社会认知神经科学的取向与研究进展

社会认知神经科学是社会心理学和认知神经科学相结合的新兴多学科研究领域,其强调在社会、认知与脑神经等三个层面的交互作用上去理解心理现象。前几年主要是对刻板印象、态度与态度改变、他人知觉、自我认知以及情绪与认知交互作用等方面进行了深入研究,其主要范式是应用认知神经科学的方法来验证社会心理学在这些范围内上的各种不同的理论观点,当前的研究主要集中在知觉和再认的社会标记、社会判断和归因、评价调节知觉和经验以及社会交互作用等传统的社会心理学方面,并取得了突破性进展。展望未来的研究,其将在系统准则研究发展的基础上,把当今的社会认知研究与认知神经科学在理论和方法论上整合起来,为揭示人类高级社会心理现象的神经基础,开辟一条崭新的研究道路。     

人类情绪发展认知神经科学:面向未来心理健康与教育

人类情绪发展认知神经科学,主要研究情绪与认知发展以及脑发育之间的关系.其中,儿童青少期既是脑智发育与情绪认知发展的重要黄金期,又是情绪问题及相关障碍的首发敏感期,容易受到遗传与环境风险因素的交互影响.近年来,情绪认知神经科学的兴起和发展,特别是无创脑功能成像、传统发展心理、生理心理和行为遗传学等技术方法的融合,为解析人类情绪发展的认知神经机制带来新的变革,也为理解情绪相关障碍的产生机制,及其早期鉴别、诊断与干预提供了科学依据.本文从情绪发展认知神经科学角度,系统梳理了情绪毕生发展的研究进展,具体包括情绪相关神经系统的发育及影响因素,可以追溯至个体生命早期,并受到遗传与环境的交互影响.出生后,婴幼儿期情绪功能不断分化并呈现多元化发展特点,包括复杂高级情绪的不断产生、从外化到内化情绪体验以及情绪表达和调节能力增强;青少年期出现生理激素变化与脑发育重塑;成年期情绪系统发育逐渐稳定,但仍会受到个体生理心理变化的影响;进入老年期,随着脑认知功能逐步衰退和老化,情绪调控功能衰退随之显现.最后,结合国家和社会对精神健康的迫切需求和现代生物-心理-社会医学模式,展望了该领域对未来心理健康与教育的深远影响.     

人类的利他性惩罚：认知神经科学的视角

利他性惩罚广泛存在于人类社会中,在群体合作与规范维护方面起着重要的积极作用．个体作为潜在的惩罚者,从知觉到不公平事件到做出惩罚行为,需要经过一系列的认知和情绪过程,包括公平判断、奖赏加工、自我控制以及心理化等过程,并且调用相应的神经生理机制．认知神经科学为理解人类的利他性惩罚行为提供了新的视角和方法．本文基于最新的研究发现,综述了利他性惩罚相关的神经生理基础．     

灵长类动作理解的镜像神经机制研究进展

灵长类动作理解(understanding of actions)的神经机制是认知神经科学研究的重要内容,它的阐明对于揭示灵长类特有的一些高级认知行为的本质和过程具有重要意义。就灵长类动物而言,个体对其同类做出动作的识别以及理解是其一切社会行为的基础,但是迄今为止我们对其动作理解的神经机制还知之甚少。随着镜像神经元成为近年来国外认知神经科学与认知人类学研究的热点,人们通过神经生理学和脑成像等技术,陆续发现和证明了其在灵长类动作理解过程中的重要作用。本文综述了近年来关于灵长类动作理解的镜像神经机制的研究成果,介绍了镜像神经元在灵长类动作理解过程中的一些新认识及其在该能力进化和发育等方面的作用,并对当前一些实验中遗留的问题与灵长类动作理解领域的未来研究方向作了反思与展望。     

A型肉毒毒素注射影响情绪加工的认知神经机制

A型肉毒毒素（简称肉毒素）可引起可逆的局部肌肉麻痹，注射于特定面部肌肉可影响个体的情绪体验，还会干扰个体对情绪性材料（面部表情、语言文字和视频）中情绪信息的加工。认知神经科学研究发现，注射肉毒素会影响杏仁核的激活，影响奖赏系统的功能，以及其他大脑皮层的认知神经功能。面部反馈假说和社会反馈假说分别从个体与社会层面对肉毒素的作用加以解释：注射肉毒素使被注射者的肌肉反馈减少，弱化相应情绪的体验和加工；人际交往中，面部模仿使观察者的情绪体验与被注射者趋同，反过来同样影响被注射者的情绪体验。基于已有研究，本文提出面部反馈与社会反馈的整合模型对注射肉毒素影响情绪加工的认知神经机制进行系统阐释。未来研究可拓展相关的研究范式和方法，关注肉毒素注射对不同层面和水平的情绪加工的影响，及其相应的认知神经机制，进一步明确面部反馈与社会反馈的相互作用，并且考察肉毒素用于抑郁症等心理疾病治疗的作用机制。     

