蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应

在温度25±1℃、相对湿度70±5%、光照周期（L∶D）14 h∶10 h条件下,研究了蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应及干扰效应。结果表明,寄主密度、寄主日龄均影响寄生蜂的寄生效能。蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇2日龄（N=2）、4日龄（N=4）蛹的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,其方程分别为Na= 0.4494N2/ (1+ 0.0294N2)、Na= 0.5586N4/ (1+ 0.0253N4)。24h内单头雌成蜂最多可寄生2日龄、4日龄蝇蛹数量分别为15.29、22.08头。自身密度对蝇蛹金小蜂寄生产生一定的干扰效应,其干扰效应符合Hassell－Varley模型（a= 0.0719P－0.2526）,表明蝇蛹金小蜂雌蜂的发现域随着自身密度的增加而逐渐变小,雌蜂个体间干扰效应降低了寄生效能。     

不同日龄南瓜实蝇蛹对蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生选择、发育及寿命的影响

蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius(Walker)是实蝇类害虫的蛹期单寄生蜂。本文在温度26℃±1℃、相对湿度(RH)为70%±5%、光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了不同日龄南瓜实蝇蛹对蝇蛹俑小蜂选择、发育及寿命的影响。结果表明:在选择性和非选择性试验中,蝇蛹俑小蜂均偏好寄生3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹,且随着南瓜实蝇蛹龄期的增加,蝇蛹俑小蜂对其寄生率呈下降趋势。蝇蛹俑小蜂能在1-7日龄南瓜实蝇蛹上产卵并可发育至成虫,在3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹上的发育历期显著较短,子代雌蜂寿命较长。综上所述,3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹是蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生的最佳时期。     

长柄俑小蜂寄生橘小实蝇蛹的功能反应

长柄俑小蜂寄生橘小实蝇蛹的功能反应符合功能反应模型HollingⅡ型,其方程为:Na=1.5324TrN0/(1 1.5324ThN0)。每只寄生蜂在24 h内最大寄生量为17.57只橘小实蝇蛹。寄生1只寄主蛹所需的时间为1.37 h;瞬时攻击率(功能系数)为0.6526;长柄俑小蜂自身密度对寄生产生干扰效应,用Hassell-Varley模型可表示为:α=0.1085P-0.1929。     

寄主对蝇蛹俑小蜂发育及寄生效能的影响

【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是蝇类害虫蛹期重要的寄生蜂,该蜂可寄生家蝇、瓜实蝇、橘小实蝇和南瓜实蝇等多种蝇类害虫。研究蝇蛹俑小蜂对寄主的选择性及在不同寄主上的发育情况有助于该寄生蜂的扩繁和利用。【方法】在温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹、南瓜实蝇蛹和橘小实蝇蛹的寄生率及子代蜂发育、寿命的影响。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹、橘小实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹上均能产卵并发育至成虫,其对瓜实蝇蛹的选择系数和寄生率分别为0.37和55.33%,显著高于其对另外2种实蝇蛹。在非选择条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹上的出蜂量最高,发育历期最短。在同一寄主条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂的发育历期、寿命显著较雄蜂的长,雌蜂的质量显著大于雄蜂。【结论与意义】蝇蛹俑小蜂可用于瓜实蝇的防治,瓜实蝇蛹是扩繁蝇蛹俑小蜂的理想寄主。     

寄主大小及寄生顺序对蝇蛹佣小蜂寄生策略的影响

寄主大小模型认为寄生蜂后代性比与寄主大小相关,寄生蜂倾向于在大寄主上产出更多雌性后代,在小寄主上产出更多雄性后代.探讨了以家蝇蛹为寄主时,蝇蛹佣小蜂后代产量和性比变化;单次寄生情况下,寄主大小及寄生顺序对寄生蜂后代性比等影响.结果表明,蝇蛹佣小蜂的产卵期为(8.93±3.34)d,单头雌蜂能产雌性后代(34.11±16.34)头和雄性后代(11.04±8.87)头,且雄性百分比为0.24±0.11.随成蜂日龄的增大,寄生蜂产生雄性后代的比率显著增加.蝇蛹佣小蜂在寄生家蝇蛹时,会优先选择寄生个体较大的蛹;在单次寄生的情况下,蝇蛹佣小蜂倾向于在较大的家蝇蛹内产出更多的雌性后代.     

