大气O3浓度升高和模拟N沉降对黄豆光合、生物量和非结构性碳水化合物积累及分配的影响

为探究全球气候变化带来的大气臭氧(O₃)浓度升高和氮(N沉降)对黄豆气体交换、生物量和非结构性碳水化合物(NSCs)积累及分配的影响, 利用开顶式气室(OTC)设置了2个O₃浓度(AA, 正常大气; AAO60, 正常大气+60 μg/m³O₃)和2个施N梯度(对照;施N)并开展了相关实验。研究结果表明： (1) N沉降处理后叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)显著提高了96.21%和83.77%, 但是对黄豆各部位生物量的促进作用没有达到显著水平。N沉降处理后根系溶性糖和非结构性磷水化合物(NSCs)的比例显著下降了42.17%和38.95%, 而叶片淀粉分配比增加了41.55%, 豆粒和茎的可溶性糖含量分别提高了59.41%和95.29%。(2) O₃浓度升高处理后叶片Gs增加了94.89%, Pn降低了2.34%。叶片、茎、根和豆粒的生物量在O₃处理后分别显著降低了38.14%、56.25%、66.67%和25.49%。豆粒的可溶性糖和淀粉含量和总NSCs分别显著下降了21.94%和49.65%和30.55%。O₃浓度升高后根系中淀粉总量的比例的增加了56.21%。(3) O₃和N沉降处理二者共同处理在叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、豆粒、茎、根系NSCs组分均具有显著交互作用, 主要表现为拮抗作用。综上, 中度N沉降提高了叶片光合作用, 增加了对地上部分NSCs的分配而降低了对地下根系的分配;O₃浓度升高抑制了黄豆生长和NSCs积累, 但是相对增加了根系中淀粉总量的比例;N沉降一定程度上能够缓解O₃对光合和NSCs造成的损害, 但未见对生物量下降存在类似效应。     

利用~(13)C同位素示踪方法测定O_3对水稻C固定和迁移的影响

本研究设置2个臭氧浓度处理,即空气对照(CK,臭氧浓度约4～10 nL·L-1),臭氧浓度升高处理(O3,8 h平均浓度为110 nL·L-1),利用13C同位素示踪的方法,模拟研究了臭氧浓度升高对水稻碳固定和迁移的影响。结果表明:臭氧浓度升高后减少了植株对13C的固定,两次标记时臭氧处理下植株总的13C固定分别比对照处理低37.8%和20.0%;臭氧浓度升高处理1个月和2个月后叶片的13C分配相对于对照而言分别提高了47.3%和37.5%;而臭氧处理则降低了茎和根中的碳分配;臭氧浓度升高后叶的库强有明显的提高,而根的库强则明显降低,茎的库强虽有所降低但不明显;臭氧处理1个月和2个月后植株叶片的相对吸收能力分别比对照显著提高了48.5%和93.3%,臭氧处理下根的相对吸收能力则显著降低。     

外源CaCl2对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗氮代谢的影响

为了研究CaCl₂对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗根、茎、叶的氮代谢影响,探索钙缓解幼苗NaCl胁迫的作用途径。该研究以酸枣幼苗为试验材料,检测不同浓度CaCl₂(0、5、10、20 mmol/L)对NaCl(150 mmol/L)胁迫下幼苗叶片H₂O₂、O^-·₂含量,根、茎、叶中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性及游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、硝态氮含量的影响,并采用主成分分析法筛选出评价CaCl₂缓解NaCl胁迫效应的生理指标。结果表明：与NaCl胁迫相比,盐胁迫幼苗叶片的H2O₂、O^-·₂积累量在5、10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理下显著减少;GOGAT活性在5、10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理下的植株根和茎内以及各浓度 CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高, GS、NR活性在10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根内和10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的茎内以及5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高;可溶性蛋白含量在5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根、茎、叶内均显著升高,游离氨基酸含量在10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根和茎内以及10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高,硝态氮含量在10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根和茎内以及5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高。研究发现,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对酸枣幼苗造成明显过氧化伤害,抑制了体内氮代谢;外源CaCl₂可通过促进幼苗根和茎内GS/GOGAT循环对NH₄⁺的同化作用,提高叶片NR活性,加快硝态氮的转化速率,从而增强幼苗对NaCl胁迫的适应性,并以10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理缓解效果最佳;游离氨基酸、GOGAT、NR可以作为CaCl₂缓解幼苗NaCl胁迫伤害的评价指标。     

