广东省果梅种质资源主要性状的鉴定评价

阐述了广东省果梅种质资源的果实主要性状、生物学特性和植物学特征(主要包括栽培类型、果形、果重、肉质、果实可食率、果实内含物、果核核尖尖度、果实成熟期、花、树型和抗病性等),结果表明:(1)广东果梅种质资源变异广泛,蕴含有大量可供生产利用的优良种质;(2)栽培上有白梅、青梅、红梅和黄梅4类;(3)成熟期4月上旬至5月上旬,为我国最早熟的品种群。并介绍了优良品种的选育和推广利用情况。     

中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用

全世界猕猴桃属植物共有66种,中国分布有62种,种质资源极为丰富。猕猴桃属植物中经济栽培价值较高的是中国特有的美味猕猴桃、中华猕猴桃、软枣猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃等。以此为主要对象,对其起源、栽培历史及利用价值、种类与分布、品种资源与特异种质、种质保存、花粉形态、染色体数目与倍性、同工酶分析以及DNA分子标记等研究利用现状作一综述,并讨论了中国猕猴桃种质资源今后的研究展望,这将有助于猕猴桃种质资源的可持续利用和品种改良。     

中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用

全世界猕猴桃属植物共有66种,中国分布有62种,种质资源极为丰富。猕猴桃属植物中经济栽培价值较高的是中国特有的美味猕猴桃、中华猕猴桃、软枣猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃等。以此为主要对象,对其起源、栽培历史及利用价值、种类与分布、品种资源与特异种质、种质保存、花粉形态、染色体数目与倍性、同工酶分析以及DNA分子标记等研究利用现状作一综述,并讨论了中国猕猴桃种质资源今后的研究展望。这将有助于猕猴桃种质资源的可持续利用和品种改良。     

黑龙江省野生大豆、栽培大豆高异黄酮种质资源筛选

利用改进的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了黑龙江省野生大豆(Glycine soja)、栽培大豆(G. max) 60份种质资源的异黄酮含量.结果表明,不同类型大豆种质资源异黄酮含量有明显遗传差异,变幅为416.2～6808.2μg/g,野生大豆高于栽培大豆,筛选出高异黄酮野生大豆种质资源4份、高异黄酮栽培大豆种质资源2份.     

苦荞种质资源评价及遗传育种研究展望

苦荞起源于中国西藏喜马拉雅地区,有上千年的栽培历史。苦荞富含蛋白质、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸等丰富的营养物质和黄铜、酚酸等生物活性物质,是药食同源作物。近年来,苦荞的营养保健功能逐渐得到认可,需求量日益增加,苦荞产业也得到了快速发展。中国有着极其丰富的苦荞种质资源(883份),但中国苦荞育种起步晚,育种技术落后,专用型苦荞品种缺乏,严重限制了其产业的发展。该研究对当前中国苦荞种质资源的收集与保存、评价(包括农艺性状、营养成分、功能成分以及抗逆性)和育种等方面的研究进展进行综述,对存在的问题进行了阐述,并对未来中国苦荞育种研究进行了分析展望,以期为中国苦荞研究及育种工作提供参考。     

银杏发展态势及其价值分析

银杏(Ginkgo Biloba L.)在中国有悠久的栽培历史。通过综合国内有关资料。从银杏的适应能力、应用价值和经济效益等方面，详尽阐述了近几年银杏栽培迅猛发展之原因，指明其发展趋势，给人们在今后的银杏栽培及开发利用方面以启迪。     

西部大开发必须抢救作物种质资源

我国西部作物种质资源十分丰富,尤以野生近缘种为最。3种野生稻大部分分布在西部。小麦野生近缘植物中,69％的物种只生于西部。野生大豆的多样性中心在西部——黄河中游。西部还有茶、柑橘、桃、李、梅、杏、山楂、樱桃、海棠、猕猴桃等多种干鲜果树和瓜菜的野生种。我国西部堪称农作物野生近缘植物的宝库。西部作物名特优品种和独特类型很多,如新疆的吐鲁番葡萄、哈密甜瓜、库尔勒香梨,宁夏的中宁枸杞,甘肃兰州的白兰瓜、百合等。过去考察中发现西藏有很多千年以上的古桑、光核桃子等。川西、陕南等地有稀有、珍贵的果、菜品种。我国在作物种质资源保护方面虽然做了大量工作,但是野生种损失严重,特别是分布较广的野生稻和野生大豆,多处分布点已大为缩小或绝迹。西部大开发中,生态环境不可避免地将发生变化。为了使种质资源不再继续损失,建议做好以下几件事：(1)在西部地区再进行一次作物野生近缘植物的考察收集;(2)通过调查,科学地建立野生近缘植物的保护区(点);(3)抢救栽培种的名特优种质资源,为发展特有产业储备物质基础;(4)保护好已收集的种质资源,勿使得而复失。     

