瘰螈属(有尾目,蝾螈科)一新种

基于形态学差异、核POMC和线粒体序列分子数据,把分布于武陵山系的尾斑瘰螈种群定名为1新种,武陵瘰螈Paramesotriton wulingensis,其区别于尾斑瘰螈雷山种群(地模标本)鉴别特征为:1)新种体色较深,呈黑褐色,体背面疣粒较大,背脊隆起较低,尾斑瘰螈雷山地模标本体色较浅,呈棕黄色,体背面疣粒较小,背脊隆起较高;2)新种鼻突中间骨缝较深,尾斑瘰螈雷山地模标本鼻突中间骨缝较浅;3)新种前额骨与鼻骨相连的骨缝线呈波浪型,尾斑瘰螈雷山地模标本前额骨与鼻骨相连的骨缝线左右两侧呈明显“A”型;4)新种额鳞弧鳞骨直立前伸且背面观前粗后细,尾斑瘰螈雷山地模标本额鳞弧鳞骨水平前伸且背面观弧前后粗细一致;5)新种翼骨前枝较长达到上颌骨后缘,尾斑瘰螈雷山地模标翼骨前枝较短不到上颌骨后缘.     

重庆地区有尾两栖动物两新记录

中国瘰螈和尾斑瘰螈在重庆市酉阳县境内被发现,此两物种为重庆市两栖类新记录。     

尾斑瘰螈泌尿器官的形态组织学观察

本文采用组织学和形态学方法对尾斑瘰螈的泌尿器官进行研究。结果表明:尾斑瘰螈的泌尿器官主要包括肾脏、输尿管和膀胱。其肾脏为实质性器官,主要由肾小体、肾小管构成;肾实质出现区域分隔,肾小体数量较少,肾小管分为颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管;其间未发现淋巴组织以及与生殖有关的结构。输尿管由单层立方上皮过渡到假复层立方上皮;膀胱壁由2~3层细胞变移上皮构成。     

尾斑瘰螈的夏季食性分析

尾斑瘰螈的分布范围十分狭窄,迄今所知仅分布于贵州的雷山、江口等县。1987年5—6月在雷山地区共捕获尾斑瘰螈127只。通过胃肠剖检分析,其食物组成十分复杂,但以动物性食物为主,占总食物量的96.57％。在动物性食物中,以昆虫纲的种类居多,占总食物量的89.71％,经分析统计发现吞食有害动物的头数为有益动物头数的2.8倍,其有益系数为34.85％,是一种对农林业有益的动物。     

尾斑瘰螈种群的D-loop区遗传多样性分析

以线粒体DNA D-loop序列为分子标记,研究了采自雷公山和武陵山的尾斑瘰螈(Paramesotriton caudopunclatus)5个种群的遗传多样性.获得42个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列,长度为690 bp,其中有30个变异位点,由此定义了13个单倍型.5个种群中未出现共享单倍型的现象.尾斑瘰螈种群...     

瘰螈属一新种——龙里瘰螈（有尾目：蝾螈科）

在贵州省龙里县水场乡采集到一批瘰螈标本,与瘰螈属已知物种比较后,确定其为一新种,即龙里瘰螈(Paramesotriton longliensis Li,Tian,Gu et Xiong sp.nov)。新种与尾斑瘰螈(Paramesotriton caudopunctatus)相似,但新种由于上鳃骨后端上翘,成体头部后端两侧鳃迹部位各有1个明显突起;体背嵴棱强烈隆起;指、趾两侧无缘膜,指、趾末端有黑色角质鞘;肛后尾的腹鳍褶橘红色,约在1/2处此颜色消失;雄螈尾后段浅紫红色无斑纹。统计并记述了新种的外形、头骨特征、染色体组型、生物学资料。     

