禾本科作物芒遗传研究进展

芒是许多禾本科作物穗部的重要结构, 不仅可以作为区分不同品种以及基因定位的重要形态标记, 而且在禾谷类作物的种子传播、籽粒灌浆、蒸腾作用及产量形成等方面起重要作用。该文综述了小麦(Triticum aestivum)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)和水稻(Oryza sativa)芒的结构、功能与遗传调控机制研究进展, 以期为芒性状遗传机理的进一步研究及其在育种中的应用提供参考。     

玉米SSR引物在芒属植物遗传多样性分析的应用研究

目的:本文为了探索芒属植物的遗传多样性,方法:运用SSR分子标记的方法,用30对玉米SSR引物对15份中国湖南省的野生芒属材料进行扩增.结果:结果表明:30对引物共扩增出159条带,其中多态性条带121个,占76.10%.平均Nei's基因多样度为0.1992,平均Shannon信息指数为0.3139.UPGMA聚类分析显示,15份材料在遗传相似系数(GS)为0.75水平上,聚成三大类.第一大类由芒组成,第二大类由五节芒组成,第三大类由南获组成.这与形态学上的分类吻合.结论:玉米的SSR引物对于芒属植物遗传多样性分析仍具有很好的可行性.     

中国芒（Miscanthus sinensis）种质资源SSR标记遗传多样性分析

利用33对SSR引物对来自中国16个省的46份野生芒(Miscanthus sinensis)种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:(1)33对SSR引物共扩增出87条DNA条带,75条为多态性条带,占86.21%,条带大小范围80～310 bp;(2)遗传多样性参数分析结果:Shannon’s信息指数(I)变幅为0.020～1.522,平均为0.745,引物多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.040～0.738,平均为0.445,遗传相似系数(GS)的变幅为0.315～0.933,平均为0.569,说明我国芒种质资源遗传基础宽,遗传多样性丰富;(3)相似系数UMPGA聚类结果与主成分分析(PCA)结果一致,可将46份种质分为3大类群,类群Ⅰ主要由中部芒组成,类群Ⅱ主要由北方芒组成,类群Ⅲ主要由南方芒组成,西南芒在每个类群中均有渗透,这一结果说明芒种质资源的遗传分化与其种源的地理分布有一定的相关性,但与地理起源不能完全吻合。     

基于Maxent模型的双药芒不同时期潜在分布研究

双药芒（Miscanthus nudipes）是一种适应寒冷和干旱环境的芒属植物,具备驯化成具有生态修复、观赏等多功能植物的潜力。在双药芒现有分布记录的基础上,采用Maxent模型构建其在末次间冰期、末次盛冰期、现代以及未来（2070年）的潜在分布格局,在评价环境因子对其分布模型影响的前提下,定量分析不同生态气候情景下双药芒适生区域的变化。结果表明：（1）温度变化方差在440-645,最冷月份最低温在-8.5-0℃,年温变化范围在22-30℃,5月降水量在70-115 mm,海拔范围在1630-3750 m,6月太阳辐射小于15800 kJ m^-2 d^-1时适宜双药芒的生长和分布。其中,温度变化方差是影响双药芒地理分布格局的关键性气候限制条件。（2）双药芒现代适生区面积为632184.45 km²,主要分布在四川省、云南省、西藏自治区、贵州省、陕西省、甘肃省、重庆市、湖北省和河南省。四川省中部地区、云南的北部和西藏的东部是分布中心。（3）从末次间冰期到未来2070年低排放情景下潜在适生面积将缩减到546745.02 km²,缩减面积为94867.23 km²,占当前生境的15.00%。（4）从末次间冰期至末次盛冰期,分布中心点向东南方向发生大幅度迁移,从末次盛冰期至未来,分布中心趋于稳定。总体来看未来双药芒分布中心有向冰期分布中心迁移的趋势。以上研究为研究芒属植物的起源及进化提供了参考。     

