三种水库消落带草本植物对完全水淹的适应机制研究

为了解虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)、牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)和狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)3种水库消落带草本植物在完全水淹条件下的生理生态适应机制,对这3种植物的生态指标(枝条、叶和生物量)和生理指标(可溶性糖、淀粉和根系活力)的动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：在完全水淹条件下,虉草、牛鞭草和狗牙根都不产生新的枝条,它们通过减少总叶数、总叶长和生物量的方式来适应水淹环境。虉草和狗牙根通过减缓枝条生长速率来适应水淹环境,而牛鞭草则是通过先加快生长后抑制生长来保存活力。虉草、牛鞭草和狗牙根均以少量的碳水化合物(可溶性糖和淀粉)消耗,降低根系活力等方式来适应长期的水淹环境。3种草本植物的水淹耐受能力由大到小依次为狗牙根、虉草、牛鞭草。     

Recovery dynamics of growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate accumulation after de-submergence: a comparison between two wetland plants showing escape and quiescence strategies

Background and Aims

The capacity for fast-growth recovery after de-submergence is important for establishment of riparian species in a water-level-fluctuation zone. Recovery patterns of two wetland plants, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Hemarthria altissima, showing ‘escape’ and ‘quiescence’ responses, respectively, during submergence were investigated.

Methods

Leaf and root growth and photosynthesis were monitored continuously during 10 d of recovery following 20 d of complete submergence. Above- and below-ground dry weights, as well as carbohydrate concentrations, were measured several times during the experiment.

Key Results

Both species remobilized stored carbohydrate during submergence. Although enhanced internode elongation depleted the carbohydrate storage in A. philoxeroides during submergence, this species resumed leaf growth 3 d after de-submergence concomitant with restoration of the maximal photosynthetic capacity. In contrast, some sucrose was conserved in shoots of H. altissima during submergence, which promoted rapid re-growth of leaves 2 d after de-submergence and earlier than the full recovery of photosynthesis. The recovery of root growth was delayed by 1–2 d compared with leaves in both species.

Conclusions

Submergence tolerance of the escape and quiescence strategies entails not only the corresponding regulation of growth, carbohydrate catabolism and energy metabolism during submergence but also co-ordinated recovery of photosynthesis, growth and carbohydrate partitioning following de-submergence.     

Photosynthetic acclimation is important for post-submergence recovery of photosynthesis and growth in two riparian species

Background and Aims

Concomitant increases in O₂ and irradiance upon de-submergence can cause photoinhibition and photo-oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. As energy and carbohydrate supply from photosynthesis is needed for growth, it was hypothesized that post-submergence growth recovery may require efficient photosynthetic acclimation to increased O₂ and irradiance to minimize photo-oxidative damage. The hypothesis was tested in two flood-tolerant species: a C₃ herb, Alternanthera philoxeroides; and a C₄ grass, Hemarthria altissima. The impact of low O₂ and low light, typical conditions in turbid floodwater, on post-submergence recovery was assessed by different flooding treatments combined with shading.

Methods

Experiments were conducted during 30 d of flooding (waterlogging or submergence) with or without shading and subsequent recovery of 20 d under growth conditions. Changes in dry mass, number of branches/tillers, and length of the longest internodes and main stems were recorded to characterize growth responses. Photosynthetic parameters (photosystem II efficiency and non-photochemical quenching) were determined in mature leaves based on chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements.

Key Results

In both species growth and photosynthesis recovered after the end of the submergence treatment, with recovery of photosynthesis (starting shortly after de-submergence) preceding recovery of growth (pronounced on days 40–50). The effective quantum yield of photosystem II and non-photochemical quenching were diminished during submergence but rapidly increased upon de-submergence. Similar changes were found in all shaded plants, with or without flooding. Submerged plants did not suffer from photoinhibition throughout the recovery period although their growth recovery was retarded.