三峡库区172m蓄水期间泥、沙沉降对低位狗牙根种群的影响

三峡库区消落带植物恢复不仅面临长期淹水逆境,还面临泥沙、干旱等环境因素的胁迫。2009年实验、调查研究了三峡库区长寿段低位消落带的狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon L.)种群,探讨了泥、沙沉降对狗牙根种群的影响。结果表明,泥沉降和沙沉降均显著促进了狗牙根芽的萌发,而抑制了狗牙根的芽形成和萌发苗的生长,且前者的抑制作用显著大于后者。泥沉降导致总芽数、萌发苗的茎长和茎宽分别比对照低65.4%(P<0.05)、97.0%(P <0.05)、31.2%(P <0.05),而沙沉降导致前述参数分别比对照低17.1%(P<0.05)、21.2%(P<0.05)、1.0%(P>0.05)。分别将被沉降泥掩埋的狗牙根移植、掩埋于12cm厚的泥和沙中,40d后对照和S'_d组(覆盖沙)狗牙根芽萌发后均能在地面上形成正常的分株,而S'_l组(覆盖泥)的萌发芽无法穿透覆盖层,形成分株。S'_l组狗牙根芽的萌发率显著高于对照和S'_d组,但其萌发苗的茎长和茎节数均显著低于对照,分别为对照的30.3%(P<0.05)、80.4%(P<0.05);而S'_d组分株的茎长、茎节数、叶片数、叶长和叶宽均显著高于对照组,分别比后者高87.9%(P<0.05)、53.0%(P<0.05)、24.2%(P<0.05)、23.4%(P<0.05)和24.1%(P<0.05)。S'_l组萌发苗的鲜质量、干质量和干鲜质量比分别比对照组低83.3%(P<0.05)、86.2%(P<0.05)、15.8%(P<0.05);而S'_d组萌发苗的鲜质量、干质量和干鲜质量比分别比对照组高76.8%(P<0.05)、110.1%(P<0.05)、20.0%(P<0.05)。表明,低位消落带的狗牙根对沙沉降具有较强的适应能力,而对泥沉降的适应能力较低,泥沉降是库区低位消落带狗牙根种群恢复的主要影响因素之一。     

钠盐胁迫对藜科一年生草本植物生长和生物量分配的影响

选取河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型藜科一年生草本植物雾冰藜、刺沙蓬和白茎盐生草为研究对象,分析不同浓度盐分（NaCl和NaHCO₃,0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L）对3种藜科植物生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响。研究结果表明：（1）钠盐胁迫下,3种藜科植物的存活率随盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,雾冰藜和刺沙蓬在200 mmol/L NaCl和200 mmol/L NaHCO₃胁迫下无法存活或存活率极低,白茎盐生草在200 mmol/L NaHCO₃胁迫下无法存活;（2）钠盐胁迫显著抑制了刺沙蓬的生长和生物量积累,而一定浓度的盐分（50、100 mmol/L）可以促进雾冰藜和白茎盐生草的生长,较高浓度的盐分则抑制其生长;（3）3种植物的根冠比在钠盐胁迫下呈下降趋势,地上部生物量分配随盐浓度增加呈上升趋势,其中低盐胁迫下（50、100 mmol/L）繁殖分配比例增加明显,中高度盐胁迫下（150、200 mmol/L）茎、叶生物量分配比例增加显著,但根系生物量分配随盐分浓度增加而下降,这说明盐分胁迫下增加生物量在地上部的分配是藜科一年生草本植物应对盐胁迫的方式之一;（4） NaHCO₃的胁迫作用大于NaCl,3种植物中,白茎盐生草的耐盐性最强,而雾冰藜和刺沙蓬的耐盐能力较差。     

