三江平原毛苔草群落近30年演替过程中的种间联结性分析

采用2×2列联表,通过方差分析、X2检验和Ochiai指数对三江平原毛苔草群落1973年、1983年、2003年3个阶段主要物种的种间联结进行了定量分析.结果表明:随着演替进展,群落的总体种间关联性均表现为显著正关联,关联性排列为1983年＞1973年＞2003年;成对物种间的联结性质即正、负联结的比例未发生变化;成对物种间达显著相关的种对所占比例呈逐渐增加趋势;物种间的联结程度逐渐增强;相同种对的联结性质或关联程度在不同时期存在差异.     

贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地地表甲虫种间关联和群落稳定性

理解生物群落结构和种间关系,对研究群落演替以及群落稳定性具有重要意义。于2019年5—10月在贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地采用陷阱法调查200 m×200 m空间尺度的地表甲虫群落组成,基于2×2联列表,采用方差比率法、χ~2检验、联结系数、Spearman秩相关系数、贡献定律法和主成分分析,研究了贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地小尺度空间地表甲虫的种间关联性以及群落稳定性。结果表明：6次共捕获地表甲虫2324只,隶属于11科36属52种,直角通缘步甲个体数量占总数量的44.28%,是贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地地表甲虫群落调查期内的优势种,不同月份优势种存在差异。5月个体数和物种数为中等变异,7和8月物种数为中等变异,其他月个体数和物种数为强变异,9月个体数变异系数最大,10月物种数变异系数最大。方差比率和W检验显示,所有月份地表甲虫群落方差总体表现为显著正联结。χ~2检验、种间关联性和Spearman秩相关分析表明,5—8月正负关联种对比大于1,9和10月正负关联种对比小于1。不同月份优势种与其他主要物种间关系基本一致。亲缘关系较近的物种间并未表现较多显著的负关联性。稳定性分析显示,所有月份地表甲虫群落均处于...     

本溪老母岭野生北细辛群落的稳定性及草本层优势种种间关系分析

目的：分析老母岭北细辛群落的特征和稳定性及草本优势种种间关系，为北细辛中药资源保护和利用提供理论依据。方法：采用样地调查法和数量生态学方法研究北细辛的群落组成、结构和生态位特征。采用方差比率、Fisher确切检验、Spearman秩相关分析草本层种间关系；采用种间联结系数、Ochiai指数、Dice指数、Jaccard指数确定关联程度。结果：物种多样性：草本层>灌木层>乔木层；北细辛与25个种有生态位重叠；草本层种间总体呈不显著负关联；种对间Fisher确切检验和Spearman秩相关正负比为0.498 0和0.491 7；多数种对呈负联结或弱联结；草本层植物频率不符合Raunkiaer频度定律，群落未达到稳定状态。结论：群落草本层种间联结松散关联性较弱，处于不稳定演替状态，北细辛种群有被取代的风险，应加强对北细辛群落保护，避免过多人为干扰；与北细辛呈较强正关联的植物如荨麻叶龙头草、红花变豆菜、北野豌豆等可作为北细辛适生环境的参考。     

濒危植物缙云卫矛群落种间联结分析

采用方差比率法（VR）、X^2检验、无中心指数等方法对缙云卫矛（Euonymus chloranthoides）3个群落进行了群落物种间关联性分析。结果表明,3个群落内物种的总体关联均表现为不显著的负关联性;北温泉群落6个主要物种的15个种对中有7个正关联,8个负关联;鸡公山群落8个主要物种的28个种对中有11个正关联,16个负关联,1个相对独立的关系;东温泉群落4个主要物种的6个种对中2个正关联,4个负关联。这反映了整个群落处于不稳定状态,这与生境片断化是密切相关的。种对间的关联性表明缙云卫矛与慈竹间显示出较强的正关联性,这表明缙云卫矛的生长需要慈竹为其提供适宜的生境。     

甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落种间关联性研究

为了探明甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落的物种组成和种间关系,在对其植物群落进行样方调查的基础上,通过2×2列联表,采用方差分析、χ2检验、Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Jaccard指数对甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落8个主要物种组成的28个种对间的关联性和相关关系进行了深入分析研究。结果表明:(1)芦苇群落总体间的关联性表现为显著正关联。(2)在28对种对中,有20对显示为正关联,占总关联对数的71.4%;有8对显示负关联,占总关联对数的28.6%。(3)芦苇群落种对间多呈正关联,正负关联的对数比为2.5,正关联占优势,但关联性较弱,负关联数较少,但关联性较强;28种物种对之间关联程度及共同出现概率不高,多数表现为无关联。     

缙云黄芩与伴生物种的种间关联度分析

缙云黄芩(Scutellaria tsinyunensis C.Y.Wu et Chow)是重庆特有濒危植物,也为极小种群物种。该研究采用2×2列联表、应用方差分析、χ~2统计量、Ochiai指数、Dice指数、Jaccard指数等计算方法,分析了缙云黄芩9个群落中草本层18种伴生物种与缙云黄芩的种间关联度,结合与其伴生物种的频度分布分析,以明确缙云黄芩及其伴生物种的频度分布及种间关联度,探讨其群落中主要草本物种与缙云黄芩的相互作用,为地方特有珍贵物种的保护和利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)缙云黄芩与其伴生物种在频度分布上与边缘鳞盖蕨以及蝴蝶花呈协同作用,与多序楼梯草、淡竹叶、蓝叶藤呈拮抗作用,与红盖鳞毛蕨部分呈协同作用、部分呈拮抗作用。(2)缙云黄芩群落总体关联度表明,6个群落呈现正关联,3个群落呈现负关联。(3)在48个种对中,34个种对显示为正关联,占总关联对数70.8%;14个种对之间表现为负关联,占总关联对数29.2%,其中显著正联结或负联结的种对仅3对,约占总数6.3%,极显著负联结种对仅1对。研究认为,寻找和保护与缙云黄芩正关联性较强的物种来共同形成利于特定物种生存的环境,或在野外将缙云黄芩移植到分布正关联物种的群落中有利于缙云黄芩野外扩繁。     

祁连山北坡自然恢复林地灌木层物种多样性及种间关联动态

采用空间代替时间的原则,选择7个主要自然演替群落序列,用多项指标对灌木层物种多样性进行了测度,同时采用2 ×2列联表,通过方差比率法和x2检验对不同演替阶段群落灌木层物种总体关联性和主要优势种的种间联结性进行了分析.结果表明:灌木层Gleason指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数在针阔混交林阶段相对较高,而均匀度指数在银露梅灌丛群落最高,生态优势度指数则在青海云杉林阶段最高;灌木植物间的正负联结比除山杨白桦混交林＞1外,其他群落都＜1,反映了演替序列上群落灌木层各物种间的关系以竞争为主;随着群落的演替,灌木层绝大多数种对间的关系逐渐由关联不显著-显著或极显著关联-无关联或关联不显著的方向转变;总体关联性由恢复初期灌丛群落的负关联-阳生性阔叶纯林的负关联-阳生性阔叶混交林的正关联-针阔叶混交林的负关联-中生性针叶林的正关联变化.演替序列上灌木层物种多样性和种间关系的变化,可能与群落结构分层导致的生态位分离与重叠有关.     