认知神经科学类别学习研究进展

文章回顾了认知神经科学关于类别学习的研究进展.认知神经科学关于类别学习的模型包括样例模型、原型模型、边界模型、SUSTAIN和COVIS模型,研究范式包括以规则为基础的范式、天气预报范式和原型变形范式.认知神经科学的类别学习研究揭示了类别学习的神经机制,发现类别学习由不同神经系统共同调节,不同脑区负责不同类别学习.认知神经科学的类别学习研究揭示了不同神经疾病患者类别学习缺陷的生理机制,为临床医疗康复提供了重要启示.     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的双人同步交互测量研究

多人同步交互式记录是认知神经科学的一种新的研究范式,它可以揭示两个或多个个体的大脑间在社交情境下神经活动的耦合。这一目标仅靠单个大脑活动的记录与测量是无法实现的。功能性近红外光谱成像在进行多人同步交互记录研究中有独特的优势。该方面的研究已经涵盖了社会认知神经科学的多个领域。本研究使用近红外光谱成像对社交情境下自我表露的双人大脑前额皮层的活动进行交互式测量,并使用小波相关来分析双人大脑互动时的神经同步性。研究结果表明在进行社交对话时,被试对的大脑间左侧额中回、右侧眶额皮层和右侧额下回下部的活动同步性显著增强。共情能力与社交情境下脑间同步性的强度呈正相关,这种关系主要体现在右侧额下回。本研究支持了采用近红外光谱成像技术研究多人同步交互记录大脑间神经耦合的可行性和有效性。     

视频暴力与攻击行为的神经成像研究进展

认知神经科学促进了心理学领域有关视频暴力与攻击行为的神经生理机制研究.近几年,国外研究者使用功能性磁共振成像研究了视频暴力与攻击行为的神经生理机制,并提出了新的攻击行为模型:神经发展模型.研究发现:长时间暴露在视频暴力下人类对暴力的威胁的脑反应是真实的并且可以察觉到的;能导致前额皮层、杏仁核、前扣带皮层、海马和海马回的激活;能增加潜在的攻击行为.文章介绍了认知神经科学领域中视频暴力和攻击行为神经成像研究的发展现状并展望了其前景.     

老化认知神经科学:研究现状与未来展望

人口老龄化已经成为我国乃至全球面临的一个严峻的社会问题.开展老化认知神经科学研究,从认知、脑结构和脑功能层面揭示脑老化的机制和规律,进而探索并开发出延缓认知下降的方法和工具,对保持老年脑健康及提升生活质量具有重要意义.本文从脑结构老化、脑功能老化以及脑血流量与脑老化等方面概述了认知老化的神经机制.前人从补偿和去分化角度构建了多个认知老化理论和假说,然而,这些理论和假说较少考虑到脑结构老化、静息态研究及脑血流量的研究发现.坚持规律的运动、多做一些认知参与的活动、保持健康的生活方式和饮食模式,有助于老年人保持认知功能并延缓认知与脑老化.在老化认知神经科学未来发展方向上,从认知老化理论的发展以及成人毕生发展视角,对脑老化的脑功能网络研究、脑老化与可塑性以及基因对脑老化的影响等方面进行了展望.最后,本文从建立中国成人毕生发展行为-基因-脑数据库、使用和研发新技术研究认知老化、深入探索有效的脑功能改善方法、开展农村老年人研究及临床老年群体研究等方面,对国内老化认知神经科学的发展趋势进行了展望.     

情绪对时间知觉的影响及其神经生理学机制

时间在人们的认知过程中发挥着重要的作用。个体对于时间的感知一直是神经科学领域以及心理学领域关心的话题。一些研究表明,人们对时间的体验受情绪的影响。早期的相关研究主要集中在心理学领域。近年来,时间知觉的神经生理学机制研究取得了较多的进展,这使得研究者们能够从神经网络机制,神经递质变化以及突触可塑性等角度探索情绪如何调节时间知觉。本文对近年来有关情绪影响时间知觉的相关研究进行综述,以期为深入探索时间知觉的神经机制提供帮助。     

Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition

Social interaction is a cornerstone of human life, yet the neural mechanisms underlying social cognition are poorly understood. Recently, research that integrates approaches from neuroscience and social psychology has begun to shed light on these processes, and converging evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests a unique role for the medial frontal cortex. We review the emerging literature that relates social cognition to the medial frontal cortex and, on the basis of anatomical and functional characteristics of this brain region, propose a theoretical model of medial frontal cortical function relevant to different aspects of social cognitive processing.     

