垂叶榕叶片表面蜡质化学组分及蓟马锉吸胁迫对其含量的影响

为明确垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)叶片表面蜡质的化学组分和蓟马(Thrips spp.)锉吸胁迫对蜡质含量的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对不同危害等级蓟马锉吸叶片的表面蜡质化学组分及含量进行了检测和比较分析。结果表明,垂叶榕叶片的表面蜡质中含有32种化合物,包含有9种酸、8种醇、5种酯、5种酮和5种烃。不同危害等级叶片的表面蜡质总量、已分离化合物的总离子峰面积、各类化合物的相对含量、各类化合物及其主要组分的离子峰面积均不同。垂叶榕叶片的表面蜡质的化学组分和含量可直接或间接反映叶片受蓟马锉吸危害的程度。这说明叶片表面蜡质的化学组分及含量在垂叶榕与蓟马的互作和协同进化中扮演着重要角色。     

盆栽榕树蓟马种类及优势种榕管蓟马对寄主植物的致害性

为明确盆栽榕树蓟马的种类, 了解蓟马优势种对在同一温室内混合种植的榕属及非榕属盆栽植物的致害性差异, 以福建漳州、 福州和泉州等地的盆栽榕树种植基地为观测点, 采集榕树叶片, 调查蓟马种类, 确定优势种蓟马; 以天南星科喜林芋属、 紫葳科菜豆树属、 木棉科瓜栗属和桑科榕属等不同科属盆栽植物为试验材料, 测试榕管蓟马Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman对寄主植物的致害性。结果表明： 盆栽榕树蓟马种类有2亚目, 2科, 8属, 9种, 优势种为榕管蓟马, 常见种为棘腿管蓟马Androthrips ramachandrai Karny和榕腿管蓟马Mesothrips jordani Zimmermann, 其他6种蓟马均为偶见种。榕管蓟马对不同寄主植物的致害性差异显著, 以对桑科榕属植物致害性为最强, 而对天南星科喜林芋属、 紫葳科菜豆树属和木棉科瓜栗属等其他植物的致害性较弱。在6种榕属植物中, 榕管蓟马对垂叶榕Ficus benjamina Linn.、 榕树F. microcarpa Linn. f.、 花叶垂叶榕F. benjamina cv. Golden Princess等3种榕属植物的为害等级均达3级以上, 以垂叶榕最重, 榕树次之, 花叶垂叶榕略轻; 对金叶榕F. microcarpa cv. Golden Leaves、 黑叶橡胶榕F. elastica cv. Deocora Burgundy、 斑叶橡胶榕F. elastica var. variegata等3种榕属植物的为害很轻, 为害等级均仅为1级; 同时, 榕管蓟马在金叶榕、 黑叶橡胶榕和斑叶橡胶榕上繁殖力弱、 无法完成世代, 而在榕树、 垂叶榕和花叶垂叶榕上繁殖力强、 能完成世代, 但以在垂叶榕上的发育情况最好。研究可为选择利用寄主植物抗虫性来有效防控盆栽榕树蓟马提供技术支撑。     

垂叶榕榕管蓟马空间分布型及其抽样模型

榕管蓟马（Gynaikothrips uzeli）是观赏植物垂叶榕（Ficus benjamina）的重要害虫。通过对垂叶榕不同方位和高度的随机取样,运用5种聚集度指标以及Taylor幂法和Iwao回归模型分析和测定了榕管蓟马的种群空间格局。结果表明：榕管蓟马虫瘿主要分布于垂叶榕的中、下层,且下层4个方位的虫口密度差异均不显著。榕管蓟马虫瘿在垂叶榕上的理论分布型符合负二项分布,各项聚集度指标均满足CA＞1、IDM＞0、m*/m＞1,且0＜K＜8,表明该蓟马在垂叶榕上的空间分布型为聚集分布,其聚集分布的原因与自身营虫瘿生活及喜阴习性有关。应用Iwao理论抽样模型确定了榕管蓟马不同种群密度与不同精度要求下的理论抽样数。     