云南省发现龙里瘰螈

正龙里瘰螈Paramesotriton longliensis隶属于两栖纲Amphibia有尾目Caudata蝾螈科Salamandridae瘰螈属Paramesotriton。李松等(2008)根据贵州省龙里县采集到的瘰螈标本,描述并发表了瘰螈属新种——龙里瘰螈,为中国特有种。目前该物种记录分布于贵州、重庆和湖北的喀斯特地区(中国两栖类,2020)。本研究于2019年9月在云南省文山壮族苗族自治州麻栗坡县下金厂乡附近(104°48'38"E,23°8'31"N,海拔1 390 m)采集到瘰螈标本4号,包括2号雄性(SWFU 003653和SWFU 003656)和2号雌性(SWFU 003654和SWFU 003655),所有标本均浸泡在10%甲醛中,保存于西南林业大学。根据形态鉴定为龙里瘰螈,为云南省两栖动物分布新记录。     

大凉疣螈的骨骼系统

研究了大凉疣螈 Tylototriton taliangensis 的骨骼系统,对各部分的形态结构进行了详细的描述.胸骨、喙骨、耻骨的形状与已报道的贵州疣螈 Tylototriton kweichowensis 不同;腕骨、跗骨数目存在个体差异;前颌骨、鼻突等与无斑肥螈、尾斑瘰螈的亦不相同.     

西藏蟾蜍消化系统组织学观察

对西藏蟾蜍的消化系统进行了组织学观察.消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠;肝脏和胰腺为消化腺.胃壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成.黏膜层中含有许多胃腺,但胃腺的颈部和腺体部不明显.肌肉层发达,有内环外纵两层平滑肌.小肠壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成,十二指肠的黏膜下层缺失.在黏膜层的固有膜中有管状肠腺.肝脏分为左、中、右3叶,肝小叶界限不明显.胰腺中的腺泡由腺细胞围成.     

富钟瘰螈和广西瘰螈骨骼系统的比较研究

采用硬骨-软骨双染色技术,研究我国广西产的富钟瘰螈和广西瘰螈骨骼系统,包括头骨、脊柱和附肢骨骼,并对各骨块的形状、位置以及与邻近骨块的关系都作了详细的描述;同时,比较了富钟瘰螈和广西瘰螈骨骼特征的差异,并将富钟瘰螈、广西瘰螈与有斑肥螈、贵州疣螈和东方蝾螈骨骼系统进行了比较,为揭示瘰螈属种间演化关系和蝾螈科属间演化关系提供一定的依据.     

黑麂肝、小肠和大肠的组织学结构及Ghrelin的分布

研究了成年雌性黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)的肝、小肠和大肠的组织学结构及Ghrelin的分布。采用H.E染色法观察组织学结构,免疫组化PV-9000两步法并结合DAB显色技术确定Ghrelin的分布。结果表明,黑麂的肝组织分为被膜、肝小叶、肝中央静脉、门管区等结构。被膜为浆膜结构,肝小叶不明显。肝细胞以中央静脉为中心,呈放射状排列。肝血窦的形状不规则。肠黏膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,小肠、盲肠和结肠的黏膜肌层很薄,管壁皱襞与肠绒毛等形态在消化道各部也存在差异。免疫组化结果显示肝细胞中有Ghrelin阳性细胞的表达;在肠道,免疫阳性细胞在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和直肠的黏膜、黏膜下层和肌层均有分布,尤其在肠绒毛上皮和黏膜下层分布较多。黑麂肝、小肠和大肠结构与哺乳动物基本相似,但无十二指肠腺;Ghrelin阳性细胞在肝、小肠和大肠均有分布,这表明Ghrelin可能对消化有一定的调节作用。     

刀鲚幼鱼消化系统的组织形态学结构

采用光镜和扫描电镜观察长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)幼鱼消化系统组织形态学结构。结果显示,刀鲚体长,口裂大,含有犬齿状的颌齿和尖锥状的腭齿,具有5对鳃弓,鳃耙长度明显大于鳃丝且表面附着不规则绒毛状细齿;胃呈"Y"型,胃与肠连接处具有16～21个指状环形幽门盲囊;肠为直肠,较短,比肠长为0.241±0.080;肝分为两叶,胰为独立的器官。刀鲚口咽腔为复层鳞状上皮,含有腺体、大量椭圆形黏液细胞、少量杯状细胞及味蕾;胃黏膜都为典型的单层柱状上皮,含有较多由上皮凹陷形成的胃小凹和胃腺;幽门盲囊具有20～25个丰富的褶皱,占满大部分幽门盲囊腔,黏膜层具有微绒毛;中肠黏膜上皮最发达,形成的褶皱细长且连接成网状,单层柱状上皮与复层扁平上皮交替分布。观察结果表明,刀鲚消化系统具有典型肉食性鱼类特征。     