水稻磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶在蛋白质水平上的组织和诱导表达特征

蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担分子,了解蛋白质在有机体中的时空分布对于正确解析蛋白质的功能十分重要．磷脂氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (PHGPx) 是目前发现的唯一能够直接还原膜上脂类过氧化物的抗氧化酶,在保护生物膜免受过氧化损伤方面有着重要作用．采用Western blot技术,分析了水稻PHGPx (OsPHGPx) 在水稻不同组织以及多种胁迫条件下的蛋白质表达特征．结果表明,OsPHGPx在成熟水稻植株内主要分布于叶组织中,以旗叶中含量最高,而在水稻幼苗中则在茎及叶组织中均检测到较强的杂交信号．OsPHGPx在幼苗中的表达受到H₂O₂和NaCl的强烈诱导,但植物激素对其表达的影响较弱．H₂O₂和NaCl的诱导效果呈现出时间及剂量的相关性,当用0.5 mmol/L H₂O₂处理12 h或用500 mmol/L NaCl处理24 h,此时OsPHGPx表达量达到最大值．对H₂O₂清除剂二甲基硫脲处理的水稻幼苗,外源H₂O₂的再处理并不能诱导OsPHGPx的表达,而NaCl的诱导效果并不受影响,说明H₂O₂可能并不介导NaCl诱导OsPHGPx的表达．这些结果为进一步研究OsPHGPx在水稻中生物学功能奠定了基础．     

兰科菌根真菌对干旱胁迫下铁皮石斛生长和抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响

利用盆栽的方式研究了干旱胁迫下接种兰科菌根真菌(OM)对铁皮石斛生长的影响,并分析了铁皮石斛叶片相对含水量、游离脯氨酸含量、电解质渗透率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、活性氧成分、抗氧化酶活性变化,用定量PCR技术分析了相关抗氧化酶基因的表达特性,以探讨菌根真菌对铁皮石斛干旱胁迫的缓解作用及其机制。结果表明：(1)与正常水分条件相比,干旱胁迫显著降低了铁皮石斛幼苗的生物量和叶片相对含水量,提高了叶片电解质渗透率、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量、O-·2产生速率和H2O2水平。(2)菌根真菌能显著提高干旱胁迫下铁皮石斛叶片相对含水量,降低叶片电解质渗透率、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量、O-·2产生速率和H2O2水平;在不同水分条件下,菌根真菌均能有效促进铁皮石斛幼苗生长,其株高、根重、茎叶重和总生物量均大于未接种组。(3)菌根真菌可诱导干旱胁迫下铁皮石斛超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因的表达,提高SOD、POD和CAT的活性,有效缓解干旱胁迫对质膜的过氧化伤害。研究认为,菌根真菌能提高干旱胁迫下铁皮石斛的抗氧化酶活性及其相关基因表达水平,增强铁皮石斛抗氧化防御能力,有效缓解干旱胁迫对铁皮石斛幼苗生长的抑制。     

施氮量对麻疯树幼苗生长及叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽土培的方法,研究了不同施氮量(对照N₀ 0 kg N/hm²、低氮N_L 96 kg N/hm²、中氮N_M 288 kg N/hm²、高氮N_H 480 kg N/hm²)对麻疯树幼苗生长、叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、株高、地径、叶片数量、叶面积、根长、各组分生物量、叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)均随施氮量的增加先升高后降低,N_M处理下麻疯树幼苗长势最好,各气体交换参数值最高;施氮对麻疯树地上部分的促进作用远大于地下部分,施氮后根冠比显著降低;此外,麻疯树叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效量子产量(F'v/F'm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随施氮量的增加而升高,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)随施氮量增加而降低。适量施氮可通过增强叶绿体光化学活性、气孔导度和羧化能力而提高麻疯树幼苗的光合能力,促进生长;过高施氮对麻疯树幼苗光合与生长的促进效应降低。试验条件下,当年生麻疯树幼苗的最适施氮量为288 kg N/hm²。     

