苜蓿属（Medicago L.）种质资源描述规范和数据标准的制定及应用

依据苜蓿种质资源的特点及研究状况,论述了苜蓿种质资源描述规范、数据标准和数据质量控制规范的制定原则、适用范围、应用措施.对于促进整合全国苜蓿种质资源,规范苜蓿种质资源的搜集、整理、保存、鉴定、评价、信息与实物共享机制的建立具有重要的意义.     

野生稻种质资源描述规范和数据标准应用

论述了野生稻种质资源描述规范、数据标准和数据质量控制规范编制原则、适用范围及应用策略,对于促进全国野生稻种质资源的整合、规范鉴定评价,以及信息与实物共享机制与体系的建立,推动野生稻优异种质的研究与利用,变资源优势为经济优势都具有重要的现实意义。     

芒属植物资源研究、利用现状和开发前景北大核心CSCD

对芒属17种植物的自然资源状况,从分类学、遗传育种学和生理学等方面研究的进行了综述,梳理了芒属植物资源利用现状,并展望了芒属植物的应用前景和产业价值。同时指出,对芒属类群的研究深度和应用程度极不均衡,对适应于极端环境的地区特有类群开发利用不够。为全面促进芒属植物资源开发利用,助力芒属新品种的研发和推广,倡议加强极端环境下芒属种质资源研发,实现更广阔的应用前景。     

能源作物芒属双药芒组SSR引物的筛选及其评价

禾本科芒属植物具有在边际性土地(marginal land)上驯化成为高产能源作物的巨大潜力,其中尼泊尔芒(Miscanthus nepalensis)和双药芒(M.nudipes)两个双药芒组物种分布于喜马拉雅-黄断山地区,是具有耐寒及抗旱特性的优良种质资源.为了了解其遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,需要筛选出有效的分子标...     

中国葡萄属植物野生种多样性分析

中国是葡萄属植物的主要起源地之一,也是世界葡萄属植物种类最多、遗传资源最丰富的国家之一,起源于中国的葡萄属植物共有40种、1亚种、13变种。本研究根据《葡萄种质资源描述规范和数据标准》,选择多项性状指标作为形态鉴定参数,对起源于中国的葡萄属植物23个种的生物学性状、植物学特征、农艺性状等进行鉴定,分析其遗传多样性特点。结果表明,中国葡萄属植物的主要物候期,嫩梢新梢的绒毛、颜色,叶片的形状、颜色、锯齿,果实大小、颜色、香型和花器官等形态性状都有丰富的变化,表现出丰富的多样性。上述研究结果将为葡萄属植物的分类鉴定提供依据,也将为葡萄属植物演化研究和育种利用提供参考。根据本研究结果,建议对目前使用的《葡萄种质资源描述规范和数据标准》作进一步修订和完善,以适应我国野生葡萄资源多样性评价研究。     

“甘蔗复合群＂能源植物遗传育种研究进展

“甘蔗复合群”是一类极具生物能源开发潜力的禾本科C4植物。近年来由于世界能源危机的影响和植物遗传育种研究的发展,国内外学者对“甘蔗复合群”植物资源评价和能源育种研究越来越重视。本文介绍了“甘蔗复合群”的基本概念、属种分类及核心类群等研究背景。同时以甘蔗属和芒属核心资源为例,从“甘蔗复合群”能源植物遗传育种的角度综述了国内外相关研究进展。旨在总结前人的理论研究成果和杂交育种实践经验,探讨相关类群在植物系统分类和种质资源利用中存在问题与对策,为我国“甘蔗复合群”能源植物的应用基础研究和产业化开发利用提出建议。     

“甘蔗复合群”能源植物遗传育种研究进展

“甘蔗复合群”是一类极具生物能源开发潜力的禾本科C4植物。近年来由于世界能源危机的影响和植物遗传育种研究的发展,国内外学者对“甘蔗复合群”植物资源评价和能源育种研究越来越重视。本文介绍了“甘蔗复合群”的基本概念、属种分类及核心类群等研究背景。同时以甘蔗属和芒属核心资源为例,从“甘蔗复合群”能源植物遗传育种的角度综述了国内外相关研究进展。旨在总结前人的理论研究成果和杂交育种实践经验,探讨相关类群在植物系统分类和种质资源利用中存在问题与对策,为我国“甘蔗复合群”能源植物的应用基础研究和产业化开发利用提出建议。     