温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生瓜实蝇蛹功能反应的影响

【目的】蝇蛹俑小蜂是很多双翅目害虫的蛹寄生蜂。了解温度对寄生蜂寄生效能的影响是利用寄生蜂控制害虫的重要前提。【方法】实验室条件下设置温度为21、24、27、30、33℃,测定温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂寄生瓜实蝇蛹功能反应的影响。蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹的功能反应用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型N_a=AN/(F+N)进行拟合。【结果】不同温度下蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生潜能(A)和寄主半饱和密度(F)不同。当温度在27℃时,其寄生潜能最大;而寄主半饱和密度随着温度升高而降低。【结论】瓜实蝇在瓜地盛发期的栖境温度适宜蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生。     

小菜蛾主要寄生性天敌——菜蛾绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂间的相互作用

在28℃下,以小菜蛾3龄幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂间的相互关系．当寄主供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,与只供1种蜂时相比。绒茧蜂的寄生率无显著变化,而啮小蜂的寄生率则显著下降;2种蜂的合计寄生率与任一种蜂单独存在时相比无显著差异．当寄主先供绒茧蜂寄生,再供啮小蜂寄生时,绒茧蜂的成功寄生率不受影响,而啮小蜂的寄生率仅为8％～13％;啮小蜂能寄生在寄主体内的绒茧蜂高龄幼虫．绒茧蜂能寄生已被啮小蜂寄生的寄主幼虫,其子代部分个体能正常发育至成虫羽化．当已被绒茧蜂寄生和未被寄生的寄主同时存在时,啮小蜂主要寄生未被寄生的寄主．表明绒茧蜂具有竞争优势。但这种优势可因啮小蜂的寄生而被削弱．     

寄主大小对蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius(Walker)产卵选择和发育的影响

【背景】对寄生蜂与寄主之间关系的研究是寄生蜂有效利用的基础。寄生蜂雌蜂通常选择最适于子代蜂发育的寄主进行产卵。【方法】在室内26℃条件下,研究了橘小实蝇蛹体型大小对蝇蛹俑小蜂产卵和生长发育的影响。采用饥饿方法处理3龄橘小实蝇幼虫以获得体型大小(用体质量表示)差异较大的寄主蛹,供寄生蜂选择寄生。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂显著偏好寄生体型中等的寄主蛹,然而,随着寄主体型的增大,后代雌性比率增大,且寄主蛹个体大小与后代雌蜂体型大小存在显著的正相关;橘小实蝇蛹个体大小对蝇蛹俑小蜂后代发育历期和寿命无显著影响。【结论与意义】蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂能够根据寄主蛹质量来调整后代数量和性比,以使后代适应度最大化。     

枸杞木虱啮小蜂寄生行为及生物学特性的研究

枸杞木虱啮小蜂Tetrastichussp .是枸杞木虱ParatriozasinicaYang&Li若虫的外寄生蜂 ,自然寄生率可达 86 5 %。在温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃的室内条件下 ,完成 1个世代需 1 4～ 2 0d。成虫寿命与取食有关 ,取食 1 5 %的蜂蜜水 ,雌性成虫寿命为 1 2～ 1 7d,雄性成虫为 4～ 6d。成蜂最喜欢在 3龄和 4龄若虫上产卵。自然种群消长与寄主虫口密度相关。每年 7月到 8月下旬该蜂寄生率高 ,9月份下降 ,1 0月份几乎不见。     