广西大石围天坑群天坑森林主要木本植物种间关联性研究

为了解大石围天坑群天坑森林植物群落的种间联结特征,该文以大石围天坑群中7个典型天坑森林为研究区建立18个样地,取其中重要值大于1的木本植物为研究对象,采用方差比例、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验、Spearman秩相关系数检验及PCA排序方法,对天坑森林内的主要木本植物种间关联性和生态种组进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)乔木层总体联结性呈现显著正联结,灌木层总体联结性呈现不显著正联结,群落总体关联性呈现显著正联结,表明天坑森林植物群落处于稳定的阶段。(2)χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验发现,乔木层正联结种对多于负联结种对且显著联结种对占多数,灌木层负联结种对多于正联结种对,且显著联结种对占多数,表明乔木层群落稳定性高于灌木层,乔木层种间竞争合作强,灌木层种间竞争排斥性强,群落主要木本植物之间联结性强,种间保持紧密联结的联结特征。(3) PCA排序将天坑森林植物分为四大生态种组,物种分布由天坑底部至顶部呈现圈层分布方式,且物种分布方式总体受生境差异和物种自身特性影响。可见,植物紧密的联结关系是天坑森林多样性维持机制之一,而群落内部种间关联性的自我调控及物种对生境异质性的趋同适应是群落维持稳定的基础。     

陕北黄土区自然恢复植物群落优势种种间关系研究

从优势种种间关系入手,探索陕北黄土区自然恢复植物群落机理为近自然造林植物配置提供理论依据。基于2×2列联表,采用W检验、X~2检验、联结系数AC及共同出现百分率PC方法,对陕北自然恢复15年的植物群落优势种种间关系进行分析研究。该植物群落总体联结性VR(方差比率)1,统计量WX_(0.05)~2(N),说明该植物群落总体种间表现出正关联,且达到显著水平。20个优势种种间联结性的分析结果表明,正关联种对的数量(114)多于负关联种对(75),无关联种对为1,且联结程度呈极显著和显著的种对数所占比例较小;种对间的正负关联性一定程度上反映了植物之间生态位的重叠和分离。陕北黄土区植被自然恢复15年,大多数植物种的分布较为独立,群落仍处于演替之中。     

青藏高原高寒草甸区铁路工程迹地植被恢复过程的种间关联性

为了研究大型工程建设对脆弱生态系统的影响,以青藏高原高寒草甸区铁路工程迹地植被为对象,分别在青藏铁路建设期(2005年8月)、运行期(2009年8月、2013年8月)对工程迹地进行了3次植被群落调查,样地大小10m×40m,在此基础上利用种间关联性分析的方法,通过对群落特征的方差比率(VR)检验、χ~2检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验,来探讨群落物种总体关联性和主要种种对间关联性。结果显示:(1)2005年群落平均盖度(35.21±4.41)%,群落内共有物种71种,2009年群落平均盖度(33.42±3.01)%,共有物种78种,2013年群落平均盖度(43.41±3.26)%,共有物种85种。(2)对群落物种总体关联性检验发现群落物种总体关联性均表现为显著正相关,关联程度排列为VR_(2005)VR_(2009)VR_(2013),群落趋向松散,抗干扰能力弱。(3)对群落主要物种种对间关联性检验发现成对物种间的正、负联结比例总体呈下降趋势,并且达到显著或极显著的种对数百分比也呈下降趋势,群落内物种间联结强度逐渐降低。(4)在高寒草甸区工程迹地植被恢复8a时间里,部分相同种对之间的关联程度发生变化,中生或者湿生植物减少,耐旱植物种类增加,表明铁路沿线由于生境小气候干旱化和土壤紧实度增加,群落组成发生适应性改变,群落处于从逆向演替向正向演替的过渡阶段,应尽量降低放牧等二次干扰,加速其自然恢复进程。研究旨为探索青藏铁路工程迹地植被恢复规律提供参考。     