农作物种质资源调查数据标准制定与共享

系统提取并分析了农作物种质资源普查数据、调查数据、评价数据和保存数据等数据信息,采用基于数据元技术方法制定了农作物种质资源调查数据标准和数据元目录;定义了种质资源调查数据集以及对象和属性的映射关系;给出了基于XML数据标准存储及交换策略。标准的制定使农作物种质资源调查在"数据层"上达到统一,规范了数据库构建,促进了农作物种质资源调查数据的整合和共享。     

赤眼蜂种质资源的描述规范及重要指标分析

根据国家战略需求,本文制定了松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂、甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂、卷叶蛾赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂共7种赤眼蜂的种质资源描述规范和数据质量控制标准,并按照规范对40个赤眼蜂品系（地理种群）进行了标准化整理和数字化表达。描述和测定了赤眼蜂种质资源的护照信息、标记信息、基本特征特性描述信息、图像信息、种质保存信息和共享方式共100多项指标,并对雌成虫寿命、羽化率、性比、产卵历期和产卵量（寄生能力）等重要指标的数据进行了统计分析,发现赤眼蜂各品系的上述指标均有比较明显的差异。这为筛选优良赤眼蜂品系提供了重要依据,并具有重要战略意义和应用价值。     

国家农作物种质资源平台的建立和应用

农作物种质资源是生物多样性的重要组成部分, 是作物育种和农业生产的物质基础。长期以来, 我国农作物种质资源标准不统一、资源保存相对分散、信息网络设施薄弱, 制约了农作物种质资源的共享利用。本文提出了国家农作物种质资源平台的概念和架构, 它是一个虚拟式的农作物种质资源机构, 由国家长期种质库、国家复份种质库、国家中期种质库、国家种质圃和国家种质信息中心组成。阐述了农作物种质资源技术规范体系构建的原则和方法, 建立了由110种作物的描述规范、数据规范和数据质量控制规范组成的技术规范体系。提出了以信息共享带动实物共享的思路、方法和途径, 建成了拥有39万份种质信息的国家农作物种质资源数据库和中国作物种质资源信息网(http://www.cgris.net/)。创建了日常性服务、展示性服务、针对性服务、需求性服务和引导性服务等5种农作物种质资源服务模式, 有效解决了农作物种质资源共享利用的难题。     

Transferability of Microsatellite Markers from Brachypodium distachyon to Miscanthus sinensis,a Potential Biomass Crop

Miscanthus sinensis has high biomass yield and contributed two of the three genomes in M.x giganteus,a bioenergy crop widely studied in Europe and North America,and thus is a potential biomass crop and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding.Molecular markers are essential for germplasm evaluation,genetic analyses and new cultivar development in M.sinensis.In the present study,we reported transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Brachypodium distachyon to M.sinensis.A set of 57 SS...     

Transferability of microsatellite markers from Brachypodium distachyon to Miscanthus sinensis, a potential biomass crop

Miscanthus sinensis has high biomass yield and contributed two of the three genomes in M. x giganteus, a bioenergy crop widely studied in Europe and North America, and thus is a potential biomass crop and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding. Molecular markers are essential for germplasm evaluation, genetic analyses and new cultivar development in M. sinensis. In the present study, we reported transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Brachypodium distachyon to M. sinensis. A set of 57 SSR markers evenly distributed across the B. distachyon genome were deliberately designed. Out of these B. distachyon SSR markers, 86.0% are transferable to M. sinensis. The SSR loci amplified in M. sinensis were validated by re-sequencing the amplicons. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the transferable SSR markers varied from 0.073 to 0.375 with a mean of 0.263, assessed based on 21 M. sinensis genotypes. Phylogenetic tree based on 162 alleles detected by 49 SSR markers could unambiguously distinguish B. distachyon from M. sinensis, and cluster 21 M. sinensis genotypes into three groups that are basically in coincidence with their geographical distribution and ecotype classifications. The markers developed by the comparative genomic approach could be useful for germplasm evaluation, genetic analysis, and marker-assisted breeding in Miscanthus.     

