甘蓝型油菜若干农艺性状与单株产量的关系分析

以38个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,对单株产量、有效分枝部位高度、主轴花序长度等11个农艺性状进行了方差分析、通径分析和聚类分析．结果显示:所有调查性状在品种间存在显著的差异;主花序长度、主序有效角果数与单株产量都有显著的遗传相关性,两者都通过有效分枝部位高度对单株产量产生较大的正向间接作用;有效分枝部位高度对单株产量的影响也较显著,高产品种具有相对较高的有效分枝部位高度;总角果数对单株产量的直接遗传通径系数虽小,但它具有最大的直接表型通径系数,它通过主序有效角果数和有效分枝数对单株产量产生了两个较大的间接作用;要获得3130kg/hm~2的产量,重点应具备果多、枝多的特征,总角果数不少于657个,有效分枝数不少于18个．     

水分胁迫对玉米苗期生理和形态特性的影响

水分胁迫下3个玉米品种苗期形态和生理特征变化的研究结果表明,在中度水分胁迫下,鲁单981、赤单202和郑单958三个品种在株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积等形态指标方面变化不大,与正常供水下生长的玉米几个参数基本一致,而重度水分胁迫下,鲁单981的株高、茎粗和总叶面积均小于赤单202和郑单958.测定结果还表明鲁单981的光合速率和蒸腾速率受水分胁迫的影响最大,而郑单958和赤单202受到的影响相对较小;水分胁迫在一定程度上能够提高玉米的水分利用效率,增幅与品种关系较大,抗旱型品种增幅明显,耗水型品种增幅相对较少.     

不同土壤水分条件下中国沙棘雌雄株光合作用、蒸腾作用及水分利用效率特征

采用LI-6400便携式光合系统对野外不同生境(沟底、坡面)和田间不同土壤水分条件下中国沙棘雌雄株的净光合速率和蒸腾速率及水分利用效率特征进行了观测,结果表明,中国沙棘雌雄株在水分条件较好的生境中均表现较强的生活力,净光合速率和蒸腾速率主要受光照强度和大气温度的影响,雄株表现出更高的光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率;在水分条件较差的生境中,雌雄株均通过降低蒸腾和提高水分利用效率来适应逆境,净光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响因子增多,雄株的光合速率大幅度下降,雌株仍保持较高的光合速率,雌株的水分利用效率高于雄株.可见,在反映植物瞬时生理变化的性状方面,雌株对土壤水分减少表现出了更强的适应性,雄株对土壤水分变化表现出了更大的敏感性.     

甘蓝型油菜生殖生长期叶片和角果光合与产量关系的研究

以11个不同适生区甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,研究了油菜生殖生长期植株叶片和角果的光合气体交换参数、光合色素含量、光合关键酶蛋白含量、主要农艺性状及其与产量的关系,探讨影响叶片(角果)光合效率及单株籽粒产量的主要因子,为油菜高产高光效品种的系统评价提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)油菜植株叶片与角果的净光合速率间相关性较小,但叶片净光合速率远大于角果。(2)叶片净光合速率与其叶绿素a+b含量及气孔导度呈不显著的正相关关系(相关系数较大),与其光合关键酶PEPC、RuBisCO蛋白含量相关系数较小或呈不显著负相关;角果(皮)净光合速率与其叶绿素a、b含量、类胡萝卜素含量及气孔导度相关性较强;光合色素含量是影响叶片、角果净光合速率的第一主因子。(3)单株叶面积、角果数及角果表面积与籽粒产量显著正相关关系,是影响籽粒产量的第一主因子;叶片净光合速率和角粒数是影响籽粒产量的第二主因子;单株生物学产量与叶面积呈显著正相关关系,角果表面积、叶面积及叶片净光合速率是影响生物学产量的第一、二主要因子。研究表明,油菜高产高光效品种的综合评价指标应首选单株角果数、叶片面积,其次选择叶片净光合速率、叶片和角果皮的叶绿素含量以及角粒数。     

栝楼雌雄植株的光合作用和蒸腾作用特性

对栝楼雌雄植株生长发育关键时期的光合作用和蒸腾作用进行研究.结果表明:在营养生长阶段,栝楼雄株的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率均大于雌株;雄株比雌株提前22 d进入生殖生长阶段,当雄株进入生殖生长阶段后,其光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均大于雌株,但水分利用效率略小于雌株;当雌株进入生殖生长阶段后,其蒸腾速率和气孔导度大于雄株,而光合速率和水分利用效率显著小于雄株.气候因子对栝楼生长发育的影响主要是在营养生长和生殖生长初期,栝楼生长发育后期对气候因子的响应程度减弱.较高的温度和较低的湿度有利干栝楼的生长发育,光照可提高栝楼尤其是雄株的光合速率.进入生殖生长后,雄株的光合速率随光照的增强显著增加,而雌株的光合速率增加不显著;随气温的升高,雄株的蒸腾速率显著提高,雌株的光合速率极显著提高.     