黄喉拟水龟消化道的组织学观察

观察黄喉拟水龟消化道的组织结构.采用常规石蜡切片和HE染色方法对黄喉拟水龟的消化道进行观察.除了口咽腔以外,消化道的管壁是由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成;各部分的主要区别在于粘膜层,食道和大肠的是复层柱状上皮,胃和小肠的是单层柱状上皮.黄喉拟水龟的舌桔红色,不能伸缩;食管中无食管腺,扩张性强;胃呈囊状,有大量胃腺,腔面皱襞较多;小肠较长,是消化的主要场所,表面有大量的绒毛,在绒毛中可见肠腺;大肠无绒毛,也存在皱襞.     

白胸苦恶鸟消化管的组织学观察

采用石蜡切片技术对白胸苦恶鸟(Amaurornis phoenicurus)的消化道进行了组织学观察.结果表明,食管皱襞发达,黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,食管腺发达,颈段多于胸段,黏膜肌层为一层纵肌,厚约0.06 ～0.26 mm.肌层为一层厚约0.19～0.27mm的环肌.腺胃被覆单层柱状上皮,固有层内有单管腺和复管腺两种腺体,单管腺仅深约0.11 ～0.20 mm;复管腺厚约1.19～1.26 mm,占管壁的77.8％ ～80.4％.肌胃的类角质层发达,厚约0.16～0.24 mm.肌胃腺呈管状,与类角质层突起形成皱襞.肌层发达,由内环外纵两层平滑肌构成.肠绒毛无分支和中央乳糜管,十二指肠绒毛长而密集,空肠绒毛呈细长指状,直肠绒毛长且呈叶状.十二指肠与直肠肠绒毛内有大量致密淋巴小结,盲肠绒毛短,肠腺少.     

青海沙蜥消化道组织结构及嗜银细胞研究

为揭示青海沙蜥消化系统的组织结构,探索其高海拔适应的组织学基础,应用解剖学与石蜡切片、H.E染色和Grimelius银染法对青海沙蜥消化道组织结构和嗜银细胞进行研究。结果显示：青海沙蜥的消化道管壁结构分为4层,从内到外依次是粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜。消化道各段的长度和壁厚均存在显著差异,其中小肠最长,胃幽门部的管壁最厚。粘膜皱襞和绒毛的分布也存在差异,空肠部位的小肠绒毛数量最多,其次是十二指肠和回肠。嗜银细胞形状多样,广泛分布在消化道各段的黏膜上皮基部和黏膜上皮之间。胃体是嗜银细胞分布密度最高的部位,其次是贲门,回肠最低。与栖息在低海拔的有鳞类相比,青海沙蜥为适应高海拔环境,小肠的相对长度变长,胃体部嗜银细胞增多。     

Animal Models for Echinostoma malayanum Infection: Worm Recovery and Some Pathology

Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans, in their adult stage and also parasitize numerous invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts in their larval stages. The purpose of this study was to compare Echinostoma malayanum parasite growth, including worm recovery, body size of adult worms, eggs per worm, eggs per gram of feces, and pathological changes in the small intestine of experimental animals. In this study, 6-8-week-old male hamsters, rats, mice, and gerbils were infected with echinostome metacercariae and then sacrificed at day 60 post-infection. The small intestine and feces of each infected animal were collected and then processed for analysis. The results showed that worm recovery, eggs per worm, and eggs per gram of feces from all infected hamsters were higher compared with infected rats and mice. However, in infected gerbils, no parasites were observed in the small intestine, and there were no parasite eggs in the feces. The volume of eggs per gram of feces and eggs per worm were related to parasite size. The results of histopathological changes in the small intestine of infected groups showed abnormal villi and goblet cells, as evidenced by short villi and an increase in the number and size of goblet cells compared with the normal control group.     