小麦EST-SSR标记对几种有潜力的禾本科能源植物的可转移性研究

为了筛选出一些有用可靠的分子标记,应用于禾本科能源植物的遗传化研究及种质资源评价,检测了48对源于小麦(Triticum aestivum)EST序列的SSR引物对7种有潜力的禾本科能源植物:斑茅(Saccharumarundinaceum)、中国芒( Miscanthus sinensis)、五节芒( M.floridulus)、河八王(Narenga porphyrocoma、南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)、营(Themeda villosa和香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)的可转移性.结果表明,在48对小麦EST-SSR引物中,36对具可转移性,可转移率为75.0％.这些可转移引物在7个物种中共检测出240个位点,其中多态性位点为184个,多态位点百分率高达76.7％.每个位点的PIC变幅为0～0.370,平均为0.220.利用EST-SSR数据构建了所研究的7种禾本科植物的系统发育树,其中斑茅、河八王、南荻及营被聚为A组,中国芒和五节芒聚为B组,香根草单独聚为C组,基本与形态学分类一致.因此,小麦EST-SSR分子标记在禾本科近源物种中的可转移性较高,对禾本科能源植物的遗传育种研究具有重要的参考价值.     

Future energy potential of Miscanthus in Europe

European field experiments have demonstrated Miscanthus can produce some of the highest energy yields per hectare of all potential energy crops. Previous modelling studies using MISCANMOD have calculated the potential energy yield for the EU27 from mean historical climate data (1960–1990). In this paper, we have built on the previous studies by further developing a new Miscanthus crop growth model MISCANFOR in order to analyse (i) interannual variation in yields for past and future climates, (ii) genotype-specific parameters on yield in Europe. Under recent climatic conditions (1960–1990) we show that 10% of arable land could produce 1709 PJ and mitigate 30 Tg of carbon dioxide-carbon (CO₂-C) equivalent greenhouse gasses (GHGs) compared with EU27 primary energy consumption of 65 598 PJ, emitting 1048 Tg of CO₂-C equivalent GHGs in 2005. If we continue to use the clone Miscanthus × giganteus , MISCANFOR shows that, as climate change reduces in-season water availability, energy production and carbon mitigation could fall 80% by 2080 for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 scenario. However, because Miscanthus is found in a huge range of climates in Asia, we propose that new hybrids will incorporate genes conferring superior drought and frost tolerance. Using parameters from characterized germplasm, we calculate energy production could increase from present levels by 88% (to 2360 PJ) and mitigate 42 Tg of CO₂-C equivalent using 10% arable land for the 2080 mid-range A2 scenario. This is equivalent to 3.6% of 2005 EU27 primary energy consumption and 4.0% of total CO₂ equivalent C GHG emissions.     

基于属性分离存储的种质数据组织方法

传统的作物种质数据组织方法,针对不同作物种类建立不同数据表,这种方法已不能有效适应种质数据综合分析的需要.本文提出了一种基于属性分离存储的种质数据组织方法,根据种质的每个属性分别建立数据表,各属性间没有从属关系.该方法可统一数据查询操作,优化查询过程,提高分析效率,具有灵活、可扩展的特点,可以方便地集成与种质分析相关的数据,适用于种质资源分布式数据库和相关信息系统的建立.     

中国芒(Miscanthus sinensis)初级核心种质的构建

以555份芒(Miscanthus sinensis)种质资源为研究对象,根据26个表型性状数据,按地理来源、植物区系和单一性状进行分组,分别采用简单比例法、平方根法和多样性指数法确定组内取样数,再根据聚类和随机2种方法进行组内个体选择。依照上述方案共构建出19个具有代表性的芒初选核心种质样本库。通过平均相似系数、性状符合度、数量性状变异系数和遗传多样性指数等4项检测指标对上述19种构建方案进行比较,最终确定了按"植物区划分组+多样性指数确定取样数+聚类选择个体"为芒初级核心种质构建的最佳方案。通过此方法建立起的芒初级核心种质资源共83份,占总资源的14.95%,且新构建的初级种质资源与总资源性状符合度达到100%。     

