NaCl、Na2 SO4 和Na2GO3 胁迫对小麦叶片自由基含量及质膜透性的比较研究

 分别用浓度为25mmol／L、50mmol／L、100 mmol／L和200 MMOL／l的Nacl、Na2SO4和Na2CO3的营养液培养小麦4d,较之不含盐的营养液,其自由基含量上升,产生速率增加,叶片质膜透性增加。不同盐的影响也不同,在低浓度时,NaCl的影响大于Na2SO4,高浓度时,NaCl影响小于Na2CO3,Na2CO3的影响最为显著。实验结果也表现出小麦叶片自由基含量和质膜透性呈现较好的相关性。因此可认为,盐胁迫促使自由基含量增加,自由基通过过氧化作用影响质膜透性,从而影响植物的生长。     

盐胁迫环境下不同抗盐性小麦品种幼苗长势和内源激素的变化

采用两种浓度NaCl溶液,对不同抗盐性小麦品种德抗961(抗盐性强)和泰山9818(抗盐性弱)萌发期幼苗进行胁迫处理,观察其幼苗长势和内源激素含量变化.结果表明,盐胁迫抑制小麦幼苗生长,抗盐性弱的泰山9818受抑制较重.苗、根ABA含量随盐胁迫浓度增加而提高,泰山9818的增幅高于德抗961.苗、根IAA含量随盐胁迫浓度增加而降低,但德抗961的IAA含量高于泰山9818,说明盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种具有较高IAA合成量.2品种GA3含量变化因盐胁迫浓度而异.在低盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种苗中GA3含量提高以适应盐胁迫利于苗的生长,在高盐胁迫下2品种GA3含量降低.盐胁迫使苗中ZR含量增加,且德抗961的苗中ZR含量高于泰山9818,而根中ZR含量则前者低,说明盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种可迅速将根部合成的ZR向苗中转移,促进苗的生长.2品种IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA比值随盐胁迫浓度增加和时间延长而下降,德抗961 IAA/ABA比值大于泰山9818.在盐胁迫下,抗盐性强的品种协调自身激素平衡的能力较强可能是其生长受抑制较小的重要原因.     

Influence of Calcium on Alleviating NaCl-Induced Injury Effects in Wheat Seedlings

Wheat seedlings (Tritium aestivum "No. 1 Yuyuan") with 3 leaves were transplanted to 1/2 strangth Hoagland nutrient solution containing 100 mmol/L NaCl and supplemented with different concentrations of CaCI2, which were mode isosmotic by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) and aerated by pump. Results showed that the Na+ content of shoots and roots, relative leaf expansion rate, plasma membrane permeability, the levels of membrane lipid superoxidation and the molar percentage of monogalacrosyl diglyceride(MGDG), digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG) phosphatidyl choline(PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) in membrane lipids of roots increased, the plant dry weight, K+ content, SOD activity and the molar percentage of phosphatidic acid(PA), phospatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl glycerol(PG) and polyphosphoglyceric acid(PPG) decreased in roots. There was no change in sulfolipid(SL). However, the above mentioned salt injury effects were all alleviated by the different Na+/Ca2+ ratios. The maximum alleviation of salt injury effect was at Na+/Ca2+ ratio of I0. As three kinds of free radical scavengers were used to pretreat wheat seedlings prior to NaC1 treatment the malondialdehyde(MDA) content decreased unanimously, but increased with SOD inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) pretreatment to wheat seedlings. Obviously, the salt injury effects induced by NaC1 was relatied to the extent of superoxidation of membrane [ipids and also to the composkion of membrane of Ca2+ on lipids including their fatty acids as well. On the other hand, the alleviating effect of Ca2+ on NaC1 induced injury in wheat seedlings was also in relation to them.     

