小麦磷酸丙糖转运器cDNA的克隆及其基因表达分析

利用RT_PCR方法以及RACE(rapidamplificationofcDNAends)策略 ,从小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)幼苗叶片中克隆了编码磷酸丙糖转运器 (TPT)的全长cDNA。序列分析结果表明 ,小麦TPTcDNA编码 40 2个氨基酸的前体蛋白 ,其中信号肽含有 78个氨基酸。成熟蛋白部分与玉米 (ZeamaysL .)TPT有很高的同源性 (89% )。推测小麦TPT成熟蛋白有 8个跨膜区 ,形成双亲α_螺旋的跨膜结构。位于第 7个跨膜区的Arg_2 74和Lys_2 75可能是底物结合位点。比较TPT基因在小麦幼苗的根、胚芽鞘、叶片和种子中的表达差异表明 :TPT基因在叶片、胚芽鞘中均有表达 ,但在胚芽鞘中的表达量较低 ,在种子和根中未见有表达。由此看来 ,小麦TPT的基因可能只局限在绿色组织中表达。还就C3 和C4植物TPT不同的底物特异性问题进行了讨论     

小麦条锈菌II类几丁质合成酶基因PstChsII的克隆及表达特征

摘要:【目的】克隆小麦条锈菌几丁质合成酶基因PstChsII,分析其在小麦条锈菌不同发育时期的表达水平。【方法】利用RT-PCR和PCR技术克隆PstChsII的cDNA序列和基因组序列,利用不同的生物信息学软件对序列进行分析,运用实时荧光定量技术分析基因在孢子、芽管以及不同侵染时间的表达水平。【结果】PstChsII基因（Genbank登录号GQ329851）编码区存在15个内含子,开放阅读框长2727 bp,编码908个氨基酸。PstChsII蛋白C端含有7个跨膜螺旋区,N端含多个保守结构域和“QXR     

小麦磷酸丙糖转运器cDNA的克隆及其基因表达分析

利用RT-PCR方法以及RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)策略,从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) 幼苗叶片中克隆了编码磷酸丙糖转运器(TPT)的全长cDNA.序列分析结果表明,小麦TPT cDNA编码402个氨基酸的前体蛋白,其中信号肽含有78个氨基酸.成熟蛋白部分与玉米(Zea mays L.)TPT有很高的同源性(89%).推测小麦TPT成熟蛋白有8个跨膜区,形成双亲α-螺旋的跨膜结构.位于第7个跨膜区的Arg-274和Lys-275可能是底物结合位点.比较TPT基因在小麦幼苗的根、胚芽鞘、叶片和种子中的表达差异表明:TPT基因在叶片、胚芽鞘中均有表达,但在胚芽鞘中的表达量较低,在种子和根中未见有表达.由此看来,小麦TPT的基因可能只局限在绿色组织中表达.还就C3和C4植物TPT不同的底物特异性问题进行了讨论.     

苹果酸度相关基因MdPH1的克隆、表达及亚细胞定位分析

以苹果属（Malus）植物沧江海棠（M.ombrophila Hand.-Mazz）的果实为材料,对其发育过程中苹果酸的含量进行测定,并结合转录组测序的方法筛选控制果实酸度的候选基因。结果显示：MdPH1候选基因的编码区包含2829 bp,编码942个氨基酸;基因组序列全长为4269 bp,包含8个外显子和7个内含子。对10份苹果种质资源中PH1基因序列的分析结果表明,该基因序列中存在22个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）,其中13个位于内含子区,9个位于外显子区;位于最后一个外显子上SNP（G/A）的变异导致了编码氨基酸从缬氨酸变为异亮氨酸。MdPH1蛋白包含8个跨膜结构域,其中蛋白N端包含3个跨膜结构域,C端包含5个跨膜结构域。系统进化分析结果显示,苹果中的PH家族成员与梨（Pyrus communis L.）中的PH家族成员聚集成一簇。组织特异性表达结果发现,MdPH1基因在苹果果实中的表达量最高,其次是叶、花和根,茎中表达量最低。亚细胞定位分析表明MdPH1蛋白定位于液泡膜上。     

苹果酸度相关基因MdPH1的克隆、表达及亚细胞定位分析

以苹果属(Malus)植物沧江海棠(M. ombrophila Hand.-Mazz)的果实为材料,对其发育过程中苹果酸的含量进行测定,并结合转录组测序的方法筛选控制果实酸度的候选基因。结果显示:MdPH1候选基因的编码区包含2829 bp,编码942个氨基酸;基因组序列全长为4269 bp,包含8个外显子和7个内含子。对10份苹果种质资源中PH1基因序列的分析结果表明,该基因序列中存在22个单核苷酸多态性(SNP),其中13个位于内含子区,9个位于外显子区;位于最后一个外显子上SNP(G/A)的变异导致了编码氨基酸从缬氨酸变为异亮氨酸。MdPH1蛋白包含8个跨膜结构域,其中蛋白N端包含3个跨膜结构域,C端包含5个跨膜结构域。系统进化分析结果显示,苹果中的PH家族成员与梨(Pyrus communis L.)中的PH家族成员聚集成一簇。组织特异性表达结果发现,MdPH1基因在苹果果实中的表达量最高,其次是叶、花和根,茎中表达量最低。亚细胞定位分析表明MdPH1蛋白定位于液泡膜上。     