利用AFLP和SSAP研究短芒大麦突变系种群遗传多样性

利用AFLP和SSAP分子标记,研究了松嫩平原4个以耐盐突变体为主要组成的短芒大麦(Hordeum brevisubulatium(Trin.)Link)种群的遗传多样性和种群遗传结构。由于2种分子标记原理稍有不同,获得分析结果显现出微小差异,但2种方法的结果仍保持了极显著的相关性(r=0.88,P<0.01)。AFLP和SSAP检测结果表明,短芒大麦种群多态位点比率P分别为23.3%和37.7%;Shannon多样性指数分别为0.10和0.14;Nei基因多样性指数分别为0.07和0.09;基因分化系数Gst分别为0.49和0.44。表明,各短芒大麦种群虽以单一突变种为主要组成,但经多年的种植,种群内已具有较高的遗传多样性。AMOVA和聚类分析结果也表明,虽然种群间遗传差异较大,但种群遗传变异仍主要存在于种群内。     

小麦SSR和EST-SSR引物对无芒雀麦的通用性分析

无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)具有营养价值高、产量大、利用季节长、耐寒耐旱、适应性强等优良品质。为了解小麦SSR和EST-SSR引物在亲缘植物无芒雀麦中的通用性,本研究选用位于普通小麦7个部分同源群的203对SSR引物和46对EST-SSR引物对无芒雀麦基因组DNA进行了扩增。结果显示:有137对(67.49%)SSR和30对(65.22%)EST-SSR引物对无芒雀麦可以有效扩增,平均扩增条带数分别为2.8和2.5,即小麦SSR和EST-SSR引物在无芒雀麦中具有较高的通用性;研究还发现,来自小麦B基因组和第5同源群染色体的引物在无芒雀麦中的有效扩增比率和平均扩增条带数最低。据此推断,小麦B基因组和第5同源群染色体可能与无芒雀麦基因组的亲缘关系较远。该研究对开发无芒雀麦基因组的特异分子标记、进行遗传多样性分析和功能基因定位等具有一定的参考价值。     

云南芒毛苣苔属植物

芒毛苣苔属(Aeschynanthus Jack)是苦苣苔科中的一个大属,约140种,分布自我国西藏东南部、锡金、不丹、印度东部向东至印度尼西亚。属下分类等级有五个组,即芒毛苣苔组(Sect.Aeschynanthus),单毛组(Sect.Haplotrichium Benth.),双毛组(Sect.Diplotrichium Benth.),多毛组(Sect.Polytrichium Benth.)以及微毛组(Sect.Microtrichium C.B.Clarke)。我国约有31种2变种,分属于单毛组,双毛组及多毛组。它们分布于西藏东南部、云南、四川、贵州、广西及广东,而云南产28种1     

芒柄花素的放射免疫测定法

本文建立了芒柄花素(formononetin)的放射免疫测定法(RIA)。该方法利用芒柄花素的衍生物作为同位素示踪物,获得的针对芒柄花素—7-O—羧甲基—牛血清白蛋白(BSA—F)的抗血清对芒柄花素具有高的亲和性(Ka=6.8×10~9 L/M)。方法的检出限量为3.5±1.24 ng(n=13),检出范围为3.5—100 ng。用此方法测定红三叶草(Trifolium pratense L.)中的芒柄花素含量,批内、批间的平均误差分别为6.5％和11.9％,加样回收率平均为98.5％。红三叶草中芒柄花素含量为0.1305±0.495％(n=12)。南京地区夏季杂牧草饲料中芒柄花素含量为0.0062±0.030％(n=6)。并用此方法测定了饲喂红三叶草的湖羊血清中芒柄花素的血浓-时间曲线图。     

安徽省达到芒属植物资源及其开发利用

安徽省芒属植物有3种量变种:五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)、芒(M.sinensis var. sinensis)、紫芒(M. sinensis var. purpurascens)和荻(M. saccharifl-orus);其中紫芒为本省地理分布新记录。它们的资源量大;如全省仅连片五节芒草地即达260多万亩,一般亩产鲜草1000—2500公斤。芒属植物是利用价值很高的资源禾草:饲用价值“良等”;保持水土能力强;纤维品质优良,为制浆造纸及编织的上等原料;并可药用。最后,提出了开发利用芒属植物资源的几点建议。     