松嫩平原碱化草甸朝鲜碱茅、獐茅耐盐碱特性的比较研究

本研究通过野外调查与室内实验相结合的方法,从生态学、生理学方面探讨了松嫩平原碱化草甸朝鲜碱茅和獐毛耐盐碱的特性,结果表明：两种植物均生长在含盐、潮湿而贫瘠的土壤上,朝鲜碱茅分布地段的土壤多含碱性盐(Na2CO3)。而獐毛所在地的土壤则多含中性盐(NaCl),这些体现出它们对盐碱适应性的差异。不同浓度的NaCl、Na2CO3胁迫对这两种植物的细胞膜透性、游离脯氨酸含量有明显影响。均以logistic曲线y=k/(1+ea-bx)或直线方程：y=a+bx形式较好地表达出来。说明朝鲜碱茅对NaCl的胁迫敏感,獐毛则对Na2CO3的胁迫敏感。两种植物在自然条件下的生态适应与实验条件下的生理适应相近。     

盐胁迫对四种基因型冬小麦幼苗Na+、K+吸收和累积的影响

以4种不同基因型冬小麦品种为试验材料，研究了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长及Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收、累积规律。结果表明，盐胁迫下小麦吸水困难，幼苗生长受抑；幼苗含水量、生物量及干物质量明显下降；Na^＋、Cl^-含量和单株累积量显著增加。K^＋含量和单株累积量则明显降低。Na^＋／K^＋比值随介质中的盐浓度的增加而升高。盐胁迫下各基因型冬小麦幼苗Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的单株累积量及其在地上部分和根系中的含量变化较大，说明小麦根系对Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收存在基因型差异。盐处理下，暖型小麦NR9405对K^＋的选择吸收能力强，对Na^＋的吸收和累积少，植株体内的K^＋浓度较高，Na^＋／K^＋比值小；幼苗的生物量较大，耐盐性强。冷型小麦RB6对K^＋的选择能力差，对Na^＋的吸收和累积量大，幼苗的Na^＋／K^＋比值大，生物量小，耐盐性较差。低盐浓度下，Na^＋可作为渗透调节物质维持植物体内渗透平衡。高盐浓度下，Na^＋的过度吸收和累积可能是盐害的主要原因。维持体内较低的Na^＋水平和Na^＋／K^＋比值是小麦耐盐性的一个重要特征。     

Salinity stress and cytoplasmic factors. A comparison of cell permeability and lipid partiality in salt sensitive and salt resistant cultivars and lines of Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare

Salinity effects on the cell membranes of four lines of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). and two cultivars of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), differing in salt resistance were investigated. Plants were grown for 10 days in 1/4-strength Hoagland solution and then for 5 more days in 1/4-strength Hoagland with and without NaCl (100 m M ) or (for Hordeum only) polyethylene glycol (PEG). Permeability to three non-electrolytes (urea, methylurea and ethylurea) of subepidermal cells of leaf sheaths ( Triticum ) and coleoptiles ( Hordeum ) was determined and membrane partiality calculated, a parameter which numerically indicates the degree of lipophilicity of a membrane. Non-electrolyte permeability significantly increased and membrane partiality decreased in the salt sensitive cultivars or lines under salt stress. Neither parameter changed significantly in the salt resistant lines and cultivar in a saline environment. Osmotic stress in Hordeum by PEG 10000 had no significant effect on permeability and thus membrane partiality neither in sensitive nor in resistant cultivars.
The osmotic component of salinity stress did not seem to be a major factor causing injury, rather ion toxicity may be a cause of cell damage. The results indicate differences in the membrane between salt sensitive and salt resistant genotypes. Salt resistance seems to be controlled by genetic factors independent of external salinity levels.     

一氧化氮调节盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根部质膜H^＋-ATPase和焦磷酸酶活性提高耐盐性

采用外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)研究了NO对盐胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼苗耐盐性的影响。结果表明,0.1 mmol/L SNP处理显著缓解了150 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制效应,包括水分丧失以及叶绿素降解,从而提高了小麦幼苗的耐盐性。进一步结合1 mg/mL血红蛋白处理则显著逆转了SNP诱导的上述效应;利用亚硝酸钠和铁氰化钾作为对照也证实了NO对小麦幼苗耐盐性的专一性调节作用,并可能与NO对小麦幼苗根部质膜 H -ATPase和焦磷酸酶活性诱导有关。此外,尽管NO显著提高了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根部细胞质膜H -ATPase和焦磷酸酶的ATP水解活性,但是对跨膜H 转运则没有明显影响。应用外源CaSO4 和 EGTA 处理也证实,Ca2 可能在NO诱导的质膜 H -ATPase和焦磷酸酶活性的提高过程中起信号作用。另外,分析盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根部 Na 和K 含量的变化也发现,NO对Na 含量没有明显影响,但是却显著提高了K 水平和K /Na 比,这可能也是NO提高小麦幼苗耐盐性的原因之一。     

