫处理;腐植酸浸种提高了小麦叶片谷胱甘肽含量,提高了SOD和CAT活性,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的影响.不同基因型小麦品种在抵御盐碱胁迫的能力和机制上存在一定差异,且与盐离子组成、浓度间存在一定互作,并受浸种方式调控.     

Cd~(2+)胁迫对小桐子幼苗叶片抗氧化系统的影响

以小桐子幼苗为材料,设置不同浓度CdCl_2处理,测定Cd~(2+)胁迫对小桐子幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及5种抗氧化酶活性和2种抗氧化剂含量的变化,探讨镉胁迫对小桐子幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:(1)Cd~(2+)胁迫导致小桐子幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白含量降低、MDA含量增加;(2)随着镉胁迫时间的延长,幼苗叶片中愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸专一性过氧化酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性表现出先升高然后降低的变化趋势;(3)幼苗叶片中还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随着胁迫时间延长而降低,但其中氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量则升高。研究表明,镉胁迫初期能诱导小桐子幼苗抗氧化系统活性显著增强,提高其抗氧化能力,但随着胁迫时间的延长,致使其抗氧化酶的活性和抗氧物质含量下降,植株遭受明显氧化胁迫,幼苗生长受到镉的严重毒害。     

翅果油树幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理生化反应

研究了不同浓度NaCl处理对翅果油树幼苗高度、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,幼苗高度明显受到抑制,叶绿素含量呈下降趋势.整个处理过程中,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,但增加幅度不大,表明脂质过氧化反应水平不高.各处理浓度的叶片相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈上升趋势.研究表明,翅果油树幼苗在NaCl胁迫下有活性较高的膜保护酶系统,具有一定的抗盐能力.     

外源褪黑素对复合盐碱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解效应

以黑果枸杞种子为实验试材,将中性盐NaCl、Na₂SO₄和碱性盐NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃按碱性盐占比由小到大模拟组成中性复合盐L(1∶1∶0∶0)、中度碱性复合盐M(1∶9∶9∶1)和重度碱性复合盐H(9∶1∶1∶9),采用纸上萌发法,研究外源褪黑素浓度(0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0 mmol/L)对不同盐碱组成(L、M、H)及其盐碱浓度(50、100、200 mmol/L)组合胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果显示：(1)黑果枸杞幼苗的生长表型(长势)随盐碱浓度及碱性盐占比升高明显减弱;适当低中浓度外源褪黑素(0.1、0.3、0.5 mmol/L)能在一定程度上缓解盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的伤害,过高浓度外源褪黑素(1.0 mmol/L)则使伤害加剧;施加外源褪黑素使黑果枸杞幼苗侧根数量明显增多。(2)黑果枸杞种子的萌发进程与盐碱组成、盐碱浓度及褪黑素浓度密切相关,随盐碱浓度和碱性盐占比升高,黑果枸杞种子萌发的起始时间延迟,萌发总时长缩短;施加适当浓度外源褪黑素能使盐碱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发起始时间提前,并延长萌发总时长。(3)在L复合盐处理中,随盐碱胁迫浓度升高,黑果枸杞种子的发芽率(GR)、发芽势(GP)、发芽指数(GI)、活力指数(VI)、芽长(SL)、根长(RL)均先升后降,但在M和H复合盐碱处理中,各项萌发指标均随盐碱胁迫浓度升高呈逐渐下降趋势。(4) 外源褪黑素对黑果枸杞种子各项萌发指标具有明显“低促高抑”现象,L复合盐中,在3种盐碱浓度胁迫下,褪黑素浓度为0.1和0.3 mmol/L时对GP、GR、GI、VI、SL、RL有促进作用,并以0.1 mmol/L综合促进效果最佳,褪黑素浓度为0.5和1.0 mmol/L时对GP、GR、GI、VI产生抑制作用,褪黑素浓度为1.0 mmol/L对SL、RL有抑制作用;M和H复合盐中,在3种盐碱浓度胁迫下,褪黑素浓度为0.1、0.3、0.5 mmol/L时对各指标均有促进作用,并以0.3 mmol/L综合促进效果最佳,褪黑素浓度为1.0 mmol/L时则产生抑制。研究表明,低浓度中性复合盐处理对黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长有一定促进作用,高浓度中性复合盐及中度和重度碱性复合盐则产生抑制作用;外源褪黑素对盐碱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解具有明显剂量效应,0.1 mmol/L褪黑素对中性复合盐胁迫的综合促进效果更佳, 0.3 mmol/L褪黑素则对中度和重度碱性复合盐胁迫有最佳促进效果。     