二倍体芒小孢子发生及雄配子体发育研究

该实验通过采集天然二倍体芒不同发育时期的幼穗,进行卡宝品红染色压片和石蜡切片制作,观察芒的花药发育过程,为芒的生殖生物学及其系统发育研究奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)天然二倍体芒雄蕊3枚,雄蕊花药四室,花药壁由4层细胞组成,从外向内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层,花药壁发育属于基本型;花药成熟时,中层和绒毡层降解消失,或者仅存痕迹,只剩表皮和纤维层细胞,但此时可观察到部分绒毡层降解延迟现象。(2)花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型,成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型;花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅱ出现染色体分裂不同步现象。(3)雄配子体发育过程中,同一花粉囊的花粉粒发育不同步;雌、雄配子体发育也不同步,且雄蕊先成熟。     

金属矿区芒草种群对重金属的积累及其与土壤特性的关系

通过分析大型综合金属矿区中经历不同污染强度与污染时间胁迫的芒草（Miscanthus sinensis）种群对4种主要重金属的积累状况,初步揭示芒草对这些重金属的积累特性与土壤重金属含量的关系。结果表明,1芒草根茎叶对4种重金属的的积累顺序为：根〉叶〉茎;2芒草对Cd、Pb的积累量与土壤中这两种重金属含量之间存在显著（P〈0．05）正相关关系;对Cu、Zn的积累量与土壤含量之间无显著相关,主要是因为土壤最高Cu与Zn含量已超过芒草对这两种元素积累所需的最大量,成为对芒草构成胁迫的主要因子。在该矿区的酸性条件下,芒草对Pb、Zn、Cu3种重金属的吸收率随pH值升高而升高,pH接近的样地,芒草的吸收率主要受土壤重金属含量的影响。结合各种群对四种重金属的积累状况判断,强度胁迫下的种群可能已发生耐性分化,从而产生较其它种群更强的耐重金属特性。总体上芒草是一种多重金属耐性植物,对这四种重金属的耐性顺序是：Cd〈Cu〈Zn-Pb。     

Effects of several establishment modes of Miscanthus × giganteus and Miscanthus sinensis on yields and yield trends

Miscanthus is a C4 perennial grass originating from East Asia, the yields of which progressively increase in the first years of growth. Several species for bioenergy have been studied since the mid‐1980s in Europe, in particular (Miscanthus × giganteus [M. × giganteus]), due to its high yields. M. × giganteus is mainly cultivated in France and established from rhizomes. Our study aimed to assess, in field conditions, alternative establishment methods combined with an alternative species, Miscanthus sinensis (M. sinensis). We set up a multi‐environment experimental network. On each trial, we tested two treatments with M. × giganteus, established from rhizomes (G_r‐sd) and from plantlets obtained from rhizomes (G_p‐sd), and two treatments with M. sinensis seedlings transplanted in single (S_p‐sd) and double density (S_p‐dd). ANOVA was performed to compare establishment and regrowth rates across treatments, as well as yields across treatments and site‐years. A logistic model was used to describe yield trends and to compare the maximum yield reached and the rate of yield increase of both species. Results showed that miscanthus establishment from plantlets resulted in higher establishment (between 87% and 92%) and regrowth (between 91% and 94%) rates compared to establishment from rhizomes. Treatments with M. × giganteus obtained higher average yields across site‐years than those with M. sinensis, but more variable yields across site‐years. We showed a strong species effect on yields, yield components (shoot weight, shoot density and shoot number per plant) and light interception (through leaf area index). Lastly, to use M. sinensis established from transplanted plantlets as an alternative to M. × giganteus, research would be required on the breeding of M. sinensis sterile seeds to avoid risks of invasiveness.     

