基于GARP 的加拿大一枝黄花在中国的分布区预测

加拿大一枝黄花( Solidago canadensis) 原产北美, 是在中国大陆危害最严重的入侵植物之一。本研究基于大量已有分布点数据, 使用生态位模型(GARP) 对其在中国的潜在扩散区域进行了预测, 结果表明: 极端低温、年均温对加拿大一枝黄花的分布限制较小, 而坡度、坡向、年降雨量、雨日频率、汇流累积量、水流方向、极端高温和霜日频率对其分布影响显著。加拿大一枝黄花的潜在入侵区远大于目前的实际分布区, 因此仍会继续在中国扩散; 中国中南部和东北部是加拿大一枝黄花最易形成入侵的地区, 应采取措施防止其入侵。     

加拿大一枝黄花对庐山自然保护区林地植物多样性及其季节动态的影响

为揭示加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)在庐山自然保护区的扩散过程及其对林地的可能影响及规律,调查了庐山自然保护区周边加拿大一枝黄花的分布现状,并在庐山自然保护区加拿大一枝黄花入侵群落设置了长期监测样地,对7个1 m×1 m的样方进行了植物多样性季节变化的定点研究.结果发现,加拿大一枝黄花已在庐山自然保护区周边大量发生,尤其是在城镇周边和高速公路两侧.庐山自然保护区森林覆盖率较高,光弱、多雾天气不利于加拿大一枝黄花的生长与繁殖,因此,加拿大一枝黄花在样地内的扩散较慢.但是,加拿大一枝黄花在所处的植物群落草本层一直长期存在,并导致样地内部分本土草本植物多度下降,尤其在每年10月期间群落植物多样性下降到最低.研究结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花也有可能在郁闭度较好的林地实现种群更新,对自然保护区的潜在影响不容忽视.     

加拿大一枝黄花在中国的潜在入侵区预测

加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis是原产于北美的菊科Asteraceae多年生草本植物, 上世纪30年代引入我国, 现广泛分布于我国东部地区的部分省市, 并已成为该区域的农业和环境杂草。为了预测加拿大一枝黄花在我国的潜在分布区, 本研究采用相同气候方法对其进行了估测。我们用加拿大一枝黄花的原产地——美国的气候参数作为参照, 将其与我国各地气象站的气候数据进行匹配。结果表明, 加拿大一枝黄花在我国的潜在分布区的纬度跨度为25°–50°, 所以其潜在的入侵区将远大于目前的实际分布区, 甚至东北的部分地区也将适宜于该物种的生长。据此, 我们建议相关管理部门应加强该物种的监测工作, 以防其进一步向目前入侵区以外的周边地区蔓延。     

加拿大一枝黄花--一种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物

加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis原产于北美,现已入侵到欧洲、亚洲和大洋洲等地,成为一种世界性的入侵性外来杂草,威胁着生态系统的生物多样性和农业生产,并造成显著的环境与经济损失。1935年,该物种作为庭院植物被引入上海,后逸生成为杂草,目前正在我国境内尤其是东部地区迅速扩散。本文较系统地介绍了加拿大一枝黄花在形态学、生物系统学、遗传多样性和生活史等方面的特征,并试图从其入侵力（繁殖力、化感作用、菌根营养）、被入侵生态系统的可入侵性（适宜的气候、生境破坏、天敌释放和土壤氮水平的影响）以及人类活动的直接影响等三方面分析其入侵成功的原因。最后,提出加拿大一枝黄花的防治关键在于控制其有性繁殖,现有的人工铲除和化学防治等措施都应在其有性繁殖之前实施。     

浙江省加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)的空间分布格局及其与人类活动的关系

原产于北美的加拿大一枝黄花目前正在我国境内尤其是东部地区迅速扩散,对当地的社会经济、自然生态系统和生物多样性构成了严重威胁.应用GIS技术揭示了2005年浙江省加拿大一枝黄花发生面积和发生面积比例的空间分布格局,并结合回归统计方法,分析了该空间分布格局与人类活动的关系.结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花在浙江省的分布存在明显的空间异质性;进口货物总额与农业活动强度是解释加拿大一枝黄花发生面积变异的主要因子;境内公路里程是解释加拿大一枝黄花发生面积比例变异的主要因子.在大力发展经济的同时,不能忽视经济发展对生态环境产生的负面影响,如物种入侵.对于加拿大一枝黄花的防控,应加大对抛荒地和闲置地的复垦力度,从源头上控制其发生面积.     