盐碱胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗生长及相关生理指标的影响

【目的】了解不同盐分配比和不同浓度梯度复合盐碱胁迫对‘赤霞珠’葡萄（Vitis vinfera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’）幼苗生长和抗逆生理指标的影响，确认其耐盐碱性范围及其耐盐碱能力。【方法】 以1年生‘赤霞珠’自根苗为试材，用NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3按不同比例混合配置中性盐、弱碱性盐、强碱性盐3组复合盐溶液，每组各设置50、100、150 mmol/L3个浓度梯度，以不做处理的溶液作为对照，于幼苗生长期间进行定期浇灌处理，通过室内盆栽试验来模拟不同类型、不同程度盐碱胁迫，在处理后不同时期测定幼苗生长形态、生理及光合指标。【结果】（1）茎粗和叶面积随盐胁迫浓度增大，呈现先增大后减小的趋势， 而‘赤霞珠’幼苗的株高基本呈现下降趋势。其中，中性、弱碱性、强碱性盐胁迫组间相比，‘赤霞珠’幼苗株高在强碱性盐胁迫组150 mmol/L处理10 d、150 mmol/L处理40 d都较同期中性、弱碱性组相应浓度显著降低；（2）随着盐浓度的增大，SOD活性及MDA含量呈先增大后减小的趋势，而‘赤霞珠’幼苗叶片的POD活性呈现缓慢增加的趋势，强碱性盐胁迫组叶片POD活性在处理30-50d时均高于相同浓度的中性、弱碱性盐胁迫处理组，但随着时间处理延长，到处理60 d后逐渐低于同浓度其他两处理组，其中150 mmol/L浓度表现得更明显。；（3）‘赤霞珠’葡萄幼苗胞间CO2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率随着盐碱浓度的增加主要呈下降趋势，其胞间CO2浓度与净光合速率均为50 mmol/L浓度处理时较高。在同期相同盐浓度处理下，叶片净光合速率在强碱性盐胁迫150 mmol/L浓度处理75 d时显著低于同期中性、弱碱性处理组。（4）在相同浓度条件下，强碱性盐胁迫处理的幼苗株高及最大叶面积都显著低于中性盐和弱碱性盐处理组；叶片SOD活性在50 mmol/L中性盐胁迫处理下较CK显著提高了27%；叶片MDA含量在150 mmol/L强碱性盐胁迫下随着时间延长显著逐渐增加。【结论】‘赤霞珠’幼苗生长在盐碱胁迫下受到一定限制，但其株高、叶面积、胞间CO2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率在50 mmol/L浓度处理下均呈现较好的增长趋势，而其株高及茎粗在强碱性盐胁迫150 mmol/L盐碱溶液处理下均增长最不明显；在一定低浓度浓度范围内50 mmol/L盐碱处理有利于赤霞珠葡萄幼苗生长。     

干旱胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以1年生红花玉兰幼苗为试验材料,采用称重控制土壤含水量的方法,设置对照(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(T1)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)和重度干旱胁迫(T3)4个水分处理水平,研究了干旱胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生长过程中的生长和生理生化指标的影响.结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,红花玉兰幼苗株高、地径和生物量逐渐降低,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量在T1处理略有升高,在T2和T3处理明显降低.(2)随着胁迫时间的延长,红花玉兰幼苗叶片组织相对含水量降低,丙二醛含量先升后降再升,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势.研究表明,在不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下,红花玉兰幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但能够通过调节自身的保护酶系统活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而表现出一定的抗旱耐旱潜力.     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对栓皮栎种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了阐明栓皮栎种子萌发期对盐碱胁迫的耐受性,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200和400 mmol/L)NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对其种子萌发、生长、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质等的影响,结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫对栓皮栎种子的萌发率和发芽指数均没有显著影响;随着Na+浓度的升高,NaCl和Na2CO3处理下的胚根长度、胚根生长速率、胚根鲜重均受到抑制,呈现下降趋势;活力指数和耐盐指数在NaCl胁迫下表现为较低浓度(50 mmol/L)促进,较高浓度(100,200,400 mmol/L)抑制,而在Na2CO3处理下则不断下降;相对盐害率在两种处理下均表现波动趋势。(2)通过建立活力指数、胚根长度等与Na+浓度的回归方程,发现在NaCl胁迫下栓皮栎种子活力指数、胚根鲜重、胚根长度和胚根生长速率的临界值分别为300.0、300.0、333.6、369.6 mmol/L。(3)在NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫下,随Na+浓度的增加,丙二醛含量增幅显著;NaCl处理下的SOD(superoxide dismutase)活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而Na2CO3处理下则均低于对照;POD(peroxidase)活性变化不显著;CAT(catalase)活性均表现为先降低后升高;脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随着Na+浓度的升高而呈现不同程度上升趋势。(4)等Na+浓度时,NaCl处理下的各项生长指标均高于Na2CO3处理,丙二醛、保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量均低于Na2CO3处理,说明Na2CO3对栓皮栎种子的影响比NaCl更为显著。     