Characterization of a genetic resource collection for Miscanthus (Saccharinae,Andropogoneae, Poaceae) using AFLP and ISSR PCR

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and inter-simple sequence repeat markers were employed to characterize a genetic resource collection of Miscanthus, a grass under trial in Europe as a biomass crop. The 26 polymorphic markers produced by two ISSR fingerprinting primers were able to discriminate taxa and identify putative clones. AFLP fingerprints were fully reproducible and produced a larger number of markers for the three primer pairs tested, of which 998 were polymorphic (representing 79.3% of all bands). AFLP markers distinguished species, infra-specific taxa (varieties and cultivars) and putatively clonal material. They were also used to assess the inter-relationships of the taxa, to investigate the origin of important hybrid plants and to estimate the overall level of genetic variation in the collection. They were useful for assessing the species status of certain taxa such as M. transmorrisonensis, an endemic from Taiwan that was clearly distinct from M. sinensis; whereas other taxa of disputed species status, such as M. condensatus and M. yakushimanum were not genetically distinct from M. sinensis. The AFLP markers detected a high degree of infra-specific variation and allowed subdivisions of the genetic resource collection to be made, particularly within M. sinensis.     

芒和五节芒在中国的潜在分布

利用最大熵模型, 将我国现有芒(Miscanthus sinensis)和五节芒(M. floridulus)的地理分布信息与19个降水及温度等气候因子相拟合, 预测了芒和五节芒在我国的潜在分布区域, 并推测出芒和五节芒的基本生态位。结果显示: 芒的潜在适生区包括四川西部、陕西北部、宁夏、内蒙古中部、黑龙江、吉林西部、辽宁西部、青海东南部等地区, 其基本生态位参数为: 最暖季节降水量为400-1 000 mm, 平均8月降水量为100-350 mm, 7月平均最低气温为15 ℃, 平均7月降水量为100-350 mm, 11月平均最高气温为-10-22 ℃, 最干月平均气温为-15-20 ℃, 平均12月降水量为100 mm以下; 五节芒的潜在适生区为云南、陕西、山西、宁夏、河南、山东、吉林、辽宁以及四川西部、甘肃南部和内蒙古东部等地区, 其基本生态位参数为: 最暖季节降水量至少在400 mm以上, 平均6月降水量为150-550 mm, 7月平均最低气温在15-30 ℃之间, 6月平均最低气温为10 ℃, 平均4月降水量为50-100 mm。结果表明, 在进行遗传改良的前提下, 我国有丰富的适合栽植芒和五节芒的土地资源。     

五节芒基因组大小测定

五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)属于禾本科(Poaceae)芒属(Miscanthus Andersson),被认为是一种开发潜力巨大的生物质能源植物。本研究以水稻日本晴(Oryza sativa L.var.Nipponbare)为内标,采用流式细胞仪测定6份采自中国不同地区的五节芒基因组大小。结果首次确定了五节芒的基因组大小平均为2596.59 Mb,即2 C DNA含量为5.31 pg(以1 pg=978 Mb计算)。     

Suitability of the biomass crop Miscanthus sinensis as a host for the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (F.), and its susceptibility to the plant luteovirus Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus

1 The reproductive performance of two aphid pest species, Rhopalosiphum padi and Rhopalosiphum maidis, was investigated on two seedling growth stages of Miscanthus sinensis, rhizomatous M. sinensis‘Giganteus’ and barley. Rhopalosiphum padi was unable to complete its development on Miscanthus. Rhopalosiphum maidis was most fecund on rhizomatous plants compared with seedling stages. 2 The ability of R. maidis to transmit the RPV isolate of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) to M. sinensis seedlings was further investigated. Following successful transmission, host plant symptomology and the effect of infection on the yield of Miscanthus were investigated. Total above soil biomass was reduced by around 23% following infection. 3 The inability of R. padi to utilize Miscanthus is reviewed in light of this species’ origin and inability to utilize C₄ host plants. 4 The potential pest status of R. maidis on Miscanthus is discussed together with the impact that Miscanthus cultivation could have on the ecology of this aphid species and BYDV in the U.K.     