普通烟草CESA基因家族成员的鉴定、亚细胞定位及表达分析

纤维素合成酶蛋白(cellulose-synthase proteins, CESA)是一类质膜定位蛋白,以蛋白复合体的形式存在于质膜上合成纤维素,在细胞壁建成和植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。本研究利用CESA蛋白保守域序列PF03552检索普通烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)蛋白序列,并通过拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)10个CESA蛋白序列在普通烟草基因组数据库中利用TBLASTN程序进行比对,共获得21条NtCESA基因候选序列,对这些序列进行蛋白序列理化性质分析、系统进化树构建、基因结构分析、保守结构域及跨膜区分析和组织表达模式分析,并对NtCESA9和NtCESA14两个蛋白进行了亚细胞定位实验。结果表明：获得的21条NtCESA蛋白序列的理化性质相似;系统进化分析将21个NtCESA基因和10个AtCESA基因分成5个分支,每一个分支各成员之间的进化相对保守,基因结构类似,不同分支之间的基因结构差异也较小;NtCESA蛋白结构域相对保守,都含有CESA蛋白典型的N端锌指结构、C端跨膜区和DDD-QXXRW保守功能域;组织表达分析结果表明,大部分NtCESA基因在幼苗和成熟期烟草的根、叶、胚芽和愈伤组织中都有表达,同一个分支中的基因表达模式基本一致,并且NtCESA基因参与初/次生细胞壁纤维素的合成与该基因编码蛋白的跨膜区数目存在关联,表明NtCESA基因家族成员功能上的复杂性;亚细胞定位结果证实NtCESA9和NtCESA14为质膜定位蛋白。本研究为烟草CESA基因家族功能的深入研究奠定了基础。     

牦牛HSP72基因的结构及生物信息学分析

克隆测序了牦牛HSP72基因的全序列,并分析了该基因的结构,以及HSP72蛋白的氨基酸组成、等电点、亚细胞定位、跨膜区、疏水,亲水区、结构域、特征位点、密码子偏好性、二级结构等蛋白质性质。结果表明：牦牛的HSP72基因序列全长为1926bp,无内含子,共编码641个氨基酸;牦牛的HSP72基因和HSP72蛋白与普通牛、猪、人相比存在着一定差异,这可能是导致他们之间对温度适应性差异的主要原因之一。     

枯草芽胞杆菌BSD-2中ybfB基因敲除及生物信息学分析

在前期突变体库研究中发现,ybf B缺失的枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis BSD-2丧失了其抑真菌活性。本研究通过敲除并恢复BSD-2中ybf B基因,进一步确认其缺失对菌株生物活性的影响,并利用生物信息学手段对其基因序列和编码蛋白质序列进行了预测分析。本研究成功敲除BSD-2菌株的ybf B基因,构建突变株B-Y-k,并成功构建其回复突变株B-Y,平板对峙实验结果显示突变其ybf B基因该菌株失去其抗真菌活性,回复突变株抗真菌活性恢复,表明该基因与其抗真菌相关。生物信息学分析显示该基因全长1 251 bp,编码416个氨基酸,具有12个跨膜螺旋区,为疏水性蛋白,推测该蛋白为疏水性跨膜转运蛋白,可能参与活性物质的转运。     

大黄鱼CD53基因克隆和分子特征分析

白细胞表面抗原CD53属于四跨膜蛋白超家族,在免疫反应中起着重要作用。在构建大黄鱼（Larim ichthyscrocea）肌肉组织cDNA文库的基础上,克隆了CD53基因。克隆到的CD53基因全长1210bp,其中5-′UTR 113bp,3′-UTR 422bp,CDS 675bp,编码224个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示大黄鱼CD53存在4次跨膜结构,N端和C端都位于细胞膜内,膜外有两个亲水环,跨膜区域为疏水区域,两个N-糖基化位点都位于靠近C端的亲水环上。大黄鱼CD53氨基酸序列具非常高的保守性,与三刺鱼、斑马鱼、虹鳟等多种鱼类的相似性在70%以上。在检测的10种组织中,CD53只在大黄鱼的脾、骨骼肌、肾、肝、肠组织中表达,其中在肠组织中表达最强。     