Les neurosciences cognitives : une nouvelle “nouvelle science de l’esprit”?

It is a matter of considerable controversy whether cognitive neuroscience, thanks in large part to functional neuroimaging techniques, is in the process of becoming a new science of the brain and moving into the heart of cognitive science. What are the foundations of this new field ? How will neuroscience and cognitive science coexist in the future ? The paper will attempt to situate neuroimagery in the theoretical framework of fundamental neuroscience, and will show the extent to which cognitive neuroscience depends on it, as it depends on the rest of cognitive science, within which it stands as one research program among several. Should it lead, in a distant future, to a completed science of the brain’s functionalities, such a science would likely not replace cognitive psychology and allied disciplines. Instead, I envisage a form of strong complementarity between the two branches, exclusive of any form of reduction.     

Current directions in social cognitive neuroscience

Social cognitive neuroscience is an emerging discipline that seeks to explain the psychological and neural bases of socioemotional experience and behavior. Although research in some areas is already well developed (e.g. perception of nonverbal social cues) investigation in other areas has only just begun (e.g. social interaction). Current studies are elucidating; the role of the amygdala in a variety of evaluative and social judgment processes, the role of medial prefrontal cortex in mental state attribution, how frontally mediated controlled processes can regulate perception and experience, and the way in which these and other systems are recruited during social interaction. Future progress will depend upon the development of programmatic lines of research that integrate contemporary social cognitive research with cognitive neuroscience theory and methodology.     

On the necessity to distinguishing judgment from subjective choice in the cognitive neuroscience of morality

Recently, cognitive neuroscience has shed new light on our understanding of the neural underpinning of humans' morality. These findings allow for a fundamental questioning and rethinking of the alleged dichotomy between reason and emotion, that has profoundly shaped both moral philosophy and moral psychology. Functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology studies have provided strong arguments favoring a dynamic and interdependent interaction between rational and emotional processes in the brain. Yet another fundamental issue remains largely unexplored: the dissociation between certain behaviours and the moral judgments that seem to precede them. The importance of this dissociation was highlighted in a study of psychopathic patients during which they preserved their moral judgments while frequently engaging in completely non moral behaviour. Such dissociation could result from the cognitive difference between an objective moral judgement with no personal consequence, and a subjective behavioural choice that has effective or potential personal consequences. Consequently, the results of moral dilemma experiments would differ widely depending whether they explore objective or subjective moral evaluations. That these evaluations involve two distinct neural processes should be taken into account when exploring the neural bases of human morality.     

Attachment in integrative neuroscientific perspective

Attachment theory is a very influential general concept of human social and emotional development, which emphasizes the role of early mother-infant interactions for infant's adaptive behavioural and stress copying strategies, personality organization and mental health. Individuals with disrupted development of secure attachment to mother/primary caregiver are at higher risk of developing mental disorders. This theory consists of the complex developmental psycho-neurobiological model of attachment and emerges from principles of psychoanalysis, evolutionary biology, cognitive-developmental psychology, ethology, physiology and control systems theory. The progress of modern neuroscience enables interpretation of neurobiological aspects of the theory as multi-level neural interactions and functional development of important neural structures, effects of neuromediattors, hormones and essential neurobiological processes including emotional, cognitive, social interactions and the special key role of mentalizing. It has multiple neurobiological, neuroendocrine, neurophysiological, ethological, genetic, developmental, psychological, psychotherapeutic and neuropsychiatric consequences and is a prototype of complex neuroscientific concept as interpretation of modern integrated neuroscience.     

Autonomy reconfigured: incorporating the role of the unconscious

The principle of respect for autonomy has served as a pillar of American bioethics. Through its application in response to physician paternalism and as the basis for informed consent, it has attained preeminent status in the discipline. New challenges in health care warrant a re-examination of the origins of our autonomy. Developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neurology all emphasize the intimate relationship between our cognitive and emotional development, and through this, our conscious and unconscious minds. Our intellectual, and particularly our moral development, are instilled in us by our moral mentors, and consequently by our community as a whole. Autonomy and community are therefore inextricably interlinked, and our emphasis on liberty, rights, and privacy without the inclusion of family, community, and social responsibility is biologically unsound. Appreciation of this reality should lead to a more balanced set of bioethical norms.