营养对不同地理种群周氏啮小蜂生物学特性的影响

【目的】研究补充营养对周氏啮小蜂海南本土地理种群和北京地理种群的生物学参数是否有差异。【方法】设置不同的营养(10%蜂蜜、10%蔗糖、10%葡萄糖、水、空白)分别饲喂周氏啮小蜂,统计2个地理种群的寄生率、羽化率、出蜂量、寿命。【结果】2个地理种群的周氏啮小蜂羽化后不久即可进行交配,补充10%蜂蜜、10%蔗糖、10%葡萄糖能显著提高2个地理种群的寄生率、羽化率、出蜂量、雌雄蜂寿命,补充不同的营养对两个地理种群的雌雄比、发育历期的影响差异不显著;饲喂10%蜂蜜的海南地理种群寄生率最高(84.60%),饲喂10%葡萄糖的海南地理种群羽化率最高(97.47%),饲喂10%葡萄糖的海南地理种群出蜂量最高(60.03头),饲喂10%葡萄糖的海南地理种群雌、雄蜂的寿命均为最高,分别为9.13和8.53d。营养和地理种群的交互作用对周氏啮小蜂雄蜂的寄生率、羽化率、出蜂量、雌雄比、雌雄蜂寿命具有显著影响,而对周氏啮小蜂的发育历期无显著影响。【结论】补充营养可不同程度促进周氏啮小蜂生殖力、寿命及寄生率,对寄生蜂繁育和利用其进行生物防治具有一定的意义。     

在受重金属Zn2+胁迫的斜纹夜蛾幼虫寄主上双斑侧沟茧蜂的生存与发育

通过在植食性昆虫斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius幼虫人工饲料中添加不同浓度的Zn²⁺,测定了连续3代取食含不同Zn²⁺浓度饲料幼虫的血淋巴中Zn²⁺含量,并研究了被Zn²⁺胁迫的斜纹夜蛾幼虫对寄生性天敌双斑侧沟茧蜂Microplitis bicoloratus Chen生存与发育的影响。结果表明,斜纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴中Zn²⁺含量随饲料中Zn²⁺浓度和幼虫取食世代数的增加而增加;Zn²⁺胁迫斜纹夜蛾幼虫对双斑侧沟茧蜂的寄生率、从寄生到结茧的时间、蛹期长短、成虫羽化率和成虫寿命等都有不同程度的影响,其中以第2代的寄生率和第1代的羽化率受影响最大,均随着Zn²⁺浓度的增大而降低。因此,寄主饲料中高浓度的Zn²⁺能通过食物链影响双斑侧沟茧蜂的生存和发育。     

多寄主型寄生蜂蝇蛹俑小蜂对新寄主的选择与适应性

【目的】明确多寄主型寄生蜂蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius对不同类型新寄主的偏好选择与适应性。【方法】选择分别以瓜实蝇Zeugodacus cucurbitae、南瓜实蝇Z. tau和家蝇Musca domestica的蛹为寄主饲养的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂,比较研究其对上述3种寄主中其他2种非饲养寄主的选择行为、寄生选择及适应性。【结果】与家蝇蛹相比,以瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂偏好选择和寄生南瓜实蝇蛹,且在南瓜实蝇蛹上产生更多的子代;以南瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂偏好选择和寄生瓜实蝇蛹,且在瓜实蝇蛹上产生更多的子代;而以家蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂对瓜实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹的选择数量以及在选择和非选择试验条件下的寄生率与子代数量上并无显著差异。此外,以瓜实蝇和南瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂分别更容易适应南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇蛹。【结论】基于3种蝇的生态位关系,推测蝇蛹俑小蜂偏好选择和更容易适应与其饲养寄主有重叠生态位的新寄主。     

寄生于美国白蛾的啮小蜂一新种(膜翅目：姬小蜂科)

描述了从美国白蛾蛹中养出的一种啮小蜂新种-白蛾黑棒啮小蜂 Tetrastichus septentrionalis sp. nov., 属啮小蜂属Tetrastichus黑棒啮小蜂种团(howardi-group)。该新种在我国北方美国白蛾发生区分布普遍,也分布韩国。在美国白蛾越冬蛹中及夏季蛹中的寄生率一般为12%～24%,每头寄主蛹出蜂数为78～182 头,雌雄性比为10∶1。在生物防治上具有很好的利用前景。     

Populational parameters of Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Pupae of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) treated with two strains of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. (Deuteromycetes)

The parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker is an efficient controller of Dipteran pupae, such as Musca domestica L. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. is a regulator of insect populations, including these synanthropic pests. The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of utilizing both agents in a combined form for the biocontrol of the domestic fly. Recently formed M. domestica pupae were inoculated by immersion in conidia suspension (10(8) conidia/ml) with two strains of B. bassiana (Bb6 and Bb10). The inoculated pupae were offered to the female parasitoid. In one bioassay they were offered pupae inoculated a single day and in other, pupae inoculated the following day as well. In both bioassays non inoculated (control) pupae were offered to the parasitoids until their death. Thirty females of S. endius were used for each strain and bioassay. From the study of the parasitoid offspring, life tables were built and the reproduction net rate (R(0)) and intrinsic natural increase (r(m)) were obtained among other demographic parameters; the parasitism percentages and sex ratios were also analyzed. B. bassiana did not affect significantly the biodemography of the parasitoid when pupae were inoculated a single time. On the other hand the R0 and the rm were smaller than that of the control without the fungus when pupae were inoculated twice, although sporulation was not observed in the cadavers of S. endius.     

Reproductive performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nesolynx thymus</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as influenced by host (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Musca domestica</Emphasis>) size

An investigation was conducted to understand the influence of host size on the reproductive performance of Nesolynx thymus, an ecto-pupal parasitoid of the uzi fly, Exorista bombycis, inflicting 10–20% loss to silkworm crops in the southern silk producing states of India. Two day-old adults of N. thymus were allowed to parasitize pupae of M. domestica, categorized into big and small at a parasitoid-host ratio of 1:20. After parasitoid adult eclosion, data on parasitization rate, developmental duration, male, female and total adult recovery per pupa and per female, sex ratio, adult size and adult longevity were recorded. The performance of first generation adults as influenced by host size was also recorded by allowing the first generation adults to parasitize three day-old pupae of E. bombycis. The parameters female and total progeny production per female, sex ratio, longevity, body length and wing span of males, females, head width of male, and abdomen length of female increased significantly with host size. No impact of host size was observed on performance of first generation adults.     

Effects of high temperature shocks on the development and biology ofTrichogramma brassicae [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae]

Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko is used throughout Europe as an effective biological control agent against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). However, in certain climatic regions, the biological control exerted by this parasitoid is less effective. High temperatures inside the released capsules are suspected to have a negative influence on the parasitoids. To simulate these adverse conditions, we applied heat shocks (35°C and 44°C) for 6 hours to pupae ofTrichogramma brassicae at two periods: white pupae and melanized pupae. The results showed the susceptibility of both the white pupae and melanized pupae, especially at 44°C. At this temperature, the adults (G₀ generation) derived from pupae treated at any age showed reduced longevity and fecundity. Moreover, those descended from treated melanized pupae showed an emergence rate lower than that of the control. These effects reduced to half and more the parasitic efficiency of the G₀ generation. For the progeny (G₁ generation), we observed a decrease of the female ratio: 38% for the progeny of adults derived from treated melanized pupae; 88% for the progeny of those derived from treated white pupae. In that condition, the G₁ generation, almost totally male, could not have any parasitic activity.     

Parasitism of house fly (Musca domestica) pupae by four species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera): effects of host–parasitoid densities and host distribution

Parasitoid-induced mortality of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae and parasitoid progeny emergence by four species of pteromalid parasitoids, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, M.zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Spalangia cameroni Perkins and S.endius Walker, were determined for a 24 h exposure period using parasitoid: host ratios ranging from 1:2 to 1:50. When the number of parasitoids was held constant (n = 5) and the numbers of hosts varied, and when the number of hosts was held constant (n = 100) and the number of parasitoids varied, both the number of pupae killed per parasitoid and the number of parasitoid progeny per parasitoid increased with increasing parasitoid:host ratios to reach an upper limit asymptotically. Maximum values were, respectively: M.raptor (14.7, 11.1), M.zaraptor (12.3, 9.3), S.cameroni (16.9, 5.5), S.endius (14.8, 9.7) with no consistent effects attributed to parasitoid interference. For M.raptor and S.cameroni at parasitoid:host ratios of 1:10, the pupal mortality and progeny emergence were determined for a 24 h exposure period when hosts were distributed in poultry manure at four levels of aggregation ranging from clumped to uniform. Pupal mortality was least in clumped distributions, while parasitoid progeny emergence was not significantly different.     