华南地区3种具有不同入侵性的近缘植物对低温胁迫的敏感性

以五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet,重度入侵植物)、裂叶牵牛(Ipomoea nil (L.) Choisy,轻度/非入侵植物)和三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba L.,非入侵植物)3种起源于热带美洲、且在华南地区具有不同入侵性的番薯属藤本植物作为研究对象,通过比较它们在低温胁迫下的生理响应探究3种植物对低温的敏感性与它们入侵性之间的关系。通过测定在不同温度(28、15、10 ℃)处理下植物的生物量、活性氧、渗透调节物质、根系活力、光合特征等生理指标发现,五爪金龙、裂叶牵牛及三裂叶薯均通过增加光合系统Ⅱ的热耗散、积累渗透调节物质以及增强根系活力来应对低温环境,但15 ℃的温度条件已经对3种植物形成较为强烈的胁迫作用,表现为H₂O₂和丙二醛的积累、光合系统Ⅱ受损、根部细胞死亡以及生物量、根长的极显著下降(P<0.01),证明3种植物对低温胁迫均具有较高的敏感性。综合比较3种植物各生理指标的响应幅度发现,它们对低温的耐受性表现为:五爪金龙 > 裂叶牵牛 > 三裂叶薯,这与它们在华南地区的入侵危害程度一致,暗示低温敏感性的差异可能是其入侵性差异的重要原因。结果表明,低温敏感性是影响外来植物入侵性和入侵区域的重要因素,五爪金龙较高的低温敏感性是限制其在华南以外地区形成入侵危害的重要原因。     

干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶片光合作用和保护酶的影响

以玉米品种郑单958(抗旱性强)和陕单902(抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置3个干旱处理(轻度干旱,中度干旱,重度干旱)和正常灌水,研究了干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光以及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫下2个品种叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)出现了先下降后上升,而气孔限制值(L_s)上升后下降,说明中度干旱胁迫下叶片P_n下降是气孔因素引起的,重度干旱胁迫下P_n降低主要由非气孔因素引起的。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,2个品种叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的实际量子产量(φPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)一直下降,而非光化学猝灭(qN)上升后下降,说明中度干旱下热耗散仍是植株重要光保护机制,重度干旱时叶片光合电子传递受阻,PSⅡ受到损伤。(3)干旱胁迫下2个品种叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量一直升高,说明干旱胁迫初期对保护系统酶活性升高有诱导作用,重度胁迫下活性氧清除酶的活性下降,导致细胞膜伤害。这些结果暗示,轻度和中度干旱胁迫下2个玉米品种通过减少光捕获、热耗散和酶活性调节协同作用稳定了光合机构功能,是P_n下降的气孔限制因素;而重度干旱胁迫下光系统Ⅱ和抗氧化酶系统损伤,是P_n下降的非气孔限制因素;郑单958的各生理参数比陕单902受旱影响小,干旱胁迫下仍具有较高的光合效率和较强的保护酶活性是郑单958抗旱的主要生理原因。     

Seasonal growth, δ13C in leaves and stem,and phloem structure of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentrations

Summary The growth of potted birch cuttings (one clone of Betula pendula) was studied under low O₃ concentrations (0, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 l l^-1) throughout an entire growing season. With increasing O₃ dose, 20–50% of all leaves formed were prematurely shed, while 40–70% of the remaining foliage displayed advanced discoloration by the end of the season. Ozonation affected the S, P and N concentration of leaves and increased ¹³C in leaves and stem, while the CO₂ assimilation rate declined with increasing CO₂ concentration in mesophyll intercellulars. While whole-plant production correlated negatively with the O₃ dose, ozone increased the specific leaf weight (i.e. leaf weight/leaf area, SLW) but decreased the ratios of stem weight/stem length and root/shoot biomass. Neither the latter ratio nor SLW changed in experimentally defoliated control plants, whereas in ozonated plants starch accumulated along leaf veins and phloem tissue was deformed in the leaf petioles and the stem. Only in early summer was the relative growth rate higher in the ozonated than in the control plants. The ratio of whole-plant biomass production versus total foliage area formed was lowered under O₃ stress. However, when relating biomass to the actual foliage area present due to leaf loss, this ratio did not differ between treatments. Similarly the ratio of actual foliage area versus basal stem area in cross-section did not differ. Overall, whole-plant production was strongly determined by O₃-caused changes in crown structure and began to be limited at O₃ doses (approximately 180 l l^-1 h) similar to those of rural sites in Central Europe.     