Conclusions

After sudden de-submergence the C₃ plant A. philoxeroides and the C₄ plant H. altissima were both able to maintain the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus through rapid acclimation to changing O₂ and light conditions. The ability for photosynthetic acclimation may be essential for adaptation to wetland habitats in which water levels fluctuate.Key words: Aerenchyma, Alternanthera philoxeroides, flooding, growth, Hemarthria altissima, low light, photosynthesis, shade, submergence, waterlogging, wetland plant     

Shifting effects of physiological integration on performance of a clonal plant during submergence and de-submergence

Background and Aims

Submergence and de-submergence are common phenomena encountered by riparian plants due to water level fluctuations, but little is known about the role of physiological integration in clonal plants (resource sharing between interconnected ramets) in their adaptation to such events. Using Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) as an example, this study tested the hypotheses that physiological integration will improve growth and photosynthetic capacity of submerged ramets during submergence and will promote their recovery following de-submergence.

Methods

Connected clones of A. philoxeroides, each consisting of two ramet systems and a stolon internode connecting them, were grown under control (both ramet systems untreated), half-submerged (one ramet system submerged and the other not submerged), fully submerged (both ramet systems submerged), half-shaded (one ramet system shaded and the other not shaded) and full-shaded (both ramet systems shaded) conditions for 30 d and then de-submerged/de-shaded for 20 d. The submerged plants were also shaded to very low light intensities, mimicking typical conditions in turbid floodwater.

Key Results

After 30 d of submergence, connections between submerged and non-submerged ramets significantly increased growth and carbohydrate accumulation of the submerged ramets, but decreased the growth of the non-submerged ramets. After 20 d of de-submergence, connections did not significantly affect the growth of either de-submerged or non-submerged ramets, but de-submerged ramets had high soluble sugar concentrations, suggesting high metabolic activities. The shift from significant effects of integration on both submerged and non-submerged ramets during the submergence period to little effect during the de-submergence period was due to the quick recovery of growth and photosynthesis. The effects of physiological integration were not found to be any stronger under submergence/de-submergence than under shading/de-shading.

Conclusions

The results indicate that it is not just the beneficial effects of physiological integration that are crucial to the survival of riparian clonal plants during periods of submergence, but also the ability to recover growth and photosynthesis rapidly after de-submergence, which thus allows them to spread.     

Growth and turion formation of Potamogeton crispus in response to different phosphorus concentrations in water

The vegetative growth and turion formation of Potamogeton crispus, a submersed aquatic macrophyte, was investigated under a range of phosphorus (P) concentrations (0.025, 0.25, 2.5 and 25 mg P L^?1) in the ambient water free of algae, aiming to identify the responses of submersed aquatic macrophytes to nutrient enrichment, a common eutrophication problem in China and worldwide. Plant growth was not affected by different P concentrations in terms of biomass accumulation of stems and leaves. However, the contents of chlorophyll a and starch in plants decreased with increasing water P levels, whereas chlorophyll b and carotenoids declined with P level ranging from 0.025 to 2.5 mg P L^?1. The soluble sugar content decreased when water P concentration increased up to 2.5 mg L^?1. The P content in plants increased with increasing water P levels, whereas plant N content decreased and soluble protein increased when water P concentration increased over 0.25 mg L^?1, implying that P. crispus may have modified its metabolism to adapt to water P availability. When P concentration increased to 25 mg L^?1, the number and dry matter production of turions per plant decreased significantly. Meanwhile, there was a significant reduction in turion weight and the accumulations of soluble sugar and starch in turion, when water P concentration was over 0.25 mg L^?1. The results suggest that turion formation in P. crispus is sensitive to P concentration in the ambient water, and high P levels may lead to decreases in P. crispus populations due to the decline in turion production.     

鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物生长和营养繁殖对水淹时长的响应

水淹时长是影响湿地植物分布的重要因素。在水情不断变化的背景下,鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物种群和群落的变化规律还不清楚。为了探究淹水时长对鄱阳湖洲滩3种优势植物生长和繁殖的影响,并预测在水文发生剧烈变化后,3种优势植物分布的趋势,采用控制实验模拟了不同水淹时长(0、60、90、120、150 d和180 d)下鄱阳湖湿地3种优势植物(灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)、南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea))的生长和繁殖情况。研究结果表明:1)南荻在水淹超过120 d后,存活率开始降低,水淹到达180 d完全死亡。而灰化薹草和虉草在淹水180 d后仍全部存活。表明南荻耐淹水的能力弱于其他两种植物。2)水淹显著降低灰化薹草的总生物量,并且总生物量随水淹时长的增加而逐渐降低。而短时间(小于150 d)的水淹没有对虉草总生物量产生显著影响。3)退水初期,灰化薹草的恢复生长趋向于地上部分,而虉草表现为地下和地下部分同步生长。该研究结果可以为预测水文情势变化下鄱阳湖湿地植物种群和群落的动态变化提供依据。     