Evaluation of BC2 progenies derived from 3x-2x and 3x-4x crosses of Lilium hybrids: a GISH analysis

An allotriploid (ALA, 2n=3 x=36) BC(1) plant was obtained by backcrossing a diploid F(1) interspecific hybrid (LA, 2n=2 x=24), derived from a Lilium longiflorum (L genome) and an Asiatic hybrid (A genome), to the latter parent. This allotriploid was backcrossed to a diploid Asiatic hybrid (2n=2 x=24) and to an allotetraploid (LLAA, 2n=4 x=48) LA hybrid. A total of 25 plants of these crosses were examined for ploidy level, and 12 individuals were analyzed for their genome constitution through genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). In most cases the progenies from the triploid-diploid (3 x-2 x) crosses consisted of aneuploids. Further more, there was evidence for the formation of near-haploid (x=12+2) to triploid (3 x=36) gametes in the allotriploid BC(1) plant. The progenies of triploid-tetraploid (3 x-4 x) cross also consisted of mostly aneuploids but in this case the triploid female parent had contributed predominantly near-triploid (2n) gametes for the origin of BC(2) progenies. The different ploidy levels observed between 3 x-2 x and 3 x-4 x crosses are possibly caused by preferential fertilization or survival resulting in a different ratio of chromosome numbers between the embryo and endosperm. Though Lilium has a tetrasporic, eight-nucleate type of embryo sac formation (Fritillaria type), the observed difference between the progeny types in 3 x-2 x and 3 x-4 x crosses is comparable to that of observed in monosporic eight nucleate types (Polygonum type) that predominate in most genera of Angiosperms. An important feature of the genome constitution of the progenies was that the homoeologous recombinant chromosomes were transmitted intact from BC(1) to BC(2) progenies in variable numbers. In addition, there was evidence for the occurrence of new homoeologous recombinations in the triploid BC(1). Of the two euploid BC(2) plants one had originated through the parthenogenetic development of a 2n egg and the other had originated through indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR).     

Production of Filth Fly Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Fresh and on Freeze-killed and Stored House Fly Pupae

Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the effects of age, status (fresh versus freezekilled), and storage regime on the suitability of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae as hosts for Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Saunders, M. raptorellus Kogan & Legner, M. zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Production of all species was maximized on pupae aged 24 + h post-pupation. Fresh pupae could not be refrigerated at 10°C or less, or at 15°C without a significant decline in their suitability as hosts. Although production of S. cameroni was essentially limited to the use of fresh house fly pupae, M. raptor , M. raptorellus , M. zaraptor , T. sarcophagae and U. rufipes could be reared on either fresh or freeze-killed pupae stored at - 20 °C for up to 6 months prior to parasitism. The suitability of freeze-killed pupae declined during storage when used for production of male and female M. raptorellus and M. zaraptor , and possibly for male T. sarcophagae . No other effects of storage on parasitoid production were detected. These results suggest that insectaries can stockpile fly pupae in freezers during times of overproduction for future use in mass-rearing M. raptor, M. raptorellus, M. zaraptor, T. sarcophagae and U. rufipes as biocontrol agents of filth flies.     

蝇蛹金小蜂对家蝇蛹的寄生策略

蝇蛹金小蜂Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani是家蝇Musca domestica蛹期常见寄生蜂种类。本文探讨蝇蛹金小蜂对寄主日龄的选择策略以及该寄生蜂的寿命、产卵历期和后代数量等规律。结果表明寄生蜂可利用各日龄的蝇蛹,寄生高龄期蝇蛹时,寄生蜂后代产量显著降低,既未出蜂也未出蝇的死亡蝇蛹比例显著增加;寄生蜂寿命为(11.89±6.99)d,产卵历期为(9.58±6.67)d,单个雌蜂后代产量为(33.74±18.08)头,雄性后代的发育历期显著短于雌性后代,随着寄生蜂产卵历期的延长,寄生蜂后代产量下降,雄性后代比例增加。