Effects of latitude and soil microbes on the resistance of invasive Solidago canadensis to its co-evolved insect herbivore Corythucha marmorata

纬度和土壤微生物对入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花对共同进化的专性食草昆虫抗性的影响在全球化的背景下,入侵植物再次暴露在来自其原产地的专性食草动物面前的可能性越来越大。然而,入侵植物对曾共同进化的专性食草动物的抗性是否存在纬度趋势以及土壤微生物如何影响入侵植物对这类食草动物的抗性还鲜有研究。我们假设入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)对其曾共 同进化的来自原产地的食草昆虫菊方翅网蝽(Corythucha marmorata)的抗性随纬度的增加而增加,而加拿 大一枝黄花的局部根际微生物可以促进加其对菊方翅网蝽的抗性。为了验证上述假设,我们首先通过野外调查和温室实验,研究了菊方翅网蝽在中国加拿大一枝黄花种群中的分布丰度,以及对加拿大一枝黄花造成的危害是否存在纬度分布规律。其次,我们通过温室实验,检测了加拿大一枝黄花的本地根际土壤微生物是否能促进加拿大一枝黄花对菊方翅网蝽的抗性。研究结果表明,菊方翅网蝽在加拿大一枝黄花中的分布密度和对加拿大一枝黄花的危害程度与纬度以及加拿大一枝黄花的生长呈现正相关,说明加拿大一枝黄花对菊方翅网蝽的抗性具有纬度趋势。然而,在温室实验中,来自不同纬度的加拿大一枝黄花受到菊方翅网蝽的伤害程度没有显著差异。此外,当根际土壤和加拿大一枝黄花的根状茎同时来自于野外被轻度危害的加拿大一枝黄花或同时来自于野外被重度危害的加拿大一枝黄花时,加拿大一枝黄花的抗性最强。这一结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花的局部根际土壤微生物促进了加拿大一枝黄花对菊方翅网蝽的抗性。     

“黄莺花”与一枝黄花及其同属近缘种的形态比较

形态上与入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花十分相似的“黄莺花”,近来作为鲜切花的配花走俏花卉市场,也引起了社会对其管理的高度关注。本文通过比较市售8个批次的“黄莺花”与35个入侵中国的加拿大一枝黄花种群、原产地的一枝黄花属2个种群以及一枝黄花的叶和花的11个形态学特征,并进行聚类分析。结果表明除第5批 “黄莺花”外的7个批次单独聚为一类,第5批次与35个入侵中国的加拿大一枝黄花种群聚为一大类,再结合加拿大的2个种群,而一枝黄花单独为一类。这充分说明“黄莺花”并非一枝黄花,而与入侵我国的加拿大一枝黄花各种群接近。进一步再与巨大一枝黄花和粗糙一枝黄花特征相比较分析,发现“黄莺花”与粗糙一枝黄花聚在一组,并进一步与入侵的加拿大一枝黄花相聚,加拿大1和2的种群更接近巨大一枝黄花,而一枝黄花单独成为一支。无论是加拿大一枝黄花、粗糙一枝黄花还是巨大一枝黄花都属于“加拿大一枝黄花复合种”。由此可以认为市售“黄莺花”属于外来入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花的复合种。叶片长宽比、离基三出脉距叶基距离、表皮毛数的多少、缘花/盘花比等是“黄莺花”与该属其它类群分类鉴定的重要形态学特征性指标。     

加拿大一枝黄花和一枝黄花化感作用比较研究

比较研究了入侵物种加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensisL.）与本地物种一枝黄花（S.decurrens Lour.）开花期水浸提溶液对6种受试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：两种一枝黄花的水浸提溶液对受试植物均有化感作用,但是加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比其地上部分强,而本地一枝黄花则相反。两种植物相比较,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比一枝黄花强,而地上部分则相反。本研究表明,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分具有较强的化感作用,通过化感作用对本地植物产生较强的抑制作用,从而形成单一优势群落。化感作用是其成功入侵的重要机制之一。豆科植物对加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用不敏感,因此它们可以作为生物替代控制中优先选择的物种。     

加拿大一枝黄花入侵林地对植物多样性的影响及其季节变化

研究了受加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）入侵的半自然林地的植物物种多样性变化,以期揭示该入侵植物对物种多样性的直接影响规律。结果显示,加拿大一枝黄花对林地的入侵造成了植物多样性的下降,入侵区植物的多样性指数小于对照区和只有少量加拿大一枝黄花入侵的蔓延区,而对照区和蔓延区之间并无显著差异。植物多样性指数和群落均匀度指数在不同季节问存在较大变化：多样性指数从4月到11月呈现F降趋势,而从1月份开始多样性指数开始升高。加拿大一枝黄花入侵对物种多样性的影响在6月到10月份最为严重,这可能是由于这段时间该入侵植物通过旺盛的克隆生长侵占了大部分生境排挤了土著植物。可见,虽然在林下的生长受抑。加拿大一枝黄花仍可能通i寸克降繁殖占据牛境．造成林地植物多样性的下降。     

Substrate availability regulates the suppressive effects of Canada goldenrod invasion on soil respiration

基质有效性调节加拿大一枝黄花入侵对土壤呼吸的抑制作用 外来植物入侵不仅会降低河边近岸湿地生态系统植被多样性,而且会改变湿地生态系统的地下碳过程。外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)已广泛入侵我国东南部地区,但加拿大一枝黄花入侵对入侵地生态系统地下土壤碳循环过程的影响却知之甚少。本研究通过野外原位观测实验和温室模拟入侵实验,探究外来植物加拿大一枝黄花入侵对入侵地土壤呼吸的影响规律及其驱动因素。野 外原位观测实验开展于2018年7月21日至12月15日,期间每周测定样地土壤呼吸。温室模拟入侵实验开展于2019年7月15日至12月15日,期间每月1日与15日上午测定土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸。土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸通过静态箱结合深埋根系隔离法测定。野外原位观测实验和温室模拟入侵实验结果均显示,加拿大一枝黄花的入侵降低了土壤二氧化碳的排放通量。加拿大一枝黄花入侵对土壤呼吸的抑制作用可能归因于其入侵引起的土壤可利用底物质量与数量的变化,表明外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花可通过改变植物释放基质以及与本地植物和/或土壤微生物争夺土壤有效基质而影响土壤碳循环。这些研究结果对于评估外来入侵植物对入侵地地下碳动态的影响以及对全球变暖的贡献具有重要意义。     

Enhanced allelopathy and competitive ability of invasive plant Solidago canadensis in its introduced range

Aims Why invasive plants are more competitive in their introduced range than native range is still an unanswered question in plant invasion ecology. Here, we used the model invasive plant Solidago canadensis to test a hypothesis that enhanced production of allelopathic compounds results in greater competitive ability of invasive plants in the invaded range rather than in the native range. We also examined the degree to which the allelopathy contributes increased competitive ability of S. canadensis in the invaded range.Methods We compared allelochemical production by S. canadensis growing in its native area (the USA) and invaded area (China) and also by populations that were collected from the two countries and grown together in a 'common garden' greenhouse experiment. We also tested the allelopathic effects of S. canadensis collected from either the USA or China on the germination of Kummerowia striata (a native plant in China). Finally, we conducted a common garden, greenhouse experiment in which K. striata was grown in monoculture or with S. canadensis from the USA or China to test the effects of allelopathy on plant–plant competition with suitable controls such as adding activated carbon to the soil to absorb the allelochemicals and thereby eliminating any corresponding allopathic effects.Important findings Allelochemical contents (total phenolics, total flavones and total saponins) and allelopathic effects were greater in S. canadensis sampled from China than those from the USA as demonstrated in a field survey and a common garden experiment. Inhibition of K. striata germination using S. canadensis extracts or previously grown in soil was greater using samples from China than from the USA. The competitive ability of S. canadensis against K. striata was also greater for plants originating from China than those from the USA. Allelopathy could explain about 46% of the difference. These findings demonstrated that S. canadensis has evolved to be more allelopathic and competitive in the introduced range and that allelopathy significantly contributes to increased competitiveness for this invasive species.     

加拿大一枝黄花入侵对本土植物群落动态的影响及其机制

了解外来植物入侵对本土植物群落种群动态的影响对于植物入侵的防控极为重要。该文以加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)入侵不同阶段的植物群落为研究对象, 对本土植物物种多样性以及常见优势种群的生态位变化进行了定量分析。结果表明: 加拿大一枝黄花氮素积累能力高于其他本土优势种群。随着加拿大一枝黄花入侵的深入, 本土植物群落的物种多样性呈现显著下降趋势; 氮素积累能力高的本土优势种群生态位宽度呈现明显的上升趋势, 而氮素积累能力低的本土优势种群生态位宽度则呈现明显下降的趋势; 本土优势种群的生态位重叠平均值呈现逐步下降的趋势。加拿大一枝黄花的入侵, 显著提高了土壤硝态氮含量, 而土壤铵态氮、有效磷、全磷和全氮含量显著降低。对氮素的积累能力决定了加拿大一枝黄花入侵后, 本土植物种群的动态变化格局。     

Realized niche shift associated with Galinsoga quadriradiata (Asteraceae) invasion in China

粗毛牛膝菊在中国的入侵与生态位漂移有关 在外来物种入侵和扩散过程中,生态位的漂移可能起到了重要作用。粗毛牛膝菊(Galinsoga quadriradiata) 在中国已造成了较为严重的入侵,占据了许多与其原产地不同的气候区。为此,本研究力图揭示粗毛牛膝菊入侵过程中的气候生态位漂移,分析其在该物种入 侵中国过程中可能发挥的作用。本研究结合粗毛牛膝菊原 产地和入侵地的分布点与气候数据, 采用Maxent模型预测了其在中国潜在的分布,并采用主成分分析的方法评估 了在入侵中国过程中粗毛牛膝菊气候生态位的漂移。模型结果显示,该物种原产地种群和入侵地种群之间只 有32.7%的生态位重叠,两个种群的生态位相似性较低(Schoener's D = 0.093, P < 0.005),这暗示了在其入侵过程中发生了生态位漂移。相比于其原产地种群,其在中国的入侵种群气候生态位的整体范围和中心都明 显地漂移向了温度更低、降水更少的区域;中国南方大部分区域属于粗毛牛膝菊的稳定适生区,而位于入侵 前沿的北方地区则存在局域适应和潜在拓殖区域。这些研究结果说明,粗毛牛膝菊在中国的入侵种群仍处于准平衡阶段,未来有可能继续向新的适生区扩散入侵,其生态位的变化有力地解释了为什么该物种在中国的入侵性强、危害范围大。     

应用生态位模型研究外来入侵物种生态位漂移

由于基础生态位和实际生态位的改变,外来入侵物种在入侵地成功定殖、扩散后常会发生生态位漂移,而物种生态位漂移往往很难直接证明。生态位模型在假设入侵物种的生态位需求保守的前提下,以物种在其原产地的生态位需求为基础,预测其在入侵地的潜在分布,通过比较预测分布与实际分布的差异可以从一定程度上得到外来入侵物种的生态位是否发生漂移的间接证据。以我国入侵杂草胜红蓟在原产地的生态位需求为基础,应用生态位模型预测其在其他地区的潜在分布。研究结果表明,生态位模型可以很好地预测胜红蓟在亚太平洋地区和非洲地区的分布,但在我国,其预测分布与实际分布存在较大差别。胜红蓟在我国预测分布主要为云南、海南、台湾部分地区,而胜红蓟入侵我国后现已广泛分布于长江以南地区,其实际分布比预测分布广泛得多,由此推测胜红蓟在入侵我国后其生态位已经产生了漂移。     

What is the potential of spread in invasive bryophytes?

Although the number of invasive bryophytes is much lower than that of higher plants, they threaten habitats that are often species rich and of high conservation relevance. Their potential of spread has, however, never been determined. Here, we assess whether the three most invasive bryophyte species shifted their niche during the invasion process and whether the extent of the study area defined to calibrate the model (geographic background, GB) affects model transferability. We then determine whether ecological niche models (ENMs) developed in their native range can be projected in other areas to assess their invasive potential. The macroclimatic niches of Campylopus introflexus, Orthodontium lineare and Lophocolea semiteres were compared in their native range (Southern Hemisphere) and in their invasion range (Northern Hemisphere) using ordination techniques. ENMs from an ensemble model were calibrated in the native range and projected onto the Northern Hemisphere using different GBs. No evidence for niche expansion in the invaded range was found and the species occur in the invaded range under climate conditions that are similar to those in the native range. The performance of the models to predict occurrences in the invaded range increased with the extent of the GB. The potential range of all species included entire regions on continents where they are still absent. The expansion of the investigated species appears to be constrained by climate conditions that are similar to those currently prevailing in their native range, which is consistent with our failure to demonstrate macroclimatic niche shift in the invaded range. The use of large GBs is recommended in such vagile organisms with large, disjunct distributions. The models indicated that invasive bryophyte species might become a threat in central and eastern Europe, North America and eastern Asia if accidentally introduced or naturally dispersed.     

Potential distribution analysis of an invasive alien species Parapediasia teterrella (Lepidoptera,Crambidae) in East Asia

The bluegrass webworm moth Parapediasia teterrella (Zincken, 1821) is a notorious pest that is native to North America. However, it has invaded East Asia and has caused serious economic losses in China and Japan. The objective of this paper is to analyse the potential geographic distribution of P. teterrella in East Asia with MaxEnt, using predictor variables related to temperature and precipitation. It is suggested that this species has potential to establish in Southeast China, most areas of Jeollanam-do, eastern coastal region of South Korea, and most areas of Japan. Furthermore, we applied the Jackknife test to evaluate the significance of climatic variables in modelling the potential distribution of P. teterrella. The result indicates that annual mean temperature (Bio1), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11) and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) mainly affect its geographical distribution. A map showing the potential distribution of P. teterrella in East Asia is provided, and morphological diagnosis of the species is also given.     

Different traits predict competitive effect versus response by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bromus madritensis</Emphasis> in its native and invaded ranges

Community assembly and coexistence theories predict that both fitness and plant functional traits should influence competitive interactions between native and invasive species. The evolution of the increased competitive ability hypothesis predicts that species will grow larger (a measure of fitness) in their invaded than native range; hence we hypothesized that species might exert greater competitive effects in their invaded range, lessening the importance of functional traits for competitive outcomes. In a greenhouse experiment we compared traits and competitive interactions between Bromus madritensis (an annual grass) and resident species from its native range in Spain, and its invaded range in Southern California. As predicted, B. madritensis collected in California grew larger and had a greater competitive effect on resident species than B. madritensis collected in Spain. However, residents from California also suppressed the growth of B. madritensis more than species from its native range in Spain. Competitive interaction strengths were predicted by different suites of traits in the native versus invaded range of B. madritensis; surprisingly, however, size of the resident species (fitness), did not predict variation in competitive interactions. This study shows that different suites of traits may aid in identifying those native species likely to strongly compete with invaders, versus those that will be competitively suppressed by invaders, with important implications for the design of restoration efforts aimed at promoting native species growth and preventing invasion. More generally, our study shows that fitness differences may not be as important as traits when predicting competitive outcomes in this system.