淹水对三峡库区消落带香附子生理特性的影响

为了阐明香附子对三峡库区消落带水淹的耐淹机理,该研究模拟三峡库区消落带夏季汛期水淹环境,设置常规水分管理(CK)、根部水淹(T1)、半淹(T2)以及全淹(T3)4个不同处理组,研究香附子对不同淹水环境的生理响应机制。结果显示:(1)经过45d的水淹处理,所有水淹处理香附子叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素以及总叶绿素的含量均显著下降,但叶绿素a/b值仍维持在CK水平;(2)淹水并没有增加T1和T3处理植株可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,但显著增加了T2植株叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量;(3)随着水淹时间的延长,各水淹处理植株叶片丙二醛含量逐渐升高,且自水淹15d后均与CK植株差异显著;(4)所有水淹处理香附子植株SOD、CAT和APX等抗氧化酶活性均有所增加,但随着水淹时间的继续延长,T3植株叶片SOD和CAT活性逐渐下降。(5)经过45d的水淹处理,各水淹处理植株淀粉含量在叶和根中均显著增加。研究表明,虽然淹水对香附子产生了一定的伤害,但香附子能够通过调节体内各种保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来增加对水淹的抵御能力,而且根部高浓度淀粉含量也为香附子耐受水淹胁迫提供了稳定的能量供应。     

桑苗非结构性碳水化合物和生长激素对水淹胁迫的响应

桑(Morus alba)具有较强的耐水淹特性, 为了探究水淹胁迫对其非结构性碳水化合物和生长激素的影响, 揭示变化规律, 该研究采取室内模拟水淹实验, 以三年生盆栽桑苗作为研究对象, 设置对照组(CK)、根淹组(GY)、浅淹组(QY)、深淹组(SY)等4个不同水淹胁迫的处理, 定期观测并记录桑苗叶片非结构性碳水化合物(可溶性糖和淀粉)含量、内源生长激素(乙烯、脱落酸、赤霉素)含量变化情况。研究结果表明: (1)水淹胁迫会促进桑苗叶片内的生化反应, 造成叶片可溶性糖含量增加。水淹75天, GY、QY、SY桑苗叶片可溶性糖含量较水淹前分别增加182.18%、170.21%和94.16%, 差异显著, 且显著高于CK。水淹胁迫下桑苗叶片淀粉含量在水淹0-50天无显著变化, 水淹75天, GY、QY、SY桑苗叶片淀粉含量较水淹50天分别增加290.84%、244.65%和130.04%, 差异显著, 且显著高于CK。(2)水淹胁迫下桑苗叶片乙烯和赤霉素含量均显著增加, 水淹75天, GY和SY桑苗乙烯含量较水淹前分别增加62.80%和26.78%, 差异显著; GY、QY和SY桑苗赤霉素含量分别增加27.48%、18.02%和25.04%, 差异显著。随着水淹时间增加, GY和SY桑苗乙烯和赤霉素含量总体均呈增加趋势, QY桑苗乙烯和赤霉素含量先增后减, 但仍高于水淹前。水淹胁迫下水淹各组桑苗叶片脱落酸含量随着水淹深度的增加而增加, 水淹75天, QY和SY桑苗叶片脱落酸含量较水淹前分别增加19.20%和36.16%, 差异显著; GY桑苗脱落酸含量无显著变化。上述研究结果表明桑苗可通过调整体内非结构性碳水化合物(可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量和分配, 同时通过积累乙烯、赤霉素、脱落酸等内源激素以适应水淹环境, 具有较强耐淹能力。     