The Gastrointestinal Mucosa in Young Milk-Fed Calves

Gastrointestinal segments from 4 healthy, 17-, 21-, 22- and 23-day-old calves fed on whole cow’s milk were examined. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the anterior duodenum had short villi varying in shape from leaf-shaped to nodular; the middle duodenum had broad, tongue-shaped villi and the anterior, middle, and parts of the posterior jejunum had slender, finger-shaped or leaf-shaped villi. The villi of the mucosa covering Peyer’s patches in the posterior jejunum were short and either conical or tongue-shaped; there were also small “pseudovilli” caused by bulges in the lymphoid tissue. Morphometry showed that the villi were longer in the anterior jejunum than in the duodenum and the posterior parts of the jejunum (P < 0.005). Morphologically fat absorption was most heavy in the anterior third of the small intestine. Moderate amounts of fat were also found in the epithelium of the posterior jejunum and of the abomasum. Large fat droplets were seen in apical duodenal enterocytes, in contrast to the small epithelial droplets in other areas with fat absorption. Nile blue staining indicated that the fat in the large droplets was esterified.     

DIFFERENTIAL LOCALIZATION OF CELL SURFACE AND SECRETORY COMPONENTS IN RAT INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM BY USE OF LECTINS

Sections through various levels of small intestine from adult male rats were examined by fluorescence microscopy after treatment with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lectins from Dolichos biflorus, Lotus tetragonolobus, Ricinus communis, and Triticum vulgare (wheat germ). The latter three lectins reacted with the microvillar portion of the epithelial cells lining the crypts and villi in sections of intestine adjacent to the pylorus. This pattern of reactivity was sharply altered along the first 15 cm of intestine so that in sections distal to this point the luminal surfaces of only those epithelial cells in the crypts and at the base of the villi reacted with the L. tetragonolobus and R. communis lectins, whereas the wheat germ lectin reacted with the surfaces of the cells lining the villi. In sections from the distal end of the small intestine, all three lectins reacted with the surfaces of cells only at the base of the villi and in the crypts. These results show a difference in surface components in cells at various portions on the villi and the dependence of these differences on the region of intestine. The D. biflorus lectin reacted with approximately 25% of the goblet cells at each level of intestine studied whereas the reactivities of the goblet cells with the other three lectins were dependent upon the region of intestine.     

The functional morphology of the scolex of Diphyllobothrium Cobbold (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea). A scanning electron and light microscopical study on scoleces of adult D. dendriticum (Nitzsch), D. latum (L). and D. ditremum (Creplin).

Scoleces of adult D. dendriticum, D. latum and D. ditremum were studied using scanning electron and light microscopy. In D. dendriticum and D. latum the transverse bar between the bothria at the scolex apex always possessed a frontal pit while in D. ditremum no such invagination was seen. The scoleces attach to the host intestine by taking a firm grip with each bothrium around one or two intestinal villi. In D. ditremum and D. latum a layer of secreted substance is present between the scolex apex and the host intestine and between the inner bothrium surface and the host intestinal villi. In D. dendriticum, however, such a secreted layer was only observed at the scolex apex. A general account of the musculature and nervous and excretory systems of a Diphyllobothrium scolex is given.     

大鸨消化系统组织学观察

应用常规石蜡切片,H.E.染色,对3只大鸨消化系统组织结构进行了观察。结果表明,大鸨食管复层扁平上皮有化不明显,粘液腺十分丰富。腺胃内有发达的复管状腺和单管状腺,密集排列在胃壁内。腺胃乳头内有发达的粘液腺,开口于乳头顶部,复管状腺的集合窦则开口于粘液腺底部。肌胃粘膜内密布单管状腺,无粘膜肌。小肠内环肌发达,粘膜下层不明显,十二指肠处绒毛最高,分支最复杂,无十二指肠腺。盲肠前部具发达的绒毛,而中后部不明显,直肠绒毛发达,杯状细胞增多,盲肠与直肠粘膜下层较发达。肝、胰小叶界限不清。