Effects of various mixed salt-alkaline stresses on growth,photosynthesis, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago ruthenica</Emphasis> seedlings

Soil salinization and alkalinization frequently co-occur in naturally saline and alkaline soils. To understand the characteristics of mixed salt-alkali stress and adaptive response of Medicago ruthenica seedlings to salt-alkali stress, water content of shoots, growth and photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings under 30 salt-alkaline combinations (salinity 24–120 mM and pH 7.03–10.32) with mixed salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaHCO₃, and Na₂CO₃) were examined. The indices were significantly affected by both salinity and pH. The interactive effects between salt and alkali stresses were significant, except for photosynthetic pigments. Water content of shoots, relative growth rates of shoots and roots and pigment concentrations showed decreasing trends with increasing salinity and alkalinity. The root activity under high alkalinity and salinity treatments gradually decreased, but was stimulated by the combined effects of low alkalinity and salinity. The survival rate decreased with increased salinity, except at pH 7.03–7.26 when all plants survived. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased with increased salinity and pH. M. ruthenica tolerated the stress of high salt concentration when alkali concentration was low, and the synergistic effects of high alkali and high salt concentrations lead to the death of some or all seedlings. M. ruthenica appeared to be saltalkali tolerant. Reducing the salt concentration or pH based on the salt components in the soil may be helpful to abate damage from mixed salt-alkaline stress.     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐碱胁迫下杜梨幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

采用盆栽实验,设置梯度盐碱环境(0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5 g·kg^-1),接种根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Ri),对比分析杜梨幼苗苗高生长、叶片光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数及抗逆生理指标的变化,探讨在混合盐碱胁迫下接种菌根真菌对杜梨幼苗生长和抗逆性的影响,为盐碱地杜梨菌根化栽培提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)根内根孢囊霉能够与杜梨根系形成良好的共生,但在盐碱浓度6.0 和7.5 g·kg^-1时侵染率分别下降为47.98%和32.97%。(2)盐碱胁迫条件下,接种Ri显著提高了杜梨苗高生长量和生物量,同时显著提高了杜梨叶片光合色素的含量和净光合速率;尤其在高盐碱程度(6.0 g·kg^-1、7.5 g·kg^-1)下显著提高了气孔导度和胞间二氧化碳含量,有利于光化学淬灭系数提高和非光化学淬灭系数的降低,促进实际光化学效率提升。(3)接种Ri显著降低了杜梨幼苗叶片细胞膜透性和丙二醛的含量,显著增强了超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,并提高了可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。研究发现,接种根内根孢囊霉能显著增强杜梨在盐碱胁迫下的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调解能力,有效提升其生长量和光合效能,缓解盐碱胁迫对杜梨造成的损伤;实施杜梨幼苗菌根化可有效提升苗木在盐碱地的生长和抗逆性能,有利于其在盐碱地综合治理中发挥更大作用。     

The Tolerance and Accumulation of Miscanthus Sacchariflorus (maxim.) Benth., an Energy Plant Species,to Cadmium

Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. is a metallophyte suitable for the phytoremediation of mine wastes. The tolerance and accumulation of M. sacchariflorus to cadmium was studied by pot experiments. The results showed that O₂·^? generation rate, plasma membrane permeability and MDA content of M. sacchariflorus leaves increased with increasing Cd concentrations in soil, but significant effect was only observed when Cd concentrations were ≥ 50 mg·kg^?1. SOD and POD activities increased initially but decreased later on, whereas CAT activity only increased significantly at higher Cd concentrations, 50–100 mg·kg^?1. The content of photosynthetic pigment and growth of M. sacchariflorus were both not significantly affected when Cd concentration was ≤ 25 mg·kg^?1. In contrast, both parameters were significantly affected when Cd concentration was ≥ 50 mg·kg^?1. M. sacchariflorus could accumulate much Cd, but most of the Cd assimilated was retained in the belowground part, suggesting that M. sacchariflorus has poor ability to translocate Cd to the aboveground part. Our results suggested that although M. sacchariflorus was not a hyper-accumulator, it has a strong capacity to tolerate and stabilize the Cd. Therefore, M. sacchariflorus has a certain potential in the phytostabilization of Cd-contaminated soils.     

The effects of breaking or bending the stems of two rhizomatous plants, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, on their communities

To understand the effects of disturbance on vegetation, bending and cutting experiments were conducted on two rhizomatous plant species, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, in a floodplain area of the Arakawa River, Japan. The plants were damaged in the late development growth stage on 3 August 2004 (August disturbance) and in the middle development growth stage on 29 June 2005 (June disturbance). The severity of the damage was evaluated based on shoot morphology and belowground biomass. The recoveries of the two plants from the flood-like artificial disturbance were compared with undisturbed stands. The morphological response of the shoot was higher after the June disturbance than after the August disturbance in both plants. In contrast, the recovery of belowground biomass in P. australis at the end of the growth season was higher after the August disturbance (87 and 72% for bending and cutting, respectively) compared with the June disturbance (84 and 60% for the same). The recoveries in M. sacchariflorus for the two disturbances showed the opposite trend (73 and 59% for bending and cutting, respectively, after the August disturbance, and 90 and 73% after the same disturbance in June). The study demonstrated that an event like flooding, whether it is breaking or bending, will cause greater damage if it occurs at the late development growth stage in M. sacchariflorus compared with the middle development growth stage. In contrast, P. australis tolerated disturbances up to a certain magnitude; after that, the effect was more severe in the middle development growth stage compared with late development growth stage.     

盐碱胁迫对枸杞幼苗生物量积累和光合作用的影响

以内陆高寒区盐碱地重要的经济树种枸杞2年生幼苗为研究对象,采用盆栽控制试验方法,设置50、100、200、300mmol·L~(-1)共4个盐和碱(NaCl和NaHCO3)胁迫浓度,研究盐、碱胁迫对枸杞苗木生长和光合的影响,以明确枸杞幼苗生长的耐盐、碱浓度范围,探讨土壤盐碱含量与土壤水分含量的关系,为不同类型盐碱条件下枸杞的种植和水分管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)随着盐碱胁迫浓度的增大,枸杞幼苗根茎叶生物量及叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)等光合作用参数逐渐受到显著抑制,且碱胁迫的抑制作用更强烈;但低浓度(50mmol/L)NaCl胁迫下,枸杞幼苗叶绿素含量和净光合速率并未受到显著影响。(2)在盐碱胁迫条件下,枸杞幼苗的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、暗呼吸速率(RD)、初始量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)均低于对照,而光补偿点(LCP)高于对照,且随着胁迫浓度的增加,碱胁迫处理下的变幅大于盐胁迫。(3)随着胁迫浓度的增大,影响净光合速率的因素由气孔限制转向非气孔限制的临界值,在盐胁迫下的临界浓度约为200mmol/L,在碱胁迫下的临界浓度约为100mmol/L。(4)按照指标值超过对照组50%标准,经回归分析确定,枸杞耐盐和耐碱阈值分别为(246.3±2.1)mmol/L和(126.7±2.7)mmol/L;在此阈值的基础上,得到土壤含水量与土壤含盐量回归曲线方程。研究认为,枸杞幼苗具有一定的耐盐能力,但过高浓度的盐碱胁迫会损坏其光合结构,降低光环境适应能力和光合作用效率,从而影响其正常生长。     