甘蓝型油菜育种亲本单株产量与农艺性状相关性分析

油菜是我国重要的油料作物,提高油菜产量是油菜育种的首要目标之一。油菜育种中,考察和分析油菜种质的主要农艺性状是筛选育种亲本材料配制优良组合的前提基础,可以为高效开展重要性状的改良提供有效的科学依据。以213份长江流域油菜主产区育种单位提供的甘蓝型油菜育种亲本为材料,采用相关分析、通径分析、多元回归分析及主成分分析等方法,探讨在成都平原气候条件下,油菜单株产量与10个相关农艺性状之间的关系,明确甘蓝型油菜产量形成的主要决定因子。结果表明,不同地区油菜资源农艺性状存在较大差异;单株产量与株高、主序有效长度、一次有效分枝数、主序有效角果数、角果长度、每角果粒数和千粒重呈极显著正相关,与营养生长天数呈显著负相关;对单株产量直接影响最大的是株高,其次是每角果粒数和一次有效分枝数,间接作用最大为主序有效长度,其次是主序有效角果数和一次有效分枝高度。逐步回归分析表明,株高、每角果粒数、一次有效分枝高度和一次有效分枝数是决定单株产量的主要因子;通过主成分分析,可将相关性状综合为4大类:株高控制因子、生育期控制因子、产量性状控制因子和株型控制因子。本生态区域内决定产量形成的关键性状为株高、每角果粒数、一次有效分枝高度和一次有效分枝数,本研究得出的结果对于充分利用各育种单位亲本材料优良性状提供了有价值的参考。     

水分条件对红砂叶片碳同位素组成与光合特性和分枝生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了不同水分处理对红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)叶碳同位素组成、光合特性和分枝生长的影响,并进一步调查了自然条件下不同退化程度红砂草地的土壤含水量,分枝生长、叶碳同位素及其关系。结果表明:(1)在盆栽条件下,随土壤含水量的降低,红砂当年生分枝生物量、一级分枝长、二级分枝数及其叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著减小,而叶片碳同位素组成(δ~(13) C)和水分利用效率则随土壤含水量降低而显著增加;且叶片δ~(13) C与当年生分枝生物量、一级分枝长、二级分枝数、叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈显著负相关关系。(2)在田间自然条件下,红砂叶片δ~(13) C与立地30~60cm及60~100cm土层的土壤含水量、单位冠幅面积生物量、单位冠幅面积分枝数呈显著负相关关系。研究认为,在盆栽和田间条件下,红砂叶片δ~(13) C是指示其生境水分状况的良好指标;红砂主要利用土壤的深层水分,其在土壤含水量相对较低的轻度退化区水分利用效率比土壤含水量相对较高的重度退化区更高。这一结论对于理解干旱生境中红砂的水分利用策略以及红砂草地的管理和恢复具有一定的指导意义。     

小麦叶片气孔性状与产量和抗旱性的关系

以小麦旱选10号/鲁麦14 DH群体为试材,对干旱胁迫和正常灌溉条件下花后10 d和20d旗叶中部气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的关系进行相关和通径分析.结果表明:在两种水分条件下,花后10 d气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的相关性大多不显著;但花后20 d与千粒重呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数、单株产量和抗旱系数的相关性仍大多不显著.气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率是影响单株产量和抗旱系数的主要因素,不仅对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用较大,间接作用也较大;气孔密度与气孔大小对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用和间接作用均较小.在两种水分条件下,花后10 d和20 d,气孔密度与气孔长度之间,气孔长度与气孔宽度、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率之间的相关性均显著或极显著,但气孔密度、气孔长度与气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率间的相关性在不同水分条件和不同生育阶段存在差异,表明水分条件、生长发育阶段对这些性状之间的相关性影响较大.通过育种手段以叶片气孔密度和气孔大小为选择目标,来改善小麦气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率,进而提高产量并不总是一种有效手段.     

濒危植物夏蜡梅及其伴生植物的光合日进程

用LCA4型便携式全自动光合测定仪,在自然条件下,于7月下旬的晴朗天气测定了群落冠层和林下两种不同光环境下夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)的净光合速率（Pn）、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、呼吸速率（Rd）、气孔阻力（rs）的日进程,并与其伴生植物悬铃叶苎麻(Boehmeria platanifolia)、盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、水马桑(Weigela japonica var. sinica)的光合日进程相比较。结果表明：夏蜡梅冠层的光合速率日进程呈“双峰”曲线,有明显的“午休”现象,经分析其“午休”的原因主要是由非气孔因素引起的;林下夏蜡梅则表现为“单峰”曲线,净光合速率较低,最大净光合速率不及冠层的1/2,相关分析结果表明其最重要的影响因子是光合有效辐射（p=0.001）;与其它伴生植物相比,夏蜡梅的日均光合速率、最大光合速率、水分利用效率和光合速率/呼吸速率都明显偏低,在群落竞争中处于不利地位。     

沙埋对沙米幼苗生长、存活及光合蒸腾特性的影响

沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)是藜科沙蓬属1年生沙生植物,广泛分布于我国各主要沙漠和沙地中。为了解沙埋对沙米生长、存活和光合蒸腾特性影响,2010-2011年在科尔沁沙地研究了不同沙埋深度下沙米幼苗高度、存活率、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率的变化,结果表明:沙米具有极强的耐沙埋能力。埋深为株高25%时,沙米幼苗存活率和株高显著增加,埋深为株高50%-100%时,其株高和存活率虽有下降,但与非沙埋对照差异不显著。当沙埋深度超过株高后,其株高和存活率急剧下降,但沙埋达到株高266%时仍然有部分幼苗存活。沙埋第5天,随着沙埋深度的增加,沙米幼苗的光合速率缓慢下降,蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率均呈波动式变化。随着沙埋时间的延长,和对照相比,沙米幼苗的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均随沙埋深度增加而大幅度下降,但水分利用效率仍呈波动式变化。沙埋第15天时其光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率分别较非沙埋对照下降了86.7%、89.0%、90.0%和4.2%。相关分析表明,沙米幼苗的存活率和高生长与其光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度变化呈显著正相关,而其光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间也呈显著正相关,但与水分利用效率的相关性未达到显著水平。沙埋胁迫下沙米幼苗存活率下降和生长抑制不仅源于沙埋造成幼苗顶土困难和光合面积减少,光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降也是重要原因。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation