Mycobacterium sp．高效转化植物甾醇为雄甾-1，4-二烯-3，17-二酮的诱变选育

采用紫外线、亚硝基胍复合诱变雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（AD）和雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮（ADD）的转化产生菌Mycobacterium sp．,结合平板筛选,获得一株遗传性状稳定单产ADD的突变菌株Mycobacterium sp．-11,其ADD质量浓度达到1246ms／L,比原始菌株（484mg／L）提高了150％,经初步优化后发酵液中ADD最高达到1430mg／L,发酵液中ADD质量占ADD、AD两产物质量总和的比例由70％提高到99．1％。     

植物甾醇微生物转化制备甾体药物中间体的研究进展*

微生物选择性降解植物甾醇侧链获取甾体药物合成的重要中间体雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(4-AD)和雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮(ADD)对于我国制药行业具有重要意义。现存文献资料对该领域缺乏全面系统的分析总结,从甾醇侧链微生物转化的机理、途径及其收率的影响因素等几个方面综述了近几年的研究进展,并对此领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

微生物发酵降解植物甾醇侧链生产17-酮甾体研究进展

微生物发酵降解植物甾醇侧链,生产雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(AD),雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮(ADD),和9α-羟基-AD甾体药物中间体的工业生物技术对改变制造甾体激素药物半合成原料薯蓣皂素短缺的现状,实现甾体激素药物半合成原料多元化,合理利用我国甾体植物资源具有重要意义。重点评述了近期微生物法断植物甾醇侧链制AD、ADD和9α-羟基-AD的研究现状,内容包括:1)微生物菌种选育;2)菌种相关的细胞生理,酶学性质和生物催化过程;3)相关酶的细胞定位及生物反应器;4)发酵工艺选择和甾醇原料的合理利用。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法分析微生物降解植物甾醇为雄甾烯酮

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(HPLC/MS)分析测定植物甾醇侧链降解过程中产物雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮(ADD)及雄甾4-烯-3,17-二酮(AD).其中液相色谱的条件为色谱柱Alltima C18ODS-2(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm);流动相甲醇:水(V/V=7:3);流速1 mL/min;柱温室温;紫外检测器的检测波长244 nm.质谱为ZMD Micromass电喷雾质谱仪.结果测得ADD与AD标准样品的保留时间分别为9.70 min与11.13 min,发酵样品的HPLC与MS图谱与ADD与AD标准样品的图谱一致.采用高效液相色谱法定量ADD与AD的线性范围在0.01 mg/mL～0.09 mg/mL,产物回收率分别为102.6%与105.90%,日内精密度分别为3.02%与3.08%,日间RSD分别为3.50%与3.24%.该方法灵敏度高、选择性好、操作简便、定量准确,适用植物甾醇微生物侧链降解过程中产物的分析及产品质量控制.     

一株分枝杆菌降解胆固醇制备AD(D)的转化条件

通过分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumsp.)M3限制性降解胆固醇侧链获得了产物雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(AD)和雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮(ADD)。优化了胆固醇的投料时间、投料方式、培养基初始pH和葡萄糖浓度等工艺参数。将羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)应用于转化反应中,确定了HP-β-CD的最佳添加时间和添加量,使AD(D)生成率由初始对照的30%提高到60%,转化至72 h时AD(D)生成率达48%,是同期对照的4.0倍,生成率与生成速率均得到显著提高。在添加HP-β-CD的最佳转化条件下,AD(D)生成率达到70%,是初始对照的2.3倍。     

一株高效转化Phytosterol为雄甾烯酮菌株的筛选与鉴定

从保藏的200多株菌中筛选出1株高效转化植物甾醇为4-烯-雄甾-3,17-二酮和1,4-二烯-雄甾-3,17-二酮的菌株,并对该菌进行了形态、生理生化的研究。结果发现菌株ST06可以利用多种碳源,可以水解淀粉,但不利用纤微素。用16SrDNA的方法对其进行鉴定,发现与Bacillus属Bacillus amyloiquefaciens的相似性最高,达到99．9％,将该菌株命名为Bacillus amyloiquefaciens ST06。该菌在培养温度30℃,pH7．0,转速220r／min,转化时间7d,底物添加量为0．3％时,ADD与AD的总得率高达40％以上,此时底物转化率高达93．7％。     

