基于GIS的马铃薯甲虫扩散与河流关系研究——以新疆沙湾县为例

马铃薯甲虫是一种重要的外来入侵害虫,自1993年传入我国新疆北部地区以来,迅速扩散传播,对我国马铃薯等茄科作物生产造成严重威胁。为明确马铃薯甲虫传播扩散与河流等生态因子之间的关系,结合马铃薯甲虫虫情调查,利用地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,对新疆沙湾县马铃薯甲虫发生与河流的关系进行研究。结果表明:在沙湾县内,马铃薯甲虫扩散方向与河流流向基本一致,均呈由南向北方向;不同缓冲区内,马铃薯甲虫危害级别差异极显著,缓冲区危害级别从大到小依次:缓冲区2(1-2 km)>缓冲区4(3-4 km)>缓冲区5(4-5 km)>缓冲区1(0-1 km)>缓冲区3(2-3 km);不同河流流域内马铃薯甲虫危害级别也差异极显著,危害级别排序依次是:金沟河>安集海河>玛纳斯河>西岸大渠。     

降水对新疆马铃薯甲虫分布的影响

为明确降水在中国新疆地区对马铃薯甲虫分布的影响,揭示制约马铃薯甲虫分布扩散的关键环境因子,为马铃薯甲虫的持续防控和综合治理提供理论依据。该研究结合新疆历史降水数据,对马铃薯甲虫现有分布区内的降水时空格局展开分析,比较了马铃薯甲虫危害程度与降水时空格局的关系。结果表明:马铃薯甲虫现主要分布于新疆年降水量在150 mm以上地区,早期定殖的地区降水量大于后期定殖区,其扩散方向为自西向东,同时年降水量也逐渐减少。马铃薯甲虫危害程度也随着经度增加而递减,早期发现马铃薯甲虫的地区受危害程度较重。降水量减少导致的水分缺乏对马铃薯甲虫的分布扩散具有一定的制约作用。     

马铃薯甲虫幼虫

正马铃薯甲虫Leptiontarsa decemlineata(Say)是世界著名害虫,主要危害马铃薯、茄子和西红柿等,野生寄主植物有刺萼龙葵和天仙子等。该虫发源于北美洲落基山山脉,大约170年前随着北美洲栽培马铃薯引入后成为其主要害虫。马铃薯甲虫成虫和幼虫均造成危害,幼虫常将马铃薯叶片全部吃光,在许多国家造成马铃薯减产30%~50%,严重的地方造成90%的产量损失甚至绝收。马铃薯甲虫1993年首次在我国的新疆伊犁地区发现,目前在新疆、黑龙江和吉林3省区的46个县市有     

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)是我国马铃薯恶性入侵害虫.本研究利用聚集度指标检验、Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间的空间分布型进行了研究.聚集度指标检测各虫态均为聚集分布,且种群聚集主要是由马铃薯甲虫各虫态本身的聚集行为,或由其本身的聚集行为与环...     

不同寄主植物上马铃薯甲虫种群生长发育的比较研究

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是马铃薯Solanum tuberosum等茄科作物上的一种毁灭性害虫。为了探明寄主植物对新疆马铃薯甲虫种群生长发育的影响, 本研究通过非选择性试验测定了马铃薯、 茄子Solanum melongena和番茄Lycopersicon esculentum 3种栽培寄主及野生寄主中亚天仙子Hyoscyamus pusillus对马铃薯甲虫种群生长发育、 存活、 繁殖及生命表参数的影响。结果表明： 马铃薯甲虫幼虫虽然能够取食番茄, 但幼虫的发育历期长、 存活率低且蛹不能羽化, 表明番茄不是新疆马铃薯甲虫种群的适宜寄主。马铃薯、 茄子、 中亚天仙子3种寄主植物对该虫卵、 幼虫、 蛹的存活率和发育历期及成虫产卵前期没有显著影响, 但对蛹重和繁殖力影响显著。取食不同寄主植物后, 该虫蛹重和繁殖力从大到小的次序为： 马铃薯＞茄子＞中亚天仙子; 种群的净增殖率(R₀)、 内禀增长率(r_m)和种群趋势指数(I)从大到小依次为： 马铃薯＞茄子＞中亚天仙子。因此马铃薯为新疆马铃薯甲虫种群的最适宜寄主, 其次为茄子和中亚天仙子, 而番茄为不适宜寄主。     

新疆石河子和博州地区马铃薯甲虫抗药性检测

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)在新疆北部的危害逐年加重。本文采用点滴法检测了石河子、博州和昌吉3个地区4个马铃薯甲虫田间种群对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类等15种杀虫药剂的抗性水平。结果表明,所检测的沙湾、玛纳斯、博乐和奇台4个马铃薯田间种群对拟除虫菊酯类高效氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯产生了11～155倍的抗性,博乐种群对高效氯氰菊酯抗性为27倍;4个种群对氨基酸酯类的丁硫克百威也产生了33～59倍的抗性。另外,对硫丹和阿维菌素也分别产生了11～23倍和4～7倍的抗性。但对水胺硫磷等4种有机磷和吡虫啉等3种新烟碱类杀虫药剂仍然比较敏感。研究结果为上述地区马铃薯甲虫的有效控制提供重要依据。     