水稻生长及其体内C、N、P组成对开放式空气CO2浓度增高和N、P施肥的响应

采用FACE（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment)技术,研究了不同N、P施肥水平下,水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期根、茎、穗生长,C/N比、N、P含量及N、P吸收对大气CO2浓度升高的响应,结果表明,高CO2促进水稻茎、穗和根的生长,增加分蘖期叶干重,对拔节期、抽穗期的成熟期叶干重没有显著增加,降低茎、叶N含量;增加抽穗期穗N含量;降低成熟期穗N含量;对分蘖期根N含量影响不显著,而降低拔节期,抽穗期和成熟期根N含量,增加拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期叶P含量,对茎、穗、根P含量影响不显著,水稻各组织C含量变化不显著,C/N比增加,显著增加水稻地上部分P吸收;增加N吸收,但没有统计显著性,N、P施用对水稻各组织生物量没有显著影响,高N（HN）比低N（LN）增加组织中N含量,而不同P肥水平间未表现出明显差异,高N条件下高CO2增加水稻成熟期地下部分/地上部分比,文中还讨论了高CO2对N、P含量及地下部分/地上部分比的影响机制。     

Effects of elevated ozone concentration on methane emission from a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta,China

Few investigations have been made on the impact of elevated ozone (O₃) concentration on methane (CH₄) emission from rice paddies. Using open‐top chambers in situ with different O₃ treatments, CH₄ emissions were measured in a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta, China in 2007 and 2008. There were four treatments applied: charcoal‐filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and charcoal‐filtered air with different O₃ additions (O₃‐1 and O₃‐2). The mean O₃ concentrations during the O₃ fumigation were 19.7, 22.6, 69.6 and 118.6 ppb in 2007 and 7.0, 17.4, 82.2 and 138.3 ppb in 2008 for treatments CF, NF, O₃‐1 and O₃‐2, respectively. The rice yields, as compared with CF, were reduced by 32.8% and 37.1%, 58.3% and 52.1% in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The diurnal patterns of CH₄ emission varied temporally with treatments and there was inconsistence in diurnal variations in CH₄ emissions from the paddy field. The daily mean CH₄ emissions were significantly lower in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 than those in treatments CF and NF. Compared with CF treatment, CH₄ emissions from the paddy field were decreased to 46.5% and 38.3%, 50.6% and 46.8% under treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in the whole growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, respectively. The seasonal mean CH₄ emissions were negatively related with AOT40 (accumulative O₃ concentration above 40 ppb; P < 0.01 in both years), but positively related to the relative rice yield (reference to CF; P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.001 in 2008), aboveground biomass (P < 0.01 in both years) and underground biomass (P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.05 in 2008). The decreased CH₄ emission from the rice paddy due to an increased O₃ exposure might partially mitigate the global warming potential induced by soil carbon loss under elevated O₃ concentrations.     

Decomposition of soybean grown under elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3