遮光对杉木幼苗树干表面CO2通量的影响

树干表面CO_2通量是森林生态系统碳收支的重要组成部分,对全球碳平衡产生重要影响。近年来,全球变化导致植物光合产物供应发生改变,这将影响树干表面CO_2通量。然而,关于光合产物供应如何影响树干表面CO_2通量的机理仍不清楚。以盆栽杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗为研究对象,采用遮光方法减少光合产物供应,通过自制呼吸气室,使用Li-8100测定树干表面CO_2通量,并结合树干可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳及树干温度等数据分析遮光对树干表面CO_2通量的影响。结果表明:遮光后树干可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳含量分别显著下降了55.0%、78.9%和64.3%。遮光处理阶段树干表面CO_2通量平均下降39.9%,且下降幅度随着遮光时间的延长而增加;此外,遮光降低了树干表面CO_2通量的温度敏感性。恢复光照后,树干表面CO_2通量、树干可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳含量以及树干温度均恢复至对照水平。可见,光合产物供应变化对树干表面CO_2通量具有调控作用,而且能够通过调控树干表面CO_2通量对温度变化的响应对全球碳循环产生重要影响。     

Physiological mechanisms for plant distribution pattern: responses to flooding and drought in three wetland plants from Dongting Lake, China

Both flooding and drought are important in determining plant distribution in wetlands. However, the roles of plant’s physiological response to flooding and drought in accounting for plant distribution are far from clear. To this end, three typical wetland plants with different distribution patterns (high-elevation species Miscanthus sacchariflorus, low-elevation species Carex brevicuspis and Polygonum hydropiper) in Dongting Lake were treated with three water levels (flooding 25 cm, control 0 cm, drought ?25 cm), and relative growth rate (RGR), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage and proline content were investigated. The RGR of the three species decreased significantly in both flooding and drought treatments. Compared to the control, the RGR of M. sacchariflorus decreased more in the flooding treatment but less in the drought treatment compared to the other two species. The contents of MDA in the three species increased in both flooding and drought treatments, except for P. hydropiper in the flooding treatment. MDA contents increased more in M. sacchariflorus in the flooding treatment but less in the drought treatment compared to the other two species. Only M. sacchariflorus had a higher electrolyte leakage in the flooding treatment, and drought led to a higher electrolyte leakage in P. hydropiper and C. brevicuspis. Proline content increased 69.2, 66.7 and 39.6 % in P. hydropiper, C. brevicuspis and M. sacchariflorus in the flooding treatment, and increased 44.2, 13.0 and 45.3 % in the drought treatment, respectively. These results suggest that M. sacchariflorus has a higher tolerance to drought but a lower tolerance to flooding than do the other two species, which might be the intrinsic mechanisms accounting for their different distribution patterns.     

隔离降雨对马尾松针叶非结构性碳水化合物和碳、氮、磷的影响

植物叶片中的非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）和碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量可反映植物和生态系统对水分亏缺环境的响应及适应程度。以福建省长汀县25a马尾松（Pinus massoniana）为对象,原位观测分析了3年持续100%隔离降雨对成年马尾松针叶NSC与C、N、P的影响。结果表明：（1）持续隔离降雨导致马尾松针叶NSC含量先显著增加后减少,最终导致针叶NSC含量季节变化消失;且针叶可溶性糖含量、可溶性糖/淀粉比值在后期显著增加;（2）持续隔离降雨使马尾松针叶N含量、P含量、N ： P均表现为前期与对照组差异不显著,后期显著高于对照组;（3）马尾松针叶NSC含量、可溶性糖含量、P含量、N ： P与土壤水分含量呈显著或极显著相关,且均与P含量显著或极显著相关,与N素无相关性。以上研究结果表明,随着土壤水分含量的持续减少马尾松可通过调整针叶中NSC含量的积累及分配和提高针叶N、P含量来适应缺水环境,P含量的增加对NSC含量波动及可溶性糖和淀粉的相互转化起促进作用。     