微藻种质资源库——藻类科学研究和产业发展的重要平台

微藻是指一类形态微小, 能够进行光合作用, 以单细胞或简单多细胞形式存在的藻类。作为一类重要的生物资源, 活体微藻的保藏和共享服务是开展藻类科学研究和藻类产业发展的必要平台和基础。坐落于中国科学院水生生物研究所的淡水藻种库(FACHB-Collection)正式成立于1973年, 1996年作为创会成员加入中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会; 2019年成为国家水生生物种质资源库的核心成员。该库保藏逾3400株微藻, 隶属于9门169属。年均为国内外用户提供2500株藻株, 并提供藻种鉴定、分离纯化和培养技术等方面的服务和咨询。文章回顾了国际微藻种质资源库的发展历史和现状, 介绍了国内微藻种质资源保藏情况, 着重介绍国家水生生物种质资源库——淡水藻种库在库藏藻株多样性、共享服务、藻株无菌化、超低温保藏技术及优良品种选育与应用等方面的进展, 瞄准提升我国在藻类学研究和藻类产业研发的竞争力, 提出了藻种资源库未来发展的建议。     

资源开发信息四则

红花是一种很有发展前途的作物红花在中国有2100多年的栽培历史,是一种重要的中药材,主要用于治疗跌打损伤和心脑血管疾病。在国外是一种新的油料作物。我国中科院植物研究所植物园等先后从50多个国家引进红花种质资源和优良品种2000多份,并在我国西北、华北和西南的部分省区推广。已成为我国一种新的油、药兼用作物。     

桦褐孔菌野生分离菌株的比较与栽培选育

通过菌丝形态比较、ISSR分析鉴定及人工驯化栽培选育,对1株野生分离菌株和4株保藏菌株进行比较。结果显示:5个菌株在菌丝形态和长势上差异显著,1号菌株(野生分离)菌丝洁白,长速最快;ISSR扩增图谱谱带差异明显,1号菌株与5号菌株在遗传相似水平85%时聚为1类,其他菌株各自聚为独立1类。驯化栽培试验结果表明:1号菌株出核较快,菌核大,产量高,较其他菌株产量差异显著。被试菌株为各自独立菌株,1号菌株经驯化适宜高产栽培,是重要珍稀野生种质资源。本研究可为野生桦褐孔菌菌株种质资源收集和为实现大规模栽培育种提供亲本资源。     

Expression of chlorophyllase is not induced during autumnal yellowing in Ginkgo biloba

Autumnal tints are one of the most fascinating natural phenomena, but the molecular mechanism of chlorophyll (Chl-)degradation in deciduous trees has not been fully understood. In this study, from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, chlorophyllase-homologous GbCLH was cloned by RT-PCR with degenerated primers. The expression of GbCLH in different yellowing stages was analyzed by Northern hybridization. The expression level of GbCLH was highest in green leaves and significantly declined during the process of leaf yellowing. These results suggested that GbCLH should be involved in chlorophyll-homeostasis in Ginkgo biloba.     

银杏药用物质的开发利用现状及其发展设想

本文概述了银杏叶的药理作用及其开发利用现状。目前,银杏药用物质的获取仍然是通过叶片提取这一途径,这同时存在地理环境、季节等诸多限制因素。而通过银杏组织、细胞培养获得其药用物质的技术研究刚刚起步,距离实际应用仍有相当的距离,但随着这项技术的不断发展,它不仅可用于生产银杏黄酮类和银杏内酯,而且有助于进一步研究银杏所含的特殊化学成分及其相关的代谢途径。     