圈养大熊猫粘液水解氨基酸含量的初步研究

收集了成都大熊猫繁育研究基地的 8只圈养大熊猫的 12个粘液样品并测定了其中 17种水解氨基酸(AA)的含量。结果如下 :粘液干物质中Glu含量最高 ,为 9 2 4 %± 0 4 7% ,其次为Leu、Asn、Thr、Ser、Pro、Val、Lys、Ala、Tyr、Arg、Gly、Ile、Phe、Cys、His,Met含量 (1 2 5 %± 0 18% )最低 ,不同样品中同一种AA的含量不同。样品中 9种非必需氨基酸 (NEAA)的总平均含量为 4 1 1%± 2 2 % ,8种必需氨基酸(EAA)的总平均含量为 2 9 8%± 1 8% ,NEAA/EAA的平均值为 1 38± 0 0 4 ,不同粘液样品的这些数值相近。不同样品中同一种EAA与该样品中Lys含量的比值存在不同程度的差异 ,样品中 (Tyr Phe) /Lys值最高 ,为1 79± 0 31;其次为Leu/Lys和Thr/Lys;而Met/Lys值最低 ,为 0 31± 0 0 5。各种氨基酸相对于总氨基酸含量的高低顺序与各AA绝对含量高低顺序完全相同 ,Glu含量最高为 13 0 %± 0 30 % ,Met含量为 1 76 %±0 2 5 %。结果表明 ,大熊猫粘液样品各种AA特别是EAA含量丰富 ,不同样品含量存在不同程度的差异 ;认为对排粘频繁和每次排粘量大的大熊猫 ,必须补充适量的优质蛋白以弥补由粘液排泄而造成的损失 ,以促进其体况的尽快恢复。     

梵净山薇菜营养成分分析

目的：分析梵净山薇菜的营养成分,为梵净山薇菜的开发利用提供科学依据。方法：参照国标的方法测定梵净山薇菜的蛋白质、维生素C、总糖、还原糖、粗纤维、氨基酸、矿质元素等营养成分,并对其进行分析与评价。结果：梵净山薇菜蛋白质、粗纤维和维生素C含量较高,脂肪含量较低,氨基酸总量达22194g/100g,必需氨基酸（EAA）/氨基酸总量（TAA）为44769%,EAA/非必需氨基酸（NEAA）为93200%,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为8624,必需氨基酸种类齐全、比例均衡,第一限制氨基酸为甲硫氨酸、半胱氨酸,矿物质元素含量丰富,以钾和铁的含量最高,分别为3 74180、71990mg/kg。结论：梵净山薇菜是一种蛋白质含量高、脂肪含量低、必需氨基酸种类齐全且比例均衡、矿物质元素丰富、营养价值较高的野菜,具有很好的开发应用前景。     

超高温灭菌处理对牛乳氨基酸含量的影响

对8份原奶和18份超高温灭菌（UHT）奶进行18种氨基酸的测定和比较,以随机观察UHT处理对牛乳中氨基酸的影响。结果表明：UHT奶氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸（EAA）分别比原奶低1.9%和0.1%,均无显著差异;非必需氨基酸（NEAA）中UHT奶的Ser与Tyr分别下降10.7%和10.1%,差异显著（P=0.02、P=0.03）;UHT奶和原奶的氨基酸评分（AAS）分别为0.73和0.72,氨基酸化学评分（CS）分别为0.43和0.42,第一限制氨基酸均为Try。又对2份原奶进行UHT（130±2℃、2s）处理,以观察同一批乳热处理前后的氨基酸变化,UHT奶氨基酸总量比原奶下降2.6%,EAA下降2.7%,差异均显著。UHT处理可使一些蛋白质变性,使个别EAA有轻微减少,但对牛乳必需氨基酸的营养价值没有本质的影响。     

广西北海不同海域方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)干体氨基酸组成及营养评价

为了研究广西北海特有种方格星虫的经济价值,测定了成虫干体的氨基酸含量,并根据FAO/WHO的氨基酸评分标准模式进行氨基酸营养价值评价。于2013年2、5、8和11月,分别在北海的山口、北暮盐场、营盘、大冠沙和竹林5个海域采集方格星虫,进行了氨基酸含量和组成分析。结果表明:北暮盐场方格星虫干体氨基酸平均含量最高,达到(68.02±0.50)%;5个海域方格星虫干体氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量随着季节变化表现出先上升后下降的趋势;共检出16种氨基酸,以谷氨酸含量最高,占方格星虫干体质量的(17.34±0.61)%;方格星虫必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量(EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)均接近于FAO/WHO的理想模式。本研究为开发具有食用价值和药用价值的食品以及方格星虫的高值化利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