一氧化氮调节盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根部质膜H+-ATPase和焦磷酸酶活性提高耐盐性

采用外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)研究了NO对盐胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼苗耐盐性的影响.结果表明,0.1 mmol/L SNP处理显著缓解了1 50 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制效应,包括水分丧失以及叶绿素降解,从而提高了小麦幼苗的耐盐性.进一步结合1 mg/mL血红蛋白处理则显著逆转了SNP诱导的上述效应;利用亚硝酸钠和铁氰化钾作为对照也证实了NO对小麦幼苗耐盐性的专一性调节作用,并可能与NO对小麦幼苗根部质膜H -ATPase和焦磷酸酶活性诱导有关.此外,尽管NO显著提高了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根部细胞质膜H -ATPase和焦磷酸酶的ATP水解活性,但是对跨膜H 转运则没有明显影响.应用外源CaSO4和EGTA处理也证实,Ca2 可能在NO诱导的质膜H -ATPase和焦磷酸酶活性的提高过程中起信号作用.另外,分析盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根部Na 和K 含量的变化也发现,NO对Na 含量没有明显影响,但是却显著提高了K 水平和K /Na 比,这可能也是NO提高小麦幼苗耐盐性的原因之一.     

内生细菌252和254对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

以‘周麦18’为试验材料,采用盆栽法设置盐胁迫、盐胁迫下接菌和对照3组处理,研究不同盐浓度胁迫下接种内生菌对小麦幼苗生长的影响.结果表明: 内生菌252、254分别与死亡谷芽孢杆菌和根癌土壤杆菌具有最高相似率.盐胁迫下接种内生细菌252,在14 d时小麦幼苗随盐浓度升高过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后下降,其中盐浓度为100 mmol·L^-1时POD活性最高(13370 U·g^-1·min^-1);21 d时小麦幼苗POD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较对照明显升高;28 d时盐浓度为150、250 mmol·L^-1的POD和CAT活性最高.盐胁迫下接种内生细菌254,在14 d时盐浓度为250 mmol·L^-1的小麦幼苗CAT活性最高;21 d时盐浓度在100～250 mmol·L^-1的POD和CAT活性较高,其中150 mmol·L^-1时CAT活性最高;28 d时盐浓度为200 mmol·L^-1的CAT活性最高.在盐胁迫下,接种内生菌对小麦幼苗不同培养时期发挥最佳作用的盐浓度不同.内生菌252和254可提高盐胁迫下小麦植株POD、CAT活性,对小麦幼苗生长有一定修复作用.     

Influence of salt stress on primary metabolism of Zea mays L. seedlings of model genotypes

Short-term studies for comparing some primary metabolic and growth-responses to salt stress in seedlings of two maize genotypes differing in drought resistance were carried out under controlled conditions. Both genotypes revealed high yielding ability in favourable environments. Treatments: Control (Hoagland-Arnon No 1 solution) and salt stress (Hoagland-Arnon solution plus NaCl, _s = –0.84MPa). It was found that in both genotypes the activity of the principal metabolic pathway supplying reduced nitrogen (¹⁵N) for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins as well as the assimulatory number (¹⁴CO₂—assimilation relation rate per chlorophyll unit) were decreased under the effect of the stress. These effects were more marked in the resistant genotype. In this genotype the stress induced metabolic activity decline was accompanied by a corresonding reduction of the relative growth rate. Conversely, continuing growth, resulting probably from accumulation of solutes, was observed in the susceptible genotype.On the basis of these and other observations it is assumed that the resistant genotype manifests short-term energy saving stress reactions.