A critical global climate change issue is how increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ and ground‐level O₃ will affect agricultural productivity. This includes effects on decomposition of residues left in the field and availability of mineral nutrients to subsequent crops. To address questions about decomposition processes, a 2‐year experiment was conducted to determine the chemistry and decomposition rate of aboveground residues of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown under reciprocal combinations of low and high concentrations of CO₂ and O₃ in open‐top field chambers. The CO₂ treatments were ambient (370 μmol mol^?1) and elevated (714 μmol mol^?1) levels (daytime 12 h averages). Ozone treatments were charcoal‐filtered air (21 nmol mol^?1) and nonfiltered air plus 1.5 times ambient O₃ (74 nmol mol^?1) 12 h day^?1. Elevated CO₂ increased aboveground postharvest residue production by 28–56% while elevated O₃ suppressed it by 15–46%. In combination, inhibitory effects of added O₃ on biomass production were largely negated by elevated CO₂. Plant residue chemistry was generally unaffected by elevated CO₂, except for an increase in leaf residue lignin concentration. Leaf residues from the elevated O₃ treatments had lower concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, but higher N, fiber, and lignin levels. Chemical composition of petiole, stem, and pod husk residues was only marginally affected by the elevated gas treatments. Treatment effects on plant biomass production, however, influenced the content of chemical constituents on an areal basis. Elevated CO₂ increased the mass per square meter of nonstructural carbohydrates, phenolics, N, cellulose, and lignin by 24–46%. Elevated O₃ decreased the mass per square meter of these constituents by 30–48%, while elevated CO₂ largely ameliorated the added O₃ effect. Carbon mineralization rates of component residues from the elevated gas treatments were not significantly different from the control. However, N immobilization increased in soils containing petiole and stem residues from the elevated CO₂, O₃, and combined gas treatments. Mass loss of decomposing leaf residue from the added O₃ and combined gas treatments was 48% less than the control treatment after 20 weeks, while differences in decomposition of petiole, stem, and husk residues among treatments were minor. Decreased decomposition of leaf residues was correlated with lower starch and higher lignin levels. However, leaf residues only comprised about 20% of the total residue biomass assayed so treatment effects on mass loss of total aboveground residues were relatively small. The primary influence of elevated atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ concentrations on decomposition processes is apt to arise from effects on residue mass input, which is increased by elevated CO₂ and suppressed by O₃.     

Do chronic aboveground O3 exposure and belowground pathogen stress affect growth and belowground biomass partitioning of juvenile beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.)?

The impact of chronic free air ozone (O₃) exposure and belowground pathogen stress on growth and total biomass development of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) was investigated in a lysimeter study. Plants were growing during four years under ambient or elevated atmospheric O₃ concentrations. Additionally, in the last vegetation period the root rot pathogen Phytophthora citricola was introduced to study the interaction of ozone exposure and pathogen stress in the soil-plant system. A complete harvest at the end of the experiment enabled for the first time the assessment of fine and coarse root biomass of individual trees with a high vertical resolution down to two meter depth. Plant growth was significantly reduced by elevated ozone but not affected by P. citricola. Biomass partitioning between fine and coarse roots as well as vertical root distribution were significantly affected by both factors, whereas changes in root/shoot biomass ratio were not observed.     

Competition increasingly dominates the responsiveness of juvenile beech and spruce to elevated CO2 and/or O3 concentrations throughout two subsequent growing seasons

Saplings of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies were grown in mono‐ and mixed cultures in a 2‐year phytotron study under all four combinations of ambient and elevated ozone (O₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations. The hypotheses tested were (1) that the competitiveness of beech rather than spruce is negatively affected by the exposure to enhanced O₃ concentrations, (2) spruce benefits from the increase of resource availability (elevated CO₂) in the mixed culture and (3) that the responsiveness of plants to CO₂ and O₃ depends on the type of competition (i.e. intra vs. interspecific). Beech displayed a competitive disadvantage when growing in mixture with spruce: after two growing seasons under interspecific competition, beech showed significant reductions in leaf gas exchange, biomass development and crown volume as compared with beech plants growing in monoculture. In competition with spruce, beech appeared to be nitrogen (N)‐limited, whereas spruce tended to benefit in terms of its plant N status. The responsiveness of the juvenile trees to the atmospheric treatments differed between species and was dominated by the type of competition: spruce growth benefited from elevated CO₂ concentrations, while beech growth suffered from the enhanced O₃ regime. In general, interspecific competition enhanced these atmospheric treatment effects, supporting our hypotheses. Significant differences in root : shoot biomass ratio between the type of competition under both elevated O₃ and CO₂ were not caused by readjustments of biomass partitioning, but were dependent on tree size. Our study stresses that competition is an important factor driving plant development, and suggests that the knowledge about responses of plants to elevated CO₂ and/or O₃, acquired from plants growing in monoculture, may not be transferred to plants grown under interspecific competition as typically found in the field.     