诊断剂量法监测新疆维吾尔自治区马铃薯甲虫的抗药性

本文在测定发现新疆特克斯县马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)田间种群对测定杀虫剂敏感的基础上,采用特克斯田间种群确定了19种常用农药品种的诊断剂量,监测了新疆奇台(QT)、阜康(FK)、乌鲁木齐(URMQ)、昌吉(CJ)、乌苏(US)、特克斯(TKS)、尼勒克(NLK)、察布查尔(QPQL)、新源(XY)和阿勒泰(ALT)共10个县市马铃薯甲虫对常用药剂的抗性水平。发现采自昌吉和新源的马铃薯甲虫种群对三氟氯氰菊酯分别为34.3%和65.7%;采自乌苏的马铃薯甲虫种群对高效氯氰菊酯的存活率为25.0%;采自奇台和尼勒克的马铃薯甲虫种群对马拉硫磷存活率分别为60.1%和29.0%;采自昌吉和尼勒克的马铃薯甲虫种群对丁硫克百威存活率分别为64.3%和99.0%;采自昌吉的马铃薯甲虫种群对吡虫啉存活率为50.3%。上述结果证明马铃薯甲虫在新疆局部地区已对常用农药出现明显抗性。     

马铃薯甲虫成虫田间扩散规律

马铃薯甲虫具有很强的自主扩散能力,为进一步明确马铃薯甲虫在田间自然条件下的扩散特性,采用"标记—释放—回捕"方法研究了农田生态系统下的马铃薯甲虫扩散规律。结果表明:随着释放时间的推后,回捕得到的虫口数量逐渐减少。田间的平均拥挤度、平均密度和拥挤度指标也逐渐减小,至释放后7 d,马铃薯甲虫的空间分布格局变化为均匀分布。在扩散速度上,马铃薯甲虫越冬代和第2代成虫扩散速度显著高于第1代成虫,而越冬代和第2代成虫的扩散速度差异不明显,雌虫的扩散速度大于雄虫。在扩散方向上,各世代成虫扩散没有明显的方向性,呈向四周随机扩散趋势。     

马铃薯甲虫幼虫

正马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是世界著名的入侵害虫,也是我国禁止进境检疫性有害生物和全国农业植物检疫性有害生物。该虫隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera、叶甲科Chrysomelidae,对马铃薯可造成毁灭性危害,其成虫和幼虫也危害和取食茄子、番茄、天仙子和刺萼龙葵等。马铃薯     

马铃薯甲虫幼虫

<正>马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是世界著名的入侵害虫,也是我国禁止进境检疫性有害生物和全国农业植物检疫性有害生物。该虫隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera、叶甲科Chrysomelidae,对马铃薯可造成毁灭性危害,其成虫和幼虫也危害和取食茄子、番茄、天仙子和刺萼龙葵等。马铃薯     

Comparison of larval performance and oviposition preference of Spodoptera frugiperda among three host plants: Potential risks to potato and tobacco crops

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a major polyphagous pest with the potential to seriously damage various crops. A better understanding of FAW's performance on different hosts may help to predict which plants will be attacked when the preferred host is absent, and facilitate the development of effective pest management practices. We compared the larval performance of FAW fed on maize with that of FAW fed on potato and tobacco, which are important crops in China, using an age-stage two-sex life table and adult female oviposition preference experiments. In cage experiments with potato, tobacco, or maize as the host, FAW reared on maize exhibited the strongest performance with shorter developmental time in the larval stage, longer longevity, and a higher reproductive rate in adults. Females oviposited on maize in preference to potato or tobacco. Compared with larvae fed on maize, those fed on potato and tobacco exhibited significantly lower survival, with only 31.61% and 8.13% developing to the adult stage, respectively. Several life table parameters, including the mean generation time (T), net reproductive rate (R₀), finite rate of increase (λ), and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were negatively affected in FAW fed on potato and tobacco. Our results support the preference–performance hypothesis, that is, that herbivore females maximize fitness by choosing host plants associated with strong larval performance. Although larvae and adults performed poorly on potato and tobacco, their offspring will be capable of establishing populations on them, posing a potential threat to these crops in China.     

不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用

随着马铃薯甲虫不断扩展其分布范围,其对寄主的适应性也在发生变化。在我国,马铃薯甲虫的主要寄主植物是马铃薯、茄子、番茄和天仙子。为进一步明确马铃薯甲虫对不同寄主植物的嗜食程度,研究了以上4种寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用,以及取食量的影响,同时进行了田间寄主选择性的调查。选择性试验结果表明:不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用差异显著,其中马铃薯、天仙子引诱作用显著高于茄子和番茄;取食量研究结果表明:马铃薯甲虫各龄期对不同寄主24 h取食量的大小依次为:马铃薯>茄子>天仙子>番茄;1—2龄幼虫取食量小,3—4龄幼虫及成虫暴食寄主叶片,是马铃薯甲虫造成危害的主要阶段。     