银杏优良单株繁殖体系的建立与技术要点

论述了银杏优良单株繁殖体系的建立过程以及各个阶段的技术要点 ,对促进广西银杏生产具有指导意义     

海岸带复合农林业系统植物种群光环境特征研究

本文对三种银杏-农作物复合模式下植物种群对光合有效辐射的削弱和截获进行了模型化分析,并探讨了不同模式下光照强度的时空分布规律。结果表明:银杏果用-叶用-豆类作物复合模式具有最好的复合光效益,光能截获率可达92%;PAR在植冠层的削弱遵循Beer-Lambert定律;植物种群的叶面积、地上部分生物量、光吸收的关系可以用Y=ax^b数学模型描述。同时,果用、材用银杏冠层有较大的透光性和光强变异系数,可以作为银杏-农作物初期经营的上层树种,但要注意冠形的调控;光强的时间变化受冠层条件和太阳高度角的双重影响。     

北方城市12种常见树木落花分解及其养分释放特征

城市绿化产生的树木落花量日益增加,由于落花富含养分,所以研究落花的分解及其养分释放特性,可以为落花作为施肥材料和制备生物质有机肥等农业再利用提供科学依据。以樱花(Cerasus sp.)、海棠(Malus spectabilis)、白玉兰(Magnolia denudata)、紫玉兰(Magnolia liliflora)、桃(Amygdalus persica)、红叶李(Prunus cerasiferaⅠ)、紫叶李(Prunus cerasiferaⅡ)、含笑(Michelia figo)、紫荆(Cercis chinensis)、杏梅(Prunus mume)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)和栾树(Koelreuteria paniculate)等12种树木落花为研究对象,通过室内落花分解模拟试验,结果表明:(1)粗蛋白含量以桃花和白玉兰落花中较高(251.44—274.94 mg/g)(P<0.05),木质素含量以紫荆和银杏落花中较高(47.35—49.95μg/g)(P<0.5),N含量以桃花和白玉兰落花中较高(40.23—43.99 mg/g)(P<0.5),P含量以桃花和白玉兰落花中较高(1.37—1.58 mg/g)(P<0.5),K含量以红叶李、紫叶李和白玉兰落花中较高(4.53—4.72 mg/g)(P<0.5),Cu含量以白玉兰落花中较高(22.74μg/g),Zn含量以紫叶李落花中较高(249.06μg/g)(P<0.5),Fe含量以紫荆、樱花、紫叶李、杏梅、海棠和桃花中较高(85.81—118.34μg/g)(P<0.5),Mn含量以杏梅、樱花、桃花和海棠落花中较高(24.09—25.71μg/g)(P<0.5)。(2)12种落花中,除了银杏分解稍慢(周转期1.12 a)之外,其他落花分解均较快(周转期为1.00—1.05 a)。(3)落花养分释放速率较之分解速率表现为:N在樱花、海棠、紫玉兰、红叶李、含笑和紫荆落花中呈超速释出状态,而在其他落花中呈慢速释出状态,P在白玉兰、桃花、紫叶李、紫荆和银杏落花中呈超速释出状态,而在其他落花中呈慢速释出状态,K除了在紫荆落花中呈超速释出状态之外,在其他落花中均呈慢速释出状态。(4)相关性分析表明,落花中含有较高的粗蛋白、N、P和K含量可以加快落花分解,而落花中含有较高的木质素含量、木质素/N和N/P则导致落花分解速度减慢。研究结果将为落花的资源化利用奠定理论基础。     

银杏叶调节血脂功能研究

对银杏叶的调节血脂的作用进行研究。采用喂养高脂饲料的方法建立高脂血症大鼠模型,观察银杏叶对高脂血症成年大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三酯(TG)和血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-CH)含量的影响。试验结果表明,在0.67、1.33 g/kg.bw/d剂量条件下银杏叶可有效降低高脂血症大鼠血清TC,升高高脂血症大鼠HDL-CH水平。剂量1.33 g/kg.bw/d剂量下,能够降低大鼠血清TG的含量。因此,银杏叶茶在一定剂量条件下具有较好地调节高血脂动物的血脂的功能,本试验为银杏叶功能保健茶的开发提供了较好的理论依据。     

Comparative biogeography of New Zealand trees: species richness, height, leaf traits and range sizes