四年O3熏气对小麦根际土壤氮素微生物转化的影响

采用开顶箱（open top chambers,OTC） 法设置3个臭氧浓度梯度,连续4a对小麦生长季土壤进行臭氧增加试验。测定小麦拔节、孕穗、抽穗、灌浆和成熟期的根际土壤微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌、反硝化细菌数量以及硝化和反硝化强度。结果显示微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量和硝化强度随小麦生育进程的推进,呈先升高后降低的趋势,4a变化趋势相同。O₃胁迫下,小麦根际微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量、硝化强度亦降低,与对照比较,均达显著水平（P < 0.05）;随O₃作用年限增加,抑制效应越强,第4年 O₃对其的抑制率显著高于第1年的抑制率。反硝化细菌数量在前期没有显著变化,成熟期则增加两个数量级,O₃显著促进成熟期反硝化细菌数量增加。4a试验有相同的变化趋势。在较短时间里O₃对土壤反硝化强度没有显著影响,而作用3个生长季后,反硝化强度显著升高。结果说明,O₃浓度升高降低了麦田土壤微生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量和硝化强度,并有一定的积累效应。O₃剂量和作用时间的累积量达到一定阈值,显著增加土壤反硝化细菌数量和反硝化强度,增加麦田土壤N₂O排放的风险。土壤氮素微生物转化受小麦生长发育状况和O₃剂量、作用时间的共同影响,不同形态的氮素对O₃的敏感阈值不同,响应的时间和变化的范围有差异。     

Effects of elevated O3, alone and in combination with elevated CO2, on tree leaf chemistry and insect herbivore performance: a meta-analysis

We reviewed the effects of elevated ozone (O₃), alone and in combination with elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) on primary and secondary metabolites of trees and performance of insect herbivores by means of meta‐analysis. Our database consisted of 63 studies conducted on 22 species of trees and published between 1990 and 2005. Ozone alone had no overall effect on concentrations of carbohydrates or nutrients, whereas in combination with CO₂, elevated O₃ reduced nutrient concentrations and increased carbohydrate concentrations. In contrast to primary metabolites, concentrations of phenolics and terpenes were significantly increased by 16% and 8%, respectively, in response to elevated O₃. Effects of ozone in combination with elevated CO₂ were weaker than those of ozone alone on phenolics, but stronger than those of ozone alone on terpenes. The magnitude of secondary metabolite responses depended on the type of ozone exposure facility and increased in the following order: indoor growth chamber 3 than gymnosperms, as shifts in concentrations of carbohydrate and phenolics were observed in the former, but not in the latter. Elevated O₃ had positive effects on some indices of insect performance: pupal mass increased and larval development time shortened, but these effects were counteracted by elevated CO₂. Therefore, despite the observed increase in secondary metabolites, elevated O₃ tends to increase tree foliage quality for herbivores, but elevated CO₂ may alleviate these effects. Our meta‐analysis clearly demonstrated that effects of elevated O₃ alone on leaf chemistry and some indices of insect performance differed from those of O₃+CO₂, and therefore, it is important to study effects of several factors of global climate change simultaneously.     

Elevated CO2 reduces the nitrogen concentration of plant tissues

We summarize the impacts of elevated CO₂ on the N concentration of plant tissues and present data to support the hypothesis that reductions in the quality of plant tissue commonly occur when plants are grown under elevated CO₂. Synthesis of existing data showed an average 14% reduction of N concentrations in plant tissue generated under elevated CO₂ regimes. However, elevated CO₂ appeared to have different effects on the N concentrations of different plant types, as the reported reductions in N have been larger in C3 plants than in C4 plants and N₂-fixers. Under elevated CO₂ plants changed their allocation of N between above- and below-ground components: root N concentrations were reduced by an average of 9% compared to a 14% average reduction for above-ground tissues. Although the concentration of CO₂ treatments represented a significant source of variance for plant N concentration, no consistent trends were observed between them.