Species diversity and primary productivity inMiscanthus sinensis grasslands

In an old field grassland dominated byMiscanthus sinensis Anderss. the community structures, phytomass, dominance ofM. sinensis and species diversity were measured. Species and life form composition of the stand were characterized by higher percentages of therophytes, woody and shrubby species, liana and alien species. From May so September in 1982, all the aboveground parts were harvested from each of the four quadrats (2 m×2 m) once a month. Seasonal peak of aboveground phytomass, in September, was 1027 g d.w.m⁻² to whichM. sinensis contributed as much as 96.5%. With the progress of the growing season,M. sinensis became increasingly important both in stand phytomass and in dominance, whereas species diversity based on the dry weight contributions of constituent species decreased. Our analysis of these seasonal trends showed that the diversity was largely a function of dominance of the most important species, rather than that of stand phytomass or productivity. The simultaneous measurements of 20 quadrats in late August 1983, also supported the above conclusion.     

Biomass yield in a genetically diverse Miscanthus sacchariflorus germplasm panel phenotyped at five locations in Asia,North America,and Europe

Miscanthus is a high-yielding bioenergy crop that is broadly adapted to temperate and tropical environments. Commercial cultivation of Miscanthus is predominantly limited to a single sterile triploid clone of Miscanthus × giganteus, a hybrid between Miscanthus sacchariflorus and M. sinensis. To expand the genetic base of M. × giganteus, the substantial diversity within its progenitor species should be used for cultivar improvement and diversification. Here, we phenotyped a diversity panel of 605 M. sacchariflorus from six previously described genetic groups and 27 M. × giganteus genotypes for dry biomass yield and 16 yield-component traits, in field trials grown over 3 years at one subtropical location (Zhuji, China) and four temperate locations (Foulum, Denmark; Sapporo, Japan; Urbana, Illinois; and Chuncheon, South Korea). There was considerable diversity in yield and yield-component traits among and within genetic groups of M. sacchariflorus, and across the five locations. Biomass yield of M. sacchariflorus ranged from 0.003 to 34.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in year 3. Variation among the genetic groups was typically greater than within, so selection of genetic group should be an important first step for breeding with M. sacchariflorus. The Yangtze 2x genetic group (=ssp. lutarioriparius) of M. sacchariflorus had the tallest and thickest culms at all locations tested. Notably, the Yangtze 2x genetic group's exceptional culm length and yield potential were driven primarily by a large number of nodes (>29 nodes culm⁻¹ average over all locations), which was consistent with the especially late flowering of this group. The S Japan 4x, the N China/Korea/Russia 4x, and the N China 2x genetic groups were also promising genetic resources for biomass yield, culm length, and culm thickness, especially for temperate environments. Culm length was the best indicator of yield potential in M. sacchariflorus. These results will inform breeders' selection of M. sacchariflorus genotypes for population improvement and adaptation to target production environments.     

Overwintering problems of newly established Miscanthus plantations can be overcome by identifying genotypes with improved rhizome cold tolerance

Miscanthus , a perennial rhizomatous C₄ grass, is a potential biomass crop in Europe, mainly because of its high yield potential and low demand for inputs. However, until recently only a single clone, M. × giganteus , was available for the extensive field trials performed across Europe and this showed poor overwintering in the first year after planting at some locations in Northern Europe. Therefore, field trials with five Miscanthus genotypes, including two acquisitions of Miscanthus × giganteus , one of M. sacchariflorus and two hybrids of M. sinensis were planted in early summer 1997 at four sites, in Sweden, Denmark, England and Germany. The field trials showed that better overwintering of newly established plants at a site was not apparently connected with size or early senescence. An artificial freezing test with rhizomes removed from the field in January 1998 showed that the lethal temperature at which 50% were killed (LT₅₀) for M. × giganteus and M. sacchariflorus genotypes was −3.4 °C. However, LT₅₀ in one of the M. sinensis hybrid genotypes tested was −6.5 °C and this genotype had the highest survival rates in the field in Sweden and Denmark. Although the carbohydrate content of rhizomes, osmotic potential of cell sap and mineral composition were not found to explain differences in frost tolerance adequately, moisture contents correlated with frost hardiness (LT₅₀) in most cases. The results obtained form a basis for identifying suitable Miscanthus genotypes for biomass production in the differing climatic regions of Europe.