八角叶片提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的生物活性

本文采用"Y"型管法和三角瓶熏蒸法研究了八角叶的4种溶剂提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的驱避和杀虫作用。结果表明,八角叶的4种溶剂提取物对榕管蓟马成虫均具有驱避和杀虫作用。其中,丙酮、无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯3种溶剂提取物的驱避和杀虫作用较强,浓度为1.60mg/cm2处理的驱避等级均达到Ⅳ级,而相同浓度石油醚提取物的驱避等级仅为Ⅱ级。在杀虫活性方面,用3.54mg/cm2提取物处理36h后,榕管蓟马成虫的校正死亡率除石油醚提取物外均达93.67%以上。另外,八角叶4种溶剂提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的LC50测定表明,丙酮提取物对榕管蓟马成虫的杀虫效果最好。本文结果将为榕管蓟马成虫的防治及植物源杀虫剂的开发提供实验基础。     

泽泻梗的营养成分及对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响

采用国标方法测定泽泻梗的营养成分,用化学比分法和氨基酸比值系数法对其蛋白质的营养价值进行评价。此外,还对泽泻梗粗提物抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性进行了测定。结果表明:泽泻梗(每100 g干样)含粗蛋白26.10 g、粗脂肪2.20 g、总膳食纤维27.56 g、灰分8.70 g、多糖4.22 g、还原糖4.87 g、维生素C 406.30 mg、胡萝卜素380.00μg。泽泻梗蛋白质组成中必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)为39.54%、必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)为60.46%,鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的40%以上;其第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸和胱氨酸)。浓度为500μg/m L的泽泻梗水提醇沉物、泽泻梗醇提物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别为43.75%、39.90%。     

7种榕属植物叶片的理化性质及对朱红毛斑蛾生长发育的影响

为探究相较于其余5种榕属植物,朱红毛斑蛾Phauda flammans偏好小叶榕Ficus concinna及垂叶榕F.benjamina的原因。本文通过测量比较7种常用的园林绿化榕属植物营养物质、次生代谢物质以及物理性状,采用室内饲养观察与调查统计的方法评估朱红毛斑蛾在小叶榕和垂叶榕上的发育历期和种群生命表参数。结果发现,与黄葛树、无花果、对叶榕、高山榕和印度榕相比,小叶榕和垂叶榕叶片可溶性糖含量分别为98.47μg/g与65.21μg/g;可溶性蛋白含量分别为4.18 mg/g与0.95 mg/g;含水量分别为0.84%与0.95%;叶片厚度分别为3.59 mm与2.65 mm;硬度分别为3.91 mN与3.49 mN;朱红毛斑蛾仅在小叶榕和垂叶榕上能完成生活史;与垂叶榕相比,取食小叶榕后的幼虫、蛹和成虫的生长发育历期更短,分别为50.25 d、11.48 d和4.28 d,种群存活率和繁殖率更高,且自然死亡排除控制指数为1.68,低于垂叶榕。说明小叶榕和垂叶榕叶片含有较高的营养物质、较低含量的次生代谢物质、较小的叶片硬度,导致朱红毛斑蛾偏好小叶榕和垂叶榕,并能完成生活史。因此在基...     

广东省榕树虫瘿蓟马种类及营瘿蓟马寄主专一性调查

2013年对广东地区榕树虫瘿中的蓟马种类进行了调查,共发现榕母管蓟马Gynaikothrips ficorum(Marchal)、榕管蓟马Gynaikothrips uzeli(Zimmerman)、榕端宽管蓟马Mesothrips jordani Zimmermann、拉马棘腿管蓟马Androthrips ramachandrai Karny和黄胫棘腿管蓟马Androthrips monsterae(Moulton)5种管蓟马科种类,其中黄胫棘腿管蓟马为中国新纪录种。榕母管蓟马和榕管蓟马为营瘿蓟马,诱导初始虫瘿具有寄主专一性,榕母管蓟马是细叶榕Ficus microcarpa初始虫瘿的诱导者,而榕管蓟马仅在垂叶榕Ficus benjamina Linn.上诱导形成虫瘿;但当两种榕树种植在一起时,榕母管蓟马和榕管蓟马偶尔会入侵到对方成熟虫瘿中并与之生活在一起。榕端宽管蓟马属于盗寄生种类,而拉马棘腿管蓟马和黄胫棘腿管蓟马主要捕食营瘿蓟马的幼体(包括卵、若虫和"蛹"),三者均为寄居性蓟马,无寄主专一性。     