落羽杉根系有机酸与NSC代谢对三峡消落带水位变化的响应

为探究三峡库区消落带水位变化下落羽杉根系有机酸和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的响应特征,以适生木本植物落羽杉为对象,在消落带原位环境中设置对照-SS(海拔175 m,试验期间无水淹)、MS(海拔170 m,中度水淹胁迫)和DS(海拔165 m,深度水淹胁迫)3个处理,分别于海拔170 m和165 m退水时采集样品,测定并分析根系有机酸和NSC的变化。结果表明:(1)库区水淹对落羽杉基径无显著影响,仅有DS组明显抑制了高生长,落羽杉生长能较积极地响应库区水淹。(2)库区水淹对落羽杉侧根和总根有机酸的影响一致,侧根有机酸代谢作用优于主根。与SS组相比,MS组根系有机酸含量增高,DS组根系有机酸含量降低,除部分根系酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸变化达到显著水平外,其余有机酸均无显著变化。(3)库区不同强度水淹对落羽杉根系NSC有不同程度的影响。与SS组相比,MS组可溶性糖无显著变化,淀粉、NSC含量显著增加,但总根NSC在水淹前与水淹后无明显差异;形成鲜明对比的是,DS组显著降低了可溶性糖、NSC含量,对淀粉无显著影响,且水淹后总根NSC显著低于水淹前。(4)相关分析表明,主根、总根草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸及侧根、总根莽草酸分别与淀粉、NSC间表现出显著相关性(P0.05)。研究结果表明,在三峡库区消落带水淹胁迫下,落羽杉根系有机酸与NSC代谢联系紧密。通过维持一定的根系淀粉含量,保持植株正常的有机酸代谢水平,较好地适应三峡库区消落带生境。     

Light acclimation, CO2 response and long-term capacity of underwater photosynthesis in three terrestrial plant species

To characterize underwater photosynthetic performance in some terrestrial plants, we determined (i) underwater light acclimation (ii) underwater photosynthetic response to dissolved CO₂, and (iii) underwater photosynthetic capacity during prolonged submergence in three species that differ in submergence tolerance: Phalaris arundinacea, Rumex crispus (both submergence-tolerant) and Arrhenatherum elatius (submergence-intolerant). None of the species had adjusted to low irradiance after 1 week of submergence. Under non-submerged (control) conditions, only R. crispus displayed shade acclimation. Submergence increased the apparent quantum yield in this species, presumably because of the enhanced CO₂ affinity of the elongated leaves. In control plants of the grass species P. arundinacea and A. elatius, CO₂ affinities were higher than for R. crispus. The underwater photosynthetic capacity of R. crispus increased during 1 month of submergence. In P. arundinacea photosynthesis remained constant during 1 month of submergence at normal irradiance; at low irradiance a reduction in photosynthetic capacity was observed after 2 weeks, although there was no tissue degeneration. In contrast, underwater photosynthesis of the submergence-intolerant species A. elatius collapsed rapidly under both irradiances, and this was accompanied by leaf decay. To describe photosynthesis versus irradiance curves, four models were evaluated. The hyperbolic tangent produced the best goodness-of-fit, whereas the rectangular hyperbola (Michaelis-Menten model) gave relatively poor results.     

Morphological and physiological responses of rice seedlings to complete submergence (flash flooding)

Background and Aims

Reducing damage to rice seedlings caused by flash flooding will improve the productivity of rainfed lowland rice in West Africa. Accordingly, the morphological and physiological responses of different forms of rice to complete submergence were examined in field and pot experiments to identify primary causes of damage.

Methods

To characterize the physiological responses, seedlings from a wide genetic base including Oryza sativa, O. glaberrima and interspecific hybrids were compared using principle component analysis.

Key Results

Important factors linked to flash-flood tolerance included minimal shoot elongation underwater, increase in dry matter weight during submergence and post-submergence resistance to lodging. In particular, fast shoot elongation during submergence negatively affected plant growth after de-submergence. Also shoot-elongating cultivars showed a strong negative correlation between dry matter weight of the leaves that developed before submergence and leaves developing during submergence.