晋西北丘陵风沙区柠条林下草本植物群落组成和种群生态位变化特征

晋西北丘陵风沙区生态环境脆弱,是我国风沙活动危害最为严重的地区之一。为探究晋西北丘陵风沙区人工柠条林林下草本植物群落组成和种群生态位变化规律,以不同种植年限（撂荒地CK、6、12、18、40、50 a）人工柠条林林下天然草本植物群落作为研究对象,对其群落组成、重要值及种群生态位变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明：（1）不同年限柠条林下天然草本植物组成共记录到22科41属52种,其中,种植前期（0-6 a）林下草本植物以一年生草本植物为优势类群,伴有少数多年生草本植物（3种）;种植中期（12-18 a）林下草本植物主要由多年生草本植物（12种）为主,伴生有一年生草本植物（6种）及天然灌木（2种）组成;在种植后期（40-50 a）,林下草本植物依然以多年生草本植物（12种）为主。（2）在不同年限柠条林下,草本植物生态位宽度和生态位重叠发生明显变化,种植前期（0-12 a）的优势类群为一年生先锋物种（米蒿和野燕麦）,其生态位宽度最宽（9.46、9.34）,且与其他物种的生态位重叠程度最大（0.3、0.29）;而种植中后期（18-50 a）优势类群变为多年生草本植物,优势种披碱草与其他物种的生态位重叠程度最大（0.42）,说明其为林下植物群落主要的优势种和泛化种。（3）柠条林种植后期（50 a）,多数草本植物主要集中分布在生态位重叠系数DCA排序图的中心位置,说明在种植后期草本植物对相同环境的资源竞争激烈,林下草本植物群落处于演替过渡阶段。综上,人工种植柠条林相较于天然恢复（CK）,更有利于增加草本植物群落的多样性,但林下植物群落对资源的竞争更为激烈。这些研究结果对干旱半干旱地区风沙区植被恢复和生态重建具有重要的参考价值,对人工林生态恢复具有重要意义。     

上海城市森林草本植物多样性的城乡分布格局

林下草本植物是城市森林生物多样性重要的保育层,敏感度高,可塑性强,能有效反映城市植被对城市化的响应策略。本研究在上海市范围内沿中心城区—近郊—远郊的城乡梯度,共选取16块林地共398个样方,分析了上海市森林草本群落区系特征和多样性格局沿城乡梯度的变化规律。结果表明:上海城市森林生态系统中共有草本植物144种,隶属47科118属;多年生草本74种,占半数以上(51.39%);属和种分别涵盖18和12个分布区类型和亚型,以热带和温带成分为主;外来植物28种,占比接近20%;物种丰富度和群落多样性指数均沿中心城区—近郊—远郊梯度先下降后上升,近郊最低,远郊最高;中心城区物种构成与远郊相似,与近郊差异最大。本研究揭示了城市森林生态系统中草本植物的分布格局以及多样性沿城乡梯度的变化规律,为深入开展城市化与城市植被的互作研究提供了理论支撑,为管理部门制定相关政策提供了科学依据。     

Diversity and community composition of herbaceous plants in different habitat types in south‐east Cameroon

The composition of herbaceous vegetation was evaluated with the aim of characterizing forests at various ages of stand development. Herb stems were sampled in 250 4‐m² square plots distributed within six habitat types. A total of 36 herb species belonging to 15 families were recorded. Species richness did not significantly differ between habitat types. Most herb species occurred in all habitat types and were therefore generalists. However, a few indicator herb species were detected, and the results roughly suggested that herb species of the families Poaceae and Araceae were indicative of late successional forests; Zingiberaceae are indicative of early successional forests; and Commelinaceae, Costaceae, Cyperaceae and Marantaceae are indicators of flooded habitats. Species diversity and stem density of herbaceous plants did not change with forest succession as a decrease in abundance and frequency of occurrence of pioneer species in late successional forests was counterbalanced by the presence of generalist and late successional species. However, increasing proportions of dwarf stems in late successional forests translated to changes in the vertical structure of herbaceous plant communities. Herbivory pressure by gorillas did not have a notable effect on herbaceous plant community development. This study contributes to the definition of herbaceous ecological indicators of forest succession in different settings.     