植物甾醇微生物转化制备甾体药物中间体的研究进展

微生物选择性降解植物甾醇侧链获取甾体药物合成的重要中间体雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（4-AD）和雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮（ADD）对于我国制药行业具有重要意义。现存文献资料对该领域缺乏全面系统的分析总结,从甾醇侧链微生物转化的机理、途径及其收率的影响因素等几个方面综述了近几年的研究进展,并对此领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

分枝杆菌甾酮C1,2位脱氢酶基因敲除的研究

利用分枝杆菌对植物甾醇进行边链降解可产生4-AD（4-烯-雄甾-3,17-二酮）和ADD（1,4-二烯-雄甾-3,17-二酮）,ADD由4-AD在C1,2位脱氢酶(ksdD)作用下脱氢产生,这两种物质在化学结构上高度相似,难以分离。本文首先扩增出部分ksdD基因,大小为631bp,并以此为基础构建打靶载体pUC19-MK。将pUC19-MK电转分枝杆菌感受态,通过同源重组敲除分枝杆菌染色体上正常的ksdD基因,使C1,2位脱氢酶失活,以达到4-AD大量积累的目的。结果通过初筛筛选出5株转化子,进行甾体转化实验,发酵144h时,1号转化子的4-AD生成率达到17.52％,比出发菌株提高了192％,而此时ADD的生成率仅为6.12％,比出发菌株降低了89.9％。     

β-环糊精对甾体微生物羟化反应的影响

考察了β-环糊精(β-cyclodextrin, CD)对雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(androst-4-ene-3,17-diorle,AD)在水中的溶解度及微生物对其11а羟化反应的影响,结果表明β-环糊精能显著提高底物AD在发酵培养基中的溶解度,增溶效果优于有机溶剂.在底物投料浓度0.2%(w/v)时,与4%无...     

微生物转化雄甾-4-烯-3，17-双酮的菌种筛选和转化条件的初步研究

雄甾-4-烯-3,17-双酮(简称4AD)是甾体药物的重要中间产物,其11α羟化产物可制成治疗心血管疾病的药物。通过对30株不同种属真菌转化4AD能力的筛选,获得球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)QY2A对4AD有高效C11α羟化能力,得到目标产物C11α-羟基雄甾-3,17-双酮(简称11α-OH-4AD)。另对该菌株的转化条件进行优化,结果表明:初始pH值6.0,温度28℃,转速180r/min,转化时间60h,助溶剂甲醇终浓度和底物浓度分别为2.5%和2.5g/L时,11α-OH-4AD的转化率为65%,比未优化的转化率提高了51.2%。     

表达3-甾酮-△1-脱氢酶降解植物甾醇合成雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮

构建分枝杆菌表达载体pMTac并在分枝杆菌Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12中加强表达甾醇降解过程中的关键酶3-甾酮-△1-脱氢酶(KSDD)以提高雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二铜(ADD)的产量。将p MF41的启动子pACE替换成tac启动子构建载体pMTac,在分枝杆菌中分别表达报告基因绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)和关键酶KSDD,通过GFP亮度和KSDD酶活验证tac启动子在M.neoaurum JC-12中的效果,并发酵验证加强表达KSDD对产物ADD的影响。荧光显微照片表明两个载体均能在M.neoaurum JC-12表达GFP,但tac启动子的效果比pACE强。酶活测定结果为重组菌M.neoaurum JC-12/pMTac-ksdd破碎细胞上清液中KSDD酶活比原始菌提高了6.53倍,比M.neoaurum JC-12/pMF41-ksdd提高了4.36倍。摇瓶发酵显示重组菌M.neoaurum JC-12/pMTac-ksdd ADD的产量比原始菌提高了22.2%,由4.86 g/L提高到5.94 g/L,而AD的产量由0.92 g/L减少到0.17 g/L,降低了81.5%;与M.neoaurum JC-12/p MF41-ksdd比,ADD产量提高了12.7%,AD降低了71.2%。以20 g/L植物甾醇为底物,5 L发酵罐中重组菌M.neoaurum JC-12/pMTac-ksdd的ADD产量达到10.28 g/L。结果表明,构建的新型表达载体pMTac适用于在M.neoaurum JC-12中加强表达关键酶KSDD,而且在M.neoaurum JC-12中过量表达KSDD有助于ADD产量的提高,为目前报道的发酵法利用新金色分枝杆菌降解植物甾醇合成ADD的最高水平。     