Physiological mechanisms for plant distribution pattern: responses to flooding and drought in three wetland plants from Dongting Lake, China

Both flooding and drought are important in determining plant distribution in wetlands. However, the roles of plant’s physiological response to flooding and drought in accounting for plant distribution are far from clear. To this end, three typical wetland plants with different distribution patterns (high-elevation species Miscanthus sacchariflorus, low-elevation species Carex brevicuspis and Polygonum hydropiper) in Dongting Lake were treated with three water levels (flooding 25 cm, control 0 cm, drought ?25 cm), and relative growth rate (RGR), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage and proline content were investigated. The RGR of the three species decreased significantly in both flooding and drought treatments. Compared to the control, the RGR of M. sacchariflorus decreased more in the flooding treatment but less in the drought treatment compared to the other two species. The contents of MDA in the three species increased in both flooding and drought treatments, except for P. hydropiper in the flooding treatment. MDA contents increased more in M. sacchariflorus in the flooding treatment but less in the drought treatment compared to the other two species. Only M. sacchariflorus had a higher electrolyte leakage in the flooding treatment, and drought led to a higher electrolyte leakage in P. hydropiper and C. brevicuspis. Proline content increased 69.2, 66.7 and 39.6 % in P. hydropiper, C. brevicuspis and M. sacchariflorus in the flooding treatment, and increased 44.2, 13.0 and 45.3 % in the drought treatment, respectively. These results suggest that M. sacchariflorus has a higher tolerance to drought but a lower tolerance to flooding than do the other two species, which might be the intrinsic mechanisms accounting for their different distribution patterns.     

Effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and total phenol in wheat infected by Pratylenchus thornei

The effect of biochemical responses in wheat seedlings cultivar Falat against lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) was investigated by two factors inducer resistance salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Foliar sprays with 1?ml SA 1?mM and 1?ml MeJA 100?μM was conducted on 20-day-old wheat (cv. Falat) seedlings. About 24?h after foliar sprays, plants were inoculated by root lesion nematode. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was increased significantly in all treatments two days after inoculation over control. However, PAL activity was decreased in all treatments five days after inoculation in compared to control. What is more, in both time points, total phenol increased in all treatments over control. The comparison of both inducers SA and MeJA on total phenol in healthy and infected wheat seedlings in both days two and five after inoculation of nematode indicated that total phenol has decreased significantly in all treatments in the fifth day.     

Biomass yield in a genetically diverse Miscanthus sacchariflorus germplasm panel phenotyped at five locations in Asia,North America,and Europe

Miscanthus is a high-yielding bioenergy crop that is broadly adapted to temperate and tropical environments. Commercial cultivation of Miscanthus is predominantly limited to a single sterile triploid clone of Miscanthus × giganteus, a hybrid between Miscanthus sacchariflorus and M. sinensis. To expand the genetic base of M. × giganteus, the substantial diversity within its progenitor species should be used for cultivar improvement and diversification. Here, we phenotyped a diversity panel of 605 M. sacchariflorus from six previously described genetic groups and 27 M. × giganteus genotypes for dry biomass yield and 16 yield-component traits, in field trials grown over 3 years at one subtropical location (Zhuji, China) and four temperate locations (Foulum, Denmark; Sapporo, Japan; Urbana, Illinois; and Chuncheon, South Korea). There was considerable diversity in yield and yield-component traits among and within genetic groups of M. sacchariflorus, and across the five locations. Biomass yield of M. sacchariflorus ranged from 0.003 to 34.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in year 3. Variation among the genetic groups was typically greater than within, so selection of genetic group should be an important first step for breeding with M. sacchariflorus. The Yangtze 2x genetic group (=ssp. lutarioriparius) of M. sacchariflorus had the tallest and thickest culms at all locations tested. Notably, the Yangtze 2x genetic group's exceptional culm length and yield potential were driven primarily by a large number of nodes (>29 nodes culm⁻¹ average over all locations), which was consistent with the especially late flowering of this group. The S Japan 4x, the N China/Korea/Russia 4x, and the N China 2x genetic groups were also promising genetic resources for biomass yield, culm length, and culm thickness, especially for temperate environments. Culm length was the best indicator of yield potential in M. sacchariflorus. These results will inform breeders' selection of M. sacchariflorus genotypes for population improvement and adaptation to target production environments.