Conclusions

Enhancement of shoot elongation during submergence in water that is too deep to permit re-emergence by small seedlings represents a futile escape strategy that takes place at the expense of existing dry matter in circumstances where underwater photosynthetic carbon fixation is negligible. Consequently, it compromises survival or recovery growth once flood water levels recede and plants are re-exposed to the aerial environment. Tolerance is greater in cultivars where acceleration of elongation caused by submergence is minimal.Key words: Africa, flash floods, Oryza glaberrima, rainfed lowland, rice, shoot elongation, stress tolerance, submergence     

五唇兰对PEG模拟的干旱胁迫响应研究

为了解干旱对五唇兰(Phalaenopsis pulcherrima)生长的影响,以聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对其叶片的光合色素、渗透调节物质和非结构碳水化合物(NSC)含量变化进行研究。结果表明,随着PEG浓度增加,五唇兰植株含水量和鲜质量逐渐下降,以PEG为13.75%～14.84%时最显著。PEG处理显著降低叶片的叶绿素a和b含量。随着植株含水量的降低,叶片可溶性蛋白、淀粉(St)含量均呈下降趋势,可溶性糖(SS)含量、NSC和SS/St均呈先升后降的趋势。因此,干旱胁迫会影响五唇兰植株的含水量和光合产物的积累;在较低程度干旱胁迫下,可溶性糖在抗旱响应中发挥主要作用;随着干旱胁迫程度加深,五唇兰的生理代谢受到严重影响。     

干旱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对七子花非结构性碳水化合物积累及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以濒危植物七子花二年生幼苗为研究材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究干旱胁迫和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)处理对幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量关系和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的影响。试验共设计4个处理:对照(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、接种AMF(AMF)、干旱胁迫和接种AMF(D+AMF)。结果表明: 在干旱胁迫下七子花根系AMF的侵染率显著下降,但接种AMF处理植株的株高、叶片数显著高于未接种处理。接种AMF显著提高了干旱胁迫下植株根、叶可溶性糖和NSC含量及茎、叶淀粉含量,且茎和叶可溶性糖与淀粉比显著下降。干旱胁迫导致植株C含量在根和叶中显著增加,P含量在茎中显著减少;与干旱胁迫相比,胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎、叶P含量及叶C含量显著提高,而根C、N含量及茎C含量显著降低。胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和叶N∶P均显著低于单一胁迫处理。NSC与C∶N∶P计量比的相关性分析表明,根、叶P含量与可溶性糖和NSC含量呈显著正相关,茎P含量与淀粉和NSC含量呈显著正相关,各器官N∶P与NSC含量呈显著负相关。综上,干旱胁迫显著抑制了七子花幼苗的生长,接种AMF通过提高植株根和叶的可溶性糖含量、根的可溶性糖/淀粉,增加地上部分淀粉含量,促进P元素吸收和降低各器官N∶P来增强植株耐旱性,从而提高七子花幼苗在干旱环境中的存活率。     

蒙古莸幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以一年生蒙古莸幼苗为对象,设置适宜水分、慢速干旱致死和快速干旱致死3个处理,研究不同干旱强度致死下蒙古莸幼苗各器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC,包括可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量变化及其分配规律.结果表明:慢速干旱致死胁迫下各器官可溶性糖含量与适宜水分组无显著差异.随时间的推移,茎可溶性糖含量先增加后减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;粗根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;叶可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.致死时(80 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为6.2%、7.8%、8.3%和7.4%.快速干旱致死胁迫下,各器官可溶性糖含量均高于适宜水分处理组,而淀粉和NSC含量均低于适宜水分组.随时间的推移,根可溶性糖含量下降,淀粉和NSC含量上升;茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均上升;叶可溶性糖含量上升,淀粉和NSC含量下降.致死时(30 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为5.9%、6.6%、8.9%和7.7%.应对不同的干旱致死情况,蒙古莸幼苗各器官间非结构性碳水化合物呈现出不同的动态变化.在慢速干旱致死胁迫下,NSC优先为维持各器官生理代谢活动提供能量;而在快速干旱致死下,NSC主要以可溶性糖形式维持植物代谢,调节渗透势,促进吸水,应对急剧的干旱胁迫.     