Pattern and dynamics of the ground vegetation in south Swedish Carpinus betulus forests: importance of soil chemistry and management

The vegetation and environmental conditions of south Swedish hornbeam Carpinus betulus forests are described with data from 35 permanent sample plots The main floristic gradient of the ground vegetation is closely related to acid-base properties of the top soil base saturation, pH and organic matter content Other floristic differences are related to tree canopy cover and the distance of the sample plots to the Baltic coast Species richness of herbaceous plants typical of forests increases with soil pH, The number of other herbaceous species, occurring in both forests and open habitats, and of woody species is not related to pH Comparisons of vegetation data from 1983 and 1993 show relatively small compositional differences of the herbaceous forest flora The number of other herbaceous species increased considerably m those plots where canopy trees had been cut after 1983 The number of new species in managed plots increases with soil pH Species losses and gains of the herbaceous forest flora between 1983 and 1993 are generally lower as compared with other herbaceous species and woody species However, the ground cover of herbaceous forest species, especially of Oxalis acetosella and Lamium galeobdolon , was considerably lower in 1993 as compared to 1983 in both unmanaged and managed plots Possible explanations for this decrease are current soil acidification and drought during the growing season     

伏牛山自然保护区森林生态系统草本植物功能群的分类

伏牛山国家级自然保护区是中国东部森林样带中的亚热带和暖温带的结合点,随着环境梯度(海拔)的变化,林下植物优势种变化明显.草本植物对环境的反应较为敏感,能较好的反映出植被与环境的动态关系.采用群落学调查方法,对伏牛山南北坡的植被进行调查.以X2检验为基础,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定草本层优势种间的联结性,根据优势种间的联系性及其在海拔梯度上的变化异同,以优势种为主体划分伏牛山自然保护区林下草本植物功能群.研究结果表明,以优势种为主体对森林生态系统草本植物进行功能群划分可行性高,有较强的代表性.对草本优势种共划分了7组植物功能群:Ⅰ"伴人型",Ⅱ"高山型",Ⅲ"阴湿型",Ⅳ"耐旱型",Ⅴ"林隙型",Ⅵ"基础型",Ⅶ"原始型".每一组都有其特定的分布区域和形态特征,较好了反应出环境与植被的动态关系,为今后森林生态系统研究和植物功能群划分寻找新的思路.     

森林生态系统中草层植物的生态功能

综述了过去20年国内外有关森林生态系统中草层植物的生态功能研究。森林生态系统中的草层植物是指活的草本类植物及在一定高度（通常40cm)以下的乔灌木幼苗的总和,它和枯落物以及林下土壤共同构成森林生态系统中的林下层亚生态系统。森林生态系统中的草层植物具有明显增加生物多样性,防止水土流失,改良土壤结构,保持和提高土壤肥力,促进林木生长,改善林地小气候,加速生态恢复等方面的功效。其功能是相当强大且多种多样的,我国南亚热带森林生态系统中的草层植物研究应在以下方面进一步加强：1）草层植物与枯落物各自的生态功能与生态效益;2）人工林下的草层植物发生与演替规律;3）林下幼苗的更新演替规律;4）草层植物在复合农林业生态系统中的生态功能及其机理;5）加强草层植物的良种的选育和应用研究等。     

Herbaceous invaders in temperate forests: a systematic review of their ecology and proposed mechanisms of invasion

We present a systematic literature review of exotic understory forest herbaceous invasions with a focus on the forests of East Asia (EAS) and Eastern North America (ENA), two dominant regions of the north temperate deciduous forest biome. We examined the biogeographic origins of herbaceous invaders in EAS and ENA forests, summarized their life histories and ecology, and compiled the relevant literature on the 10 leading mechanistic hypotheses proposed for these invasions. We asked whether invasions of EAS and ENA forests by herbs are shared between regions, and whether a common suite of ecological traits unite these invaders into a functionally distinct group. In a focused summary of the empirical literature, we investigated if leading hypothesized mechanisms for biological invasions at large are also invoked and supported for this ecologically important, but relatively understudied, group of species. In contrast to ENA, forest invaders in EAS are overwhelmingly herbaceous (78% of forest invasions vs. 34% for ENA) and originate from different regions. Plant families represented and species traits between regions differed. Within a single species, multiple invasion mechanisms were often supported, highlighting the need for future research that simultaneously investigates multiple mechanistic hypotheses. Further, because results for a single invader often differed across space and time, a shift in focus to incorporate the complex dynamics across temporal and spatial scales with the consideration of spatial heterogeneity and the interplays among natural and anthropogenic factors to study exotic invasions is needed.     