Comparing predicted yield and yield stability of willow and Miscanthus across Denmark

To achieve the goals of energy security and climate change mitigation in Denmark and the EU, an expansion of national production of bioenergy crops is needed. Temporal and spatial variation of yields of willow and Miscanthus is not known for Denmark because of a limited number of field trial data. The semi‐mechanistic crop model BioCro was used to simulate the production of both short‐rotation coppice (SRC) willow and Miscanthus across Denmark. Predictions were made from high spatial resolution soil data and weather records across this area for 1990–2010. The potential average, rain‐fed mean yield was 12.1 Mg DM ha^?1 yr^?1 for willow and 10.2 Mg DM ha^?1 yr^?1 for Miscanthus. Coefficient of variation as a measure for yield stability was poorest on the sandy soils of northern and western Jutland, and the year‐to‐year variation in yield was greatest on these soils. Willow was predicted to outyield Miscanthus on poor, sandy soils, whereas Miscanthus was higher yielding on clay‐rich soils. The major driver of yield in both crops was variation in soil moisture, with radiation and precipitation exerting less influence. This is the first time these two major feedstocks for northern Europe have been compared within a single modeling framework and providing an important new tool for decision‐making in selection of feedstocks for emerging bioenergy systems.     

Synthetic polyploid production of Miscanthus sacchariflorus,Miscanthus sinensis,and Miscanthus x giganteus

Plants from the genus Miscanthus are potential renewable sources of lignocellulosic biomass for energy production. A potential strategy for Miscanthus crop improvement involves interspecific manipulation of ploidy levels to generate superior germplasm and to circumvent reproductive barriers for the introduction of new genetic variation into core germplasm. Synthetic autotetraploid lines of Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sinensis, and autoallohexaploid Miscanthus x giganteus were produced in tissue culture from oryzalin treatments to seed‐ and immature inflorescence‐derived callus lines. This is the first report of the genome doubling of diploid M. sacchariflorus. Genome doubling of diploid M. sinensis, M. sacchariflorus, and triploid M. x giganteus to generate tetraploid and hexaploid lines was confirmed by stomata size, nuclear DNA content, and chromosome counts. A putative pentaploid line was also identified among the M. x giganteus synthetic polyploid lines by nuclear DNA content and chromosome counts. Comparisons of phenotypic performance of synthetic polyploid lines with their diploid and triploid progenitors in the greenhouse found species‐specific differences in plant tiller number, height, and flowering time among the doubled lines. Stem diameter tended to increase after polyploidization but there were no significant improvements in biomass traits. Under field conditions, M. x giganteus synthetic hexaploid lines showed greater phenotypic variation, in terms of plant height, stem diameter, and tiller number, than their progenitor lines. Production of synthetic autopolyploid lines displaying significant phenotypic variation suggests that ploidy manipulation can introduce useful genetic diversity in the limited Miscanthus germplasm currently available in the United States. The role of polyploidization in the evolution and breeding of the genus Miscanthus is discussed.     

江苏农业种质资源平台运行管理信息系统建设

为促进农业种质资源开放共享,江苏省于2005年启动农业种质资源保护与利用平台建设,经过十多年的努力,初步建成了"四位一体""库圃结合"的农业种质资源保护与利用体系,涵盖农作物、林木、水产和家养动物4大类共计30个省级种质库(圃),有力地支撑了江苏现代农业品种创新与产业发展。由于平台跨学科、跨行业建设,种质库(圃)遍布全省不同地区,涉及不同性质的责任主体,给平台运行管理带来了一定的难度,且存在平台运行服务数据采集时间滞后、统计程序繁杂、管理工作效率较低等不足。为进一步提高平台的运行管理效率,促进种质资源的有效利用,本文设计构建了一套B/S模式的农业种质资源平台运行管理信息系统,用于平台线上工作流管理,实现运行服务数据的统一管理和运行服务成效的可视化展示。该系统的建立为平台的管理和决策提供了可视化数据支撑。