Evaluation of amino acid profile in contrasting arsenic accumulating rice genotypes under arsenic stress

Amino acids (AAs) play significant roles in metal binding, antioxidant defense, and signaling in plants during heavy metal stress. In the present study, the essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential amino acids (NEAAs), as well as the enzymes of proline and cysteine biosynthetic pathways were studied in contrasting arsenic accumulating rice genotypes grown in hydroponic solutions with addition of arsenate (As^V) or arsenite (As^III). Under a mild As stress, the total AAs content significantly increased in both the rice genotypes with a greater increase in a low As accumulating rice genotype (LAARG; IET-19226) than in a high As accumulating rice genotype (HAARG; BRG-12). At the equimolar concentration (10 μM), As^III had a greater effect on EAAs than As^V. Conversely, As^V was more effective in inducing a proline accumulation than As^III. Among NEAAs, As significantly induced the accumulation of histidine, aspartic acid, and serine. In contrast, a higher As concentration (50 μM) reduced the content of most AAs, the effect being more prominent during As^III exposure. The inhibition of glutamate kinase activity was noticed in HAARG, conversely, serine acetyltransferase and cysteine synthase activities were increased which was positively correlated with the cysteine synthesis.     

外源茉莉酸诱导的菜豆叶片生化抗性及其对西花蓟马体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

为探讨外源茉莉酸诱导的菜豆叶片抗性及对西花蓟马体内酶活性的影响,在室内对菜豆植株分别喷施1、0.1、0.01和0.001 mmol·L^-1 4个浓度的茉莉酸,以健康植株为对照,分别于处理后1、5和10 d测定菜豆叶片营养物质及次生物质的含量.另在同样处理叶片上分别接西花蓟马2龄若虫,分析其体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化.结果表明: 不同浓度茉莉酸处理1 d后,菜豆叶片的蛋白质含量和健康植株没有明显差异,但在5和10 d时显著低于健康植株;菜豆叶片游离氨基酸含量在茉莉酸处理1 d后显著高于健康植株,之后逐渐降低;茉莉酸处理下菜豆叶片可溶性糖含量显著低于健康植株,并随着茉莉酸浓度的升高和处理时间的延长而进一步下降;叶绿素含量在处理1 d后显著降低,随着处理时间的增加逐渐升高.叶片单宁、黄酮和总酚的含量在不同浓度茉莉酸和处理时间下均显著高于对照.蓟马取食导致菜豆叶片生化物质含量的变化与外源茉莉酸诱导的相似.西花蓟马取食茉莉酸处理的菜豆植株24 h后,体内保护酶系(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶)和解毒酶系(谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶)均明显高于健康植株,但茉莉酸浓度与处理时间对其影响程度不同.取食虫害菜豆叶片后西花蓟马体内酶活性的变化与取食外源茉莉酸诱导的叶片相似.说明外源茉莉酸处理可诱导菜豆植株的抗性,西花蓟马取食处理后的菜豆叶片可产生明显的反防御来适应寄主植物的变化.     

黑刺粉虱危害对黄金芽茶叶生化成分含量及抗氧化酶活力的影响

【目的】明确黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus为害对茶叶生化物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响,为精准、安全、高效、绿色防治黑刺粉虱,提高茶叶品质提供参考。【方法】测定黑刺粉虱为害不同级别下黄金芽芽下第3叶中生化成分(茶多酚、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、儿茶素)含量及3种抗氧化酶(SOD, POD和CAT)活性的变化。【结果】随着黑刺粉虱为害等级的提高,黄金芽芽下第3叶中茶多酚的含量显著性降低,且以为害级别为Ⅳ级时最低,为18.82%±0.21%,而游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖和儿茶素的含量在不同的为害级别间均无显著性变化。黄金芽芽下第3叶中POD和CAT活力随着黑刺粉虱为害等级的增加先显著升高后很快降低,均以为害等级Ⅰ时活性最高,分别为57.14±3.98和28.05±0.40 U/mg pro。SOD活力呈显著下降趋势,且以为害等级Ⅳ时SOD活力最低,为442.73±10.54 U/mg pro。【结论】黑刺粉虱为害对黄金芽茶叶中与抗性提高相关的生化物质咖啡碱、儿茶素含量均没有显著性影响,与抗逆补偿相关的游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量也没有显著性变化,但茶多酚含量显著降低,3种抗氧化酶活性随为害等级升高呈现先升高后显著降低的趋势,说明黄金芽对黑刺粉虱的抵抗力较弱,需要加强黄金芽上黑刺粉虱发生的科学管理。     