Conversion of soybean sterols into 3,17-diketosteroids using actinobacteria Mycobacterium neoaurum, Pimelobacter simplex, and Rhodococcus erythropolis

Abstract-Soybean sterols were converted into androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and 9alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) using three actinobacterium strains. The transformation of a microcrystallic substrate (particle size 5-15 nm) or the transformation in the presence of randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) were carried out by Mycobacterium neoaurum with a phytosterol load of 30 g/l over 144 h with an AD content of 14.5 and 15.2 g/l, respectively. AD obtained in the presence of MCD was transformed into ADD (13.5 g/l) by Pimelobacter simplex cells over 3 h and into 9-OH-AD by Rhodococcus erythropolis cells after 22 h without the isolation of AD from the cultural liquid. The technical product ADD was obtained in 75% yield, based on phytosterol. It contained as impurity 1.25% of AD and 1.5% of 1,2-dehydrotestosterone. In a control experiment-the process of 1,2-dehydrogenation of 20 g/l AD in the water solution of MCD-no by products were isolated. Thus, it is more expedient to introduce the 1,2-double bond into pure AD, whereas R. erythropolis strain with low destructive activity towards steroid nucleus can be used in the mixed culture with M. neoaurum. The crystal product contained, according to HPLC, 80% of 9-OH-AD, and 1.5 AD was combined. The yield of 9-OH-AD (m.p. 218-220 degrees C) based on transformed phytosterol was 56%.     

A mutant form of 3-ketosteroid-Δ<Superscript>1</Superscript>-dehydrogenase gives altered androst-1,4-diene-3, 17-dione/androst-4-ene-3,17-dione molar ratios in steroid biotransformations by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium neoaurum</Emphasis> ST-095

Mycobacterium neoaurum ST-095 and its mutant M. neoaurum JC-12, capable of transforming phytosterol to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), produce very different molar ratios of ADD/AD. The distinct differences were related to the enzyme activity of 3-ketosteroid-Δ¹-dehydrogenase (KSDD), which catalyzes the C_1,2 dehydrogenation of AD to ADD specifically. In this study, by analyzing the primary structure of KSDD_I (from M. neoaurum ST-095) and KSDD_II (from M. neoaurum JC-12), we found the only difference between KSDD_I and KSDD_II was the mutation of Val³⁶⁶ to Ser³⁶⁶. This mutation directly affected KSDD enzyme activity, and this result was confirmed by heterologous expression of these two enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. Assay of the purified recombinant enzymes showed that KSDD_II has a higher C_1,2 dehydrogenation activity than KSDD_I. The functional difference between KSDD_I and KSDD_II in phytosterol biotransformation was revealed by gene disruption and complementation. Phytosterol transformation results demonstrated that ksdd _I and ksdd _II gene disrupted strains showed similar ADD/AD molar ratios, while the ADD/AD molar ratios of the ksdd _I and ksdd _II complemented strains were restored to their original levels. These results proved that the different ADD/AD molar ratios of these two M. neoaurum strains were due to the differences in KSDD. Finally, KSDD structure analysis revealed that the Val³⁶⁶Ser mutation could possibly play an important role in stabilizing the active center and enhancing the interaction of AD and KSDD. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for understanding the structure and catalytic mechanism of the Mycobacteria KSDD enzyme.     

Influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on phytosterol biotransformation by different strains of Mycobacterium neoaurum

Cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve productivity in the biotransformation of steroids by increasing conversion rate, conversion ratio, or substrate concentration. However, little is known of the proportion of products formed by multi-catabolic enzymes, e.g., via sterol side chain cleavage. Using three strains with different androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) ratios, Mycobacterium neoaurum TCCC 11028 (MNR), M. neoaurum TCCC 11028 M1 (MNR M1), and M. neoaurum TCCC 11028 M3 (MNR M3), we found that hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) can appreciably increase the ratio of ADD to AD, the reaction rate, and the molar conversion. In the presence of HP-β-CD, conversion of 0.5?g/L of phytosterol (PS) was 2.4, 2.4, and 2.3 times higher in the MNR, MNR M1, and MNR M3 systems, respectively, than in the controls. The ADD proportion increased by 38.4, 61.5, and 5.9?% compared with the control experiment, which resulted in a strong shift in the ADD/AD ratio in the ADD direction. Our results imply that the three PS-biotransforming strains cause efficient side chain degradation of PS, and the increased conversion of PS when using HP-β-CD may be associated with the higher PS concentration in each case. A similar solubilizing effect may not induce a prominent influence on the ADD/AD ratio. However, the different activities of the Δ(1)-dehydrogenase of PS-biotransforming strains result in different incremental percentage yields of ADD and ADD/AD ratio in the presence of HP-β-CD.     

3-甾酮-1-脱氢酶基因的表达及甾体转化分析

本文利用带有P43启动子的表达分泌载体pWB980,实现了简单节杆菌3-甾酮-1-脱氢酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达,表达出的目的蛋白的分子量为55KDa。利用分光光度法检测得到胞内和胞外可溶性部分的酶活分别为110±0.5mU和15±0.6mU每毫克蛋白, 比出发菌株简单节杆菌提高了将近30倍。重组芽孢杆菌对甾体底物4-AD的转化率为45.3％,比出发菌株简单节杆菌提高了近10倍。利用枯草芽孢杆菌对甾体底物进行脱氢为甾体药物的生产开辟了一个新的途径。     

Nostoc muscorum: a regioselective biocatalyst for 17-carbonyl reduction of androst-4-en-3,17-dione and androst-1,4-dien-3,17-dione

Nostoc muscorum PTCC 1636 was examined for its ability to convert androst-4-en-3,17-dione (AD) and androst-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (ADD) to their 17-hydroxy related derivatives in BG-11 medium. Bioconversion procedures were carried out at 25 °C without shaking. The metabolites obtained were purified using chromatographic methods and characterized as testosterone and 1-dehydrotestosterone on the basis of their spectroscopic features. In both cases, the bioreaction characteristics observed were 17-carbonyl reduction.     

Conversion of soybean sterols into 3,17-diketosteroids using actinobacteria <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium neoaurum,Pimelobacter simplex</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodococcus erythropolis</Emphasis>

Soybean sterols were converted into androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) using three actinobacterium strains. The transformation of a microcrystallic substrate (particle size 5–15 μm) or the transformation in the presence of randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (MCD) were carried out by Mycobacterium neoaurum with a phytosterol load of 30 g/l over 144 h with an AD content of 14.5 and 15.2 g/l, respectively. AD obtained in the presence of MCD was transformed into ADD (13.5 g/l) by Pimelobacter simplex cells over 3 h and into 9-OH-AD by Rhodococcus erythropolis cells after 22 h without the isolation of AD from the cultural liquid. The crude product ADD was obtained in 75% yield, based on phytosterol. It contained as by-products 1.25% of AD and 1.5% of 1,2-dehydrotestosterone. In a control experiment—the process of 1,2-dehydrogenation of 20 g/l AD in the water solution of MCD—no by-products were isolated. Thus, it is more expedient to introduce the 1,2-double bond into pure AD, whereas R. erythropolis strain with low destructive activity towards steroid nucleus can be used in the mixed culture with M. neoaurum. The crystal product contained, according to HPLC, 80% of 9-OH-AD, and 1.5% AD was obtained. The yield of 9-OH-AD (m.p. 218–220°C) based on transformed phytosterol was 56%.