New Zealand forests grow under highly oceanic climates on an isolated southern archipelago. They experience a combination of historical and environmental factors matched nowhere else. This paper explores whether the New Zealand tree flora also differs systematically from those found in other temperate and island areas. A compilation of traits and distributions from standard floras is used to compare the New Zealand tree flora with those of Europe, North America, Chile, southern Australia, Fiji and Hawaii. New Zealand has a large number of trees (215 species ≥6 m in height). It is more tree-rich than temperate North America and Europe having up to 50% more species at a quadrat scale of 2.5? latitude x 2.5? longitude. However, this richness is due to a greater abundance of small trees (≤15 m in height) and we argue that it is a legacy of allopatric speciation and radiation during the late Neogene (2.5?10 million yrs ago) when the New Zealand landmass was repeatedly split into smaller island groups and mountain building occurred. The leaves of New Zealand trees, along with those of southeast Australia, are smaller and narrower than those of the temperate northern hemisphere. Dominance of the canopy by small-leaved evergreen conifers and angiosperms may have facilitated the persistence of small tree species in the lower canopy. The proportion of tree species with a deciduous or divaricating habit, and toothed-margin leaves, increases with latitude, suggesting a link with lower winter temperatures in the south. Tree species richness decreases with increasing latitude and, in conformity with Rapoport?s Rule, latitudinal range width increases. Wide-range trees are mainly bird-dispersed, fast-growing seral small trees, or long-lived, tall podocarps. Wide-range trees appear to have no greater tolerance of climate extremes than narrow-range trees, and their persistence at high latitudes derives from their enhanced colonization ability.     

银杏年周期内N、P、K需求动态研究

对不同树龄银杏植株体内矿质养分动态进行监测的结果表明 ,银杏叶中 N、P、K等元素的含量随季节变化而呈规律性变化 ;银杏地上部各器官对养分的积累 ,未挂果树为叶 >新枝 ,丰产银杏 N的积累为叶 =果实>新枝 ,P、K的积累为果实 >叶 >新枝 ;展叶期叶片中积累的养分量较大 ;对不同养分的需求比例 (N∶ P2 O5∶K2 O)分别为三年生幼树 2～ 3∶ 1∶ 2～ 3、五年生树 4～ 5∶ 1∶ 6～ 8、丰产银杏 2∶ 1∶ 4;每 kg果实含 N 3 .80 g、P2 O54 .42 g、K2 O1 2 .99g,其比例为 1∶ 1∶ 3。     

Evidence for the persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) populations in the Dalou Mountains, southwestern China

?Premise of the study: The possible persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba populations in China has long been debated but never scientifically confirmed. We test our hypothesis that the extant Ginkgo populations in the Dalou Mountains (SW China) represent fragments of the original natural Ginkgo range and offer a range of pertinent perspectives on the living fossil Ginkgo's history, prehistory, ecology, and place in human culture-all important aspects of this highly valued species. ?Methods: We analyzed the vegetation of the study area, determined the population age structure of Ginkgo, and compared it to existing fossil records. For supporting material, we also examined records of the lack of human presence before the mid-17th century in the area, the local people's beliefs regarding preservation of the forests and existing genetic studies. ?Key results: Current species composition of Ginkgo forests in the Dalou Mountains agrees closely with floristic assemblages from fossil records bearing G. biloba. Current populations are found in habitats similar to those of fossil Ginkgo, which, as today, favored rock crevices. Female to male ratios are 3:2. Estimated ages for many of the trees show that Ginkgo was present in this area prior to human settlement and indigenous peoples of this area are unlikely to have planted Ginkgo because of traditional beliefs. Our results agree with existing genetic studies that show that these mountains were glacial refugia for G. biloba. ?Conclusions: The corroborative evidence confirms the finding that these populations represent fragments of the original natural Ginkgo in the valley and lower mountain slopes of the Dalou Mountains.     

Genetic variation of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) based on cpDNA PCR-RFLPs: inference of glacial refugia

Ginkgo biloba, a famous living fossil, is the sole survivor of the genus Ginkgo. To make inferences about the glacial refugia that harbored G. biloba, we examined the genetic structure of eight potential refugial populations and plantations using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) with eight size variants in the trnK1-trnK2 fragment. The data consist of haplotypes from 158 trees collected from eight localities. The majority of the cpDNA haplotypes are restricted to minor portions of the geographical range. Our results suggest that refugia of G. biloba were located in southwestern China. This area is a current biodiversity hotspot of global importance, and may have been protected from the extremes of climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene. The Ginkgos on West Tianmu Mountain, which were previously considered to be wild by many researchers, may, instead, have been introduced by Buddhist monks.