珠子参地上部分氨基酸测定及营养评价

对珠子参茎、叶、花的氨基酸组成与含量进行测定和营养评价分析.结果表明,珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有17种常见氨基酸,氨基酸总量分别为3.73％,14.80％和8.72％;珠子参的茎中必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(E/T)为0.39,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(E/N)为0.64,叶中E/T为0.41,E/N为o.71,花中E/T为0.39,E/N为0.63,氨基酸配比较为合理;珠子参茎、叶、花中蛋氨酸+胱氨酸均为第一限制氨基酸;珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有γ-氨基丁酸,含量分别为0.12％,0.26％和0.16％,叶片中γ-氨基丁酸的含量最高.     

Role of dietary amino acid balance in diet restriction‐mediated lifespan extension,renoprotection, and muscle weakness in aged mice

Extending healthy lifespan is an emerging issue in an aging society. This study was designed to identify a dietary method of extending lifespan, promoting renoprotection, and preventing muscle weakness in aged mice, with a focus on the importance of the balance between dietary essential (EAAs) and nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) on the dietary restriction (DR)‐induced antiaging effect. Groups of aged mice were fed ad libitum, a simple DR, or a DR with recovering NEAAs or EAAs. Simple DR significantly extended lifespan and ameliorated age‐related kidney injury; however, the beneficial effects of DR were canceled by recovering dietary EAA but not NEAA. Simple DR prevented the age‐dependent decrease in slow‐twitch muscle fiber function but reduced absolute fast‐twitch muscle fiber function. DR‐induced fast‐twitch muscle fiber dysfunction was improved by recovering either dietary NEAAs or EAAs. In the ad libitum‐fed and the DR plus EAA groups, the renal content of methionine, an EAA, was significantly higher, accompanied by lower renal production of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), an endogenous antioxidant. Finally, removal of methionine from the dietary EAA supplement diminished the adverse effects of dietary EAA on lifespan and kidney injury in the diet‐restricted aged mice, which were accompanied by a recovery in H₂S production capacity and lower oxidative stress. These data imply that a dietary approach could combat kidney aging and prolong lifespan, while preventing muscle weakness, and suggest that renal methionine metabolism and the trans‐sulfuration pathway could be therapeutic targets for preventing kidney aging and subsequently promoting healthy aging.     

Leaf damage and prey type determine search effort in Orius tristicolor

Components of search effort were determined for adult females of Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., leaves with either western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) or twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) as prey. In the absence of prey, females of O. tristicolor allocated significantly more search time to leaves damaged by western flower thrips than to leaves damaged by twospotted spider mites, artificially damaged leaves or undamaged leaves. In the presence of prey, search time increased with increasing amounts of leaf damage for both prey species, but was not affected by prey species. Amounts of leaf damage or type of prey did not affect giving-up-time. The proportion of predators that successfully located thrips increased with increasing amounts of thrips damage on leaves. Females of O. tristicolor appeared to follow some simple, behavioural rules-of-thumb for allocation of search effort. The presence and type of damage determined the initial effort allocated to searching a leaf. Subsequent effort was determined by successful capture of prey, regardless of species. The implications of these results for application of Orius spp. for biological control are discussed.     

Intraspecific larval competition in two solitary parasitoids, Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi and Leptomastix dactylopii

Analysis of total aromatic amino acid (free and bound) in some cucumber accessions selected previously for resistance to western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) [Thysanoptera: Thripidae], indicated that low concentrations of these essential nutrients, relative to total leaf protein, were correlated with a reduction in damage by the insect. Further analysis of samples of four important horticultural crops (lettuce, tomato, pepper and cucumber) with unknown levels of resistance to thrips showed a significant genotypic variation in the concentrations of total aromatic amino acids relative to the total leaf protein. Accessions from each crop with low or high concentrations of aromatic amino acids in proteins were exposed to thrips larvae. Regression analysis showed a highly significant positive correlation between aromatic amino acid concentration in leaf protein and thrips damage, regardless of crop species. It is concluded that higher concentrations of aromatic amino acids in plant proteins are important for successful thrips development. These results provide plant breeders with a promising tool for indirect selection without using undesirable insect bioassays.