Influence of Post‐Clearing Treatment on the Recovery of Herbaceous Plant Communities in Amazonian Secondary Forests

Secondary forests are an increasingly common feature in tropical landscapes worldwide and understanding their regeneration is necessary to design effective restoration strategies. It has previously been shown that the woody species community in secondary forests can follow different successional pathways according to the nature of past human activities in the area, yet little is known about patterns of herbaceous species diversity in secondary forests with different histories of land use. We compared the diversity and abundance of herbaceous plant communities in two types of Central Amazonian secondary forests—those regenerating on pastures created by felling and burning trees and those where trees were felled only. We also tested if plant density and species richness in secondary forests are related to proximity to primary forest. In comparison with primary forest sites, forests regenerating on non‐burned habitats had lower herbaceous plant density and species richness than those on burned ones. However, species composition and abundance in non‐burned stands were more similar to those of primary forest, whereas several secondary forest specialist species were found in burned stands. In both non‐burned and burned forests, distance from the forest edge was not related to herbaceous density and species richness. Overall, our results suggest that the natural regeneration of herbaceous species in secondary tropical forests is dependent on a site's post‐clearing treatment. We recommend evaluating the land history of a site prior to developing and implementing a restoration strategy, as this will influence the biological template on which restoration efforts are overlaid.     

基于结构方程模型分析林分空间结构对草本物种多样性的影响

林分空间结构的改变直接影响林下草本物种的多样性。以针叶纯林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用结构方程模型研究了林分空间结构对林下草本物种多样性的影响,并探讨了林分水平空间结构,垂直空间结构以及林木竞争态势对林下草本物种多样性的影响的相对重要性。结果表明,林分水平空间结构对林下草本的物种多样性指数和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数高达0.96和0.89,对林下草本物种丰富度存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.22;林分垂直空间结对林下草本丰富度和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数分别为0.86和0.43,对林下草本物种多样性指数存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.16;林木竞争指数与林下草本丰富度和物种多样性指数也均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,但影响系数较小,分别为-0.47和-0.30,而对林下草本物种均匀性指数未达到显著影响作用（P > 0.05）,影响系数仅为-0.04。整体上看,林分水平空间结构、垂直空间结构和林木竞争态势均对林下草本物种多样性有较强的影响作用,但从影响系数看,林分水平空间结构的影响作用最大,垂直空间结构次之,林木竞争态势的影响作用最小。因此,欲维持或改善林下草本物种多样性,应采取调整林分水平空间结构为主,垂直空间结构调整为辅,并适当降低林木竞争程度的综合经营措施。     

Edge effect in different groups of organisms: vascular plant, bryophyte and fungi species richness across a forest-grassland border

Six transects were established on the edges of two deciduous forests near Krosno (Carpathian Foothills) to compare the species richness pattern of vascular plants, bryophytes and fungi. The transects had the shape of a cross with one arm 10 m along the forest edge and the other across the edge, 50 m into the forest interior and 12 m into the grassland. They consisted of 2×2 quadrats. The strongest edge effects were recorded for bryophyte, shrub and tree species richness, the weakest for herbaceous plant species richness. Overall vascular plant species richness and herbaceous species richness were higher in grassland than in the forest and peaked in grassland, 3 m from the forest edge. The shrub species richness was highest 1 m from the edge (in the forest) and the tree species richness 3 m from edge. Bryophyte species richness had roughly the same level across the grassland and within the first several meters of the forest, except for the 2 m zone on the edge itself where species richnes was as low as in the forest interior. Fungi species richness was low in the grassland and on the forest edge and rose dramaticaly a few meters from the edge, ramaining at the same level within the forest. The species composition across the forest-grassland border was analysed using detrended correspondence analysis. It revealed that in the case of bryophytes the increase in species richness did not correspond to a change in species composition, such as might have been caused by a general increase in bryophyte density.