家蝇小热休克蛋白(sHsp20.6)的生物信息学分析

研究家蝇小热休克蛋白sHsp20.6的生物学功能。方法应用生物信息学的方法和工具对家蝇sHsp20.6的理化性质、疏水性、跨膜区和信号肽、膜体分析、二级结构功能域、蛋白质的功能分类预测、多重序列比对与系统发育树构建、三级结构建模进行分析。结果表明:家蝇sHsp20.6是一个亲水蛋白,分子量为20.64kD,等电点为5.66,不具有跨膜区和信号肽,包含有一个HSP20的结构域,主要构成原件为α螺旋和无规则卷曲,三维结构预测显示该蛋白为棒状结构,C端结构域具有7个片层结构。聚类分析显示,家蝇sHsp20.6蛋白与昆虫中的直系同源小热休克蛋白(orthologoussmallheatshockprotein)聚为一类。     

The C-terminal TPR domain of Tom70 defines a family of mitochondrial protein import receptors found only in animals and fungi

In fungi and animals the translocase in the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) consists of multiple components including the receptor subunit Tom70. Genome sequence analyses suggest no Tom70 receptor subunit exists in plants or protozoans, raising questions about its ancestry, function and the importance of its activity. Here we characterise the relationships within the Tom70 family of proteins. We find that in both fungi and animals, a conserved domain structure exists within the Tom70 family, with a transmembrane segment followed by 11 tetratricopeptide repeat motifs organised in three distinct domains. The C-terminal domain of Tom70 is highly conserved, and crucial for the import of hydrophobic substrate proteins, including those with and those without N-terminal presequences. Tom70 likely arose after fungi and animals diverged from other eukaryote lineages including plants, and subsequent gene duplication gave rise to a paralogue specific to the Saccharomyces group of yeasts. In animals and in fungi, Tom70 plays a fundamental role in the import of precursor proteins, by assisting relatively hydrophobic regions of substrate proteins into the translocation channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Proteins that function equivalently to Tom70 may have arisen independently in plants and protists.     

Identification of novel subunits of the TOM complex from Arabidopsis thaliana

The preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (also called TOM complex) from Arabidopsis thaliana was characterized by Blue-native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). BN-PAGE allows to prepare a very stable 390 kDa complex that includes six different protein types: the 34 kDa translocation pore TOM40, the 21/23 kDa preprotein receptor TOM20, the small TOM component TOM7 and three further subunits of 10, 6.3 and 6.0 kDa. Primary structures of all TOM subunits were elucidated. The 10 kDa subunit represents a truncated version of the TOM22 preprotein receptor and the two 6 kDa proteins represent subunits possibly homologous to fungal TOM6 and TOM5, although sequence conservation is at the borderline of significance. TOM40, TOM7 and one or both of the 6 kDa subunits form a subcomplex of about 100 kDa. The six TOM proteins from Arabidopsis are encoded by 12 genes, at least 11 of which are expressed. While the subunit composition of the TOM complex from fungi, animals and plants is remarkably conserved, the domain structure of individual TOM proteins differs, e.g. acidic domains in TOM22 and the 6 kDa TOM subunits from Arabidopsis are absent. The domain structure of the Arabidopsis TOM complex does not support the so-called ‘acid chain hypothesis’, which explains the translocation of proteins across the outer mitochondrial membrane of mitochondria by the binding of preproteins to acidic protein domains within the TOM complex. Functional implications are discussed.     

易组"太谷核不育基因"(Ms2)基因定位的研究

将在远缘杂交中由普通小麦（AABBDD）4D染色体易组导入六倍体小黑麦（AABBRR）以及硬粒小麦（AABB）的太谷核不育基因Ms2（原位于普通小麦4D染色体短臂距着丝点31．2cM的显性雄性不育核基因）。重新异回普通小麦染色体组中,所获得携带易组Ms2基因的新型太谷核不育小麦其显性雄性不育特性表达正常,且雄性不育株的雌性可育机制正常,对不育株幼穗花粉母细胞减数分型期染色体构型的观察可见其为整倍体（2n=42),尚未发现回归普通小麦的易组太谷核不育与原位 的太谷核不育基因有不同的表型。采用系统的标志基因测交法对回归普通小麦的易组太谷不育基因进行测交定位,发现易组Ms2基因与普通小麦显性秆标志基因Rht3连锁,从而将其定位于普通小麦4B 色体虎Rht3基因9.7cM处,新位点被命名为Ms2（4BS）,对Ms2基因在六倍体小黑麦与原太谷核不育小麦远缘杂交中位时的走向,普通小麦4A与4B染色体的互换更名以及Ms2（4BS）新位点的开发利用进行了讨论,认为异源多倍体生物核基因的组间易位倾向于从供体染色体向进化亲缘关系较密切,且染色体序数与染色体臂相同的部分同源染色体易位;1988年第7届国际小麦遗传学会对普通小麦4A与4B染色体的互换更名是正确的;Ms2（4BS）作为一个新型的遗传标记,作为小麦族内所有携带B染色体组的物种的育种工具和在拓建各为小麦种质资源的基因库等方面均有广泛的用途。     