外源调节剂对淹涝水稻幼苗株高及碳水化合物消耗的影响

为研究淹涝条件下水稻幼苗株高及碳水化合物消耗对不同外源生长调节剂的响应,本试验选用籼型常规稻IR64和导入耐淹涝基因Sub1的IR64-Sub1为试验材料,秧龄20 d时喷施1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)、多效唑(PB)、赤霉素(GA)3种外源生长调节剂,以喷施清水为对照(CK).喷施处理2 d后进行0、4、8、12、16 d没顶淹涝胁迫,淹涝胁迫结束后常温恢复7 d,取样分析不同外源生长调节剂对水稻成活率、株高、叶绿素降解及恢复、地上部非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)消耗的影响.结果表明:淹涝导致水稻幼苗株高显著增长,叶片SPAD值快速下降,叶片可溶性糖迅速消耗,但耐淹涝品种IR64-Sub1淹水前茎鞘NSC含量明显高于IR64,淹涝中NSC消耗速率低于IR64,淹水结束后地上部淀粉含量高于IR64.外源PB处理显著抑制水稻幼苗株高增长、叶绿素降解及NSC消耗,提高存活率,且对IR64-Sub1效果更为显著.外源GA处理水稻幼苗叶绿素降解、株高增长和NSC消耗最快,植株恢复能力最低,耐淹涝能力最差,但与IR64相比,GA对IR64-Sub1淹涝耐性的抑制明显减弱.外源ACC促进伸长效果明显低于外源GA处理.淹水前喷施PB可有效抑制植株水下伸长,延缓叶绿素降解,减缓NSC消耗,保留更多NSC,为淹水胁迫解除后水稻快速恢复提供有利条件,这对于易涝地区减轻涝渍危害具有重要意义.     

Response of Fine Root Carbohydrate Content to Soil Nitrogen Addition and Its Relationship with Soil Factors in a Schrenk (Picea schrenkiana) Forest

Fine roots are vital for water and nutrient uptake in plants. Understanding the responses of metabolic traits to changing environmental conditions is critical, but little is known. In this study, the carbohydrate content of fine roots was characterized for six soil layers and three diameter classes in a Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) forest on the Tianshan Mountains of China. Soil nitrogen addition can influence carbohydrate content, but the degree is related to soil layer and fine root diameter. Specifically, as nitrogen (N) levels increased, the soluble sugar, cellulose, lignin and structural carbohydrate content (SC) all increased and then decreased; the starch and non-structural carbohydrate content (NSC) decreased gradually. In addition, N addition had significant effects on starch and cellulose content, as well as total carbohydrates. The interaction between root diameter and N addition also influenced soluble sugars, cellulose and NSC, while the three-way interaction among N addition, soil layer and diameter only affected cellulose content and NSC/SC. In the control treatment (no nitrogen addition), the following soil factors influenced fine root metabolism in order of decreasing importance: C:N, C:P, N:P, C, N, water content, bulk density, pH, conductivity, and P. In the N addition treatments, the soil conductivity, pH, and N content were strongly correlated with root metabolic characteristics.

     

巴郎山大叶醉鱼草叶片非结构性碳水化合物和氮分配的海拔响应

为深入认识和探讨植物对环境变化的生理生态响应和适应,以分布在川西巴郎山的大叶醉鱼草(Buddleja davidii)为研究对象,沿海拔梯度对植物叶片中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)、可溶性糖和淀粉含量,氮含量和氮分配比例(光合系统氮分配比例P_P、细胞壁氮分配比例P_CW和其他组分氮分配比例P_other)等参数进行对比分析,探讨其沿海拔的变化趋势,以及叶片NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉含量与氮分配间的相关关系。结果显示：大叶醉鱼草叶片NSC、可溶性糖、淀粉和单糖含量随海拔的升高而增加,而可溶性糖/淀粉比值未发生显著变化,表明高海拔较高的NSC含量的累积是由可溶性糖和淀粉含量共同决定的,而可溶性糖含量的增加主要由单糖含量的变化引起。叶片氮含量和P_P在海拔间差异不显著,但P_CW和P_other分别随海拔升高而降低和升高。此外,随海拔升高,叶片NSC/N比值随之增加,这主要归因于随海拔升高而增加的NSC含量而非海拔间差异不显著的氮含量。NSC含量和可溶性糖含量均与P_other显著正相关,说明叶片P_other和NSC含量的累积共同用于提高大叶醉鱼草在高海拔恶劣环境下的适应性。