世界毁灭性检疫害虫番茄潜叶蛾的生物生态学及危害与控制

番茄潜叶蛾原产于南美洲的秘鲁,严重危害多种茄科作物,是最具毁灭性的世界检疫性害虫,严重发生地块番茄减产80%~100%。该虫主要借助农产品的贸易活动进行远距离传播扩散。截至2017年,番茄潜叶蛾已在全世界的85个国家和地区发生(以及在22个国家和地区疑似发生)。目前,我国尚没有该虫分布,然而其一旦入侵,将对我国的番茄和马铃薯产业构成巨大威胁。从番茄潜叶蛾寄主范围、危害特点及造成的经济损失、生物生态学习性、地理分布和传播扩散途径、防控措施等方面进行概述,以期为该虫的有效防范提供参考。     

Efficacy of some medicinal plant extracts and essential oils against Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say is one of the most important defoliator pests of potato in the world and it often causes extremely large potato yield losses. Potatoes are the preferred hosts for the pest, but it may feed and reproduce on a number of other plants in the Solanaceae family. Public concern related to pesticides and their residues in and on the foods had prompted a rise of consumer interest in organically produced foods. There have been growing efforts to detect and introduce suitable plant compounds that they have insecticidal properties. However, discovering of plant extracts for possible use in control of this pest requires more studying about plant extracts and compounds. Since resistance of CPB to common chemical insecticides is well documented and potato is one of the most prominent nutritious food products for many people in many countries, we examined the effect of essential oils (EOs) of European pennyroyal, lavander, mint, oregano and savory and methanolic extracts of fumitory, licorice and oregano on the pest. These plants were selected because they have medicinal properties and they are safe to human and environment. Adult CPBs were exposed to mentioned plant extracts and essential oils. LC₅₀ values for EOs of lavander and European pennyroyal were 4154 and 3561 ppm, respectively. The results demonstrated that essential oil of European pennyroyal (Mentha longifolia) would be suitable compound to control the pest, but essential oil of mint (Mentha spicata) was not effective against the pest. Also it is notable that at all treatments, the amount of adult feeding was very low.     

Area‐wide monitoring of potato tuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella) by pheromone trapping in Northern Italy: phenology,spatial distribution and relationships between catches and tuber damage

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Invasion of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata,in China: dispersal,occurrence, and economic impact

Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a global destructive pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae). It is also an important quarantine pest in China, but its dispersal history, occurrence, and economic impact in China have not yet been reported. We determined the current distribution of CPB and reconstructed its dispersal routes. We also investigated the density of CPB in China in 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2010, and estimated the economic impact of CPB in China. In 1993, CPB was first detected in Xinjiang and subsequently spread eastward. The CPB entered China at three distinct points in Xinjiang: in Huocheng County, Tacheng City, and Habahe County. As of 2010, CPB had invaded 38 counties and cities in China, with a distribution area of 277 000 km², between 42°40′–48°28′N and 80°15′–90°41′E. The distribution area could be divided into four zones (from south to north): Ili River Valley, northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, Tacheng Basin, and Altay. The average annual dispersal rates in the four zones were 18, 45, 12, and 24 km year^?1, respectively. In China, CPB seriously damages potato, impacts eggplant, Solanum melongena L., and occasionally harms tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. The current annual economic loss caused by CPB in China is estimated to be 3.2 million USD. The potential annual economic losses after completion of its invasion in China is estimated to be 235 million USD. Future invasion pathways, factors affecting CPB dispersal, and control measures were discussed.     

A hybrid Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin gives resistance against a coleopteran and a lepidopteran pest in transgenic potato

Expression of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins has proven to be a successful strategy for obtaining insect resistance in transgenic plants. Drawbacks of expression of a single resistance gene are the limited target spectrum and the potential for rapid adaptation of the pest. Hybrid toxins with a wider target spectrum in combination with existing toxins may be used as tool to mitigate these problems. In this study, Desiree potato plants were genetically modified to resist attack by insect species belonging to the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, through the insertion of such a hybrid gene, SN19. Transgenic plants were shown to be resistant against Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults, potato tuber moth larvae, and European corn borer larvae. These are the first transgenic plants resistant to pests belonging to two different insect orders. In addition, the target receptor recognition of this hybrid protein is expected to be different from Cry proteins currently in use for these pests. This makes it a useful tool for resistance management strategies.     

Life history traits of pest and non-pest populations in the phytophagous ladybird beetle,Epilachna niponica (coleoptera, coccinellidae)

Life history traits of the phytophagous ladybird beetle,Epilachna niponica were compared between a non-pest population feeding on wild thistle and a pest population feeding on cultivated solanaceous crops, mainly potato. The pest population had larger females, a higher population growth rate, a more continuous oviposition schedule, and a shorter developmental period in the immature stages, compared with the non-pest population. The two populations showed no clear differences in phenology from spring to autumn, egg mass size, hatchability, and larval survival rate. Significant differences were found in number of eggs laid per female during the first and second periods, and in the developmental period of the immature stages. These life history traits were influenced primarily by food plant. A higher fecundity and shorter immature period appear to be readily altered by the host shift from thistle to potato.