Deletion of the last two exons of the mitochondrialnad7 gene results in lack of the NAD7 polypeptide in aNicotiana sylvestris CMS mutant

InNicotiana sylvestris, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) mutants obtained by protoplast culture show abnormal developmental features of both vegetative and reproductive organs, and mitochondrial gene reorganization following homologous recombination between 65 bp repeated sequences. A mitochondrial region of 16.2 kb deleted from both CMS mutants was found to contain the last two exons of thenad7 gene coding for a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, which is encoded in the nucleus in fungi and animals but was recently found to be encoded by the mitochondrial genome in wheat. Although theN. sylvestris nad7 gene shows strong homology with its wheat counterpart, it contains only three introns instead of four. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments indicated that the parental gene organization, including the completenad7 gene, is probably maintained at a substoichiometric level in the CMS mutants, but this proportion is too low to have a significant physiological role, as confirmed by expression studies showing the lack of detectable amounts of the NAD7 polypeptide. Consequently, absence of NAD7 is not lethal to plant cells but a deficiency of complex I could be involved in the abnormal CMS phenotype.     

小麦HMW-GS 12基因克隆及植物表达载体构建

目的:为了利用基因遗传转化改良小麦品质,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术。方法:从小麦品种东农7742基因组DNA中扩增并克隆了小麦高分子量谷蛋白12亚基基因(HMW-GS 12)。结果:序列分析结果表明,该基因全长1 980bp,其核苷酸顺序和推导的氨基酸顺序与已发表的序列相比,同源性分别为99.5%和99.7%。经过基因拼接,分别构建了胚乳特异性表达和组成型表达的高分子量谷蛋白12亚基基因的两个植物表达载体pDNPPBIHG和pUbPBIHG。     

Structure, topology and function of the translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria

Proteins destined for the mitochondria required the evolution of specific and efficient molecular machinery for protein import. The subunits of the import translocases of the inner membrane (TIM) appear homologous and conserved amongst species, however the components of the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) show extensive differences between species. Recently, bioinformatic and structural analysis of Tom20, an important receptor subunit of the TOM complex, suggests that this protein complex arose from different ancestors for plants compared to animals and fungi, but has subsequently converged to provide similar functions and analogous structures. Here we review the current knowledge of the TOM complex, the function and structure of the various subunits that make up this molecular machine.     

A two-component high-affinity nitrate uptake system in barley

The analysis of genome databases for many different plants has identified a group of genes that are related to one part of a two-component nitrate transport system found in algae. Earlier work using mutants and heterologous expression has shown that a high-affinity nitrate transport system from the unicellular green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii required two gene products for function. One gene encoded a typical carrier-type structure with 12 putative trans-membrane (TM) domains and the other gene, nar2 encoded a much smaller protein that had only one TM domain. As both gene families occur in plants we investigated whether this transport model has more general relevance among plants. The screening for nitrate transporter activity was greatly helped by a novel assay using (15)N-enriched nitrate uptake into Xenopus oocytes expressing the proteins. This assay enables many oocytes to be rapidly screened for nitrate transport activity. The functional activity of a barley nitrate transporter, HvNRT2.1, in oocytes required co-injection of a second mRNA. Although three very closely related nar2-like genes were cloned from barley, only one of these was able to give functional nitrate transport when co-injected into oocytes. The nitrate transport performed by this two-gene system was inhibited at more acidic external pH and by acidification of the cytoplasm. This specific requirement for two-gene products to give nitrate transport function has important implications for attempts to genetically manipulate this fundamental process in plants.     

矮败蓝标型小麦不育系的选育与研究

利用蓝粒太谷核不育硬粒小麦89-2343[AABB 4D(MS2)/4E]与普通小麦7739-3(2n=42)杂交、回交所产生的蓝粒可育株与白粒矮败材料杂交、回交,育成了一份矮败蓝粒小麦.选用13份遗传背景不同的白粒普通小麦与之杂交、回交,育成了13份矮败蓝粒小麦.对后代的粒色和育性分离进行分析,蓝粒矮败不育株占22.1%,白粒非矮秆可育株占77.7%,表明蓝粒基因、Ms2和Rht10均位于附加染色体上,且连锁紧密;但不同轮回亲本,矮败蓝粒的传递率有差异,477A的传递率最高,接近50%.细胞学分析表明矮败蓝粒小麦仍为单体附加系;探讨了矮败蓝粒小麦在群体改良和杂种小麦生产中的应用.