体外培养日本血吸虫成虫生殖器官超微结构的观察

将日本血吸虫成虫于851培养基中培养23天后,对其生殖器官进行透射电镜观察。观察结果显示,雌虫卵巢内卵母细胞出现不同程度的变性、坏死;成熟卵黄细胞的卵黄小滴融合,脂质小滴数量增多、体积增大;培养后期卵壳形成发生障碍,最终导致无活性、无卵壳的畸形卵形成。超微结构观察首次显示,体外初产期虫卵卵壳中有条带状低电子密度区和高电子密度区相间排列。     

日本血吸虫卵形成的生理

本文应用组织学及组织化学方法研究了日本血吸虫卵形成的过程,并进行了硫脲化合物对虫卵形成影响的实验。 日本血吸虫雌虫生殖系统是由发生卵细胞的卵巢和发生卵黄细胞的卵黄腺这两个腺体及其连接管道所组成。连接管道包括输卵管、卵黄管和卵-卵黄会合管,分别将卵细胞和卵黄细胞运送至卵形成部位——卵模及其周围的梅氏腺,在其中形成一个完整的虫卵,再通过子官将此新形成的虫卵送经生殖孔而排出。 一个完整的虫卵系由一个受精卵细胞,及约20个卵黄细胞以及包在它们外面的一种硬化蛋白质的卵壳所构成。卵细胞含有丰富的核糖核酸、去氧核糖核酸、芳香族氨基酸、磷酸酶和若干糖原。卵黄细胞含有许多脂类物质,其细胞质中的卵黄颗粒球是制造卵壳的原料,含有蛋白质、酚类物质和酸酶,它们是卵壳的前身物。卵壳形成的化学性质可能是酚类物质受酚酶的氧化作用变成醌,再与邻近的蛋白质结合成醌鞣蛋白,而成为一种硬化的卵壳物质。 日本血吸虫卵形成部位系在雌虫体中段的卵模及梅氏腺区域。卵模腔内壁由单层上皮细胞所构成,它是一种顶浆分泌腺细胞,含有丰富的碱性磷酸酶和芳香族氨基酸蛋白质。在形态上可分为静止相和分泌相,它的分泌机能呈现周期性并似与卵模腔内卵壳的形成有节奏地相配合。在卵模周围分布着一种单细     

日本血吸虫卵黄细胞发育的透射电镜观察

血吸虫雌虫生产的虫卵不仅是血吸虫病的一个重要致病因素,而且也是病原扩散的一个重要来源,而虫卵的形成则是一个复杂的过程。何毅勋等(1974)指出,血吸虫的卵黄细胞具有双重的生理机能。本文试图应用透射电镜观察日本血吸虫卵黄细胞在卵黄腺中的发育过程及其超徽结构特征和各期细胞的平均百分率,探讨其生理机能的形态学基础,为抗血吸虫药物的研究提供比较简明、客观的评价标准。     

钉螺体内日本血吸虫尾蚴发育期的形态及其扫描电镜观察

本文通过活体标本、连续切片、全封标本及扫描电镜观察了大陆品系日本血吸虫Schistosomajaponicum子胞蚴体内尾蚴发育期的形态。日本血吸虫尾蚴发育分为五期,即胚细胞期、胚球期、尾蚴雏体期、成熟前期和成熟期。与曼氏血吸虫尾蚴发育进行比较,日本血吸虫尾蚴在胚球期无极化现象;尾蚴雏体期的尾芽形态多非圆球形,尾叉形成较早。钻腺及焰细胞均在此期发生,较曼氏血吸虫尾蚴早。除了上述头器、头腺、钻腺、焰细胞及消化器官进一步发育外,体内散在胚细胞结集为生殖始基,体表感觉乳突分化与体尾肌细胞的发育,尾蚴从成熟前期过渡到成熟期。 电镜首次原位观察尾蚴发育在子胞蚴育腔内的自然状态。尽管偶尔可见到胞蚴体壁与胚元之间某些结构联系,但大部份的胚元各自独立混杂在育腔之中。此外尚注意到尾蚴体棘发生在成熟前期,但其密度较成熟尾蚴小,而其大小却比成熟尾蚴的大。尾蚴头器上感觉乳突和围褶可能先于内部腺体细胞的分化。     

鸡胚卵黄球能否演变为胚胎细胞?

Ο.Б.勒柏辛斯卡娅认为跌入于胚下腔中的卵黄球能够演变为胚胎的内胚层细胞和进入于内外二胚层之间的卵黄球能够演变为血岛的这一假说近年来在细胞学和胚胎学界引起了激烈的争论. 我们从1954年春天开始研究这个问题,工作可分三方面:(1)分别观察鸡胚正常发生过程中的内胚层和血岛的形成过程和卵黄球的变化——包括鸡胚和鸭胚从未孵到孵育20天各期的胚胎和卵黄囊切片,采用各种主要的细胞学上的染色方法和卵黄球的活体染色观察.(2)卵黄球的离体和活体培养——培养材料包括未孵及孵育各期的胚盘下卵黄球.离体培养     

日本血吸虫酚及酚酶的组织化学定位

本文对不同发育阶段的日本血吸虫体内的酚类物质及酚酶的分布进行了研究,并介绍了一种显示日本血吸虫酚酶的组织化学方法。研究的结果表明:仅成熟雌虫的卵黄细胞颗粒球及子宫中虫卵卵壳含有酚类物质及酚酶,雌虫的其它组织细胞,雄虫的所有组织 细胞以及未成熟的雌性或雄性童虫均无酚类物质及酚酶。雌性血吸虫体内的酚类物质及酚酶的生理意义是作为制造卵壳的前身物质;推想在卵壳形成过程中,酚类物质被酚酶氧化成醌,再与邻近的蛋白质结合形成醌鞣蛋白,成为硬化的卵壳物质。本文还对吸虫纲中酚酶组织化学的问题进行了比较和讨论。     

日本血吸虫的组织化学研究 Ⅰ.成虫体内核酸、氨基酸、糖元和磷酸酶的分布

1.应用组织化学的方法研究了从小白鼠肠系膜静脉内取出的日本血吸虫成虫体内核酸、氨基酸、糖元和磷酸酶的分布情况。 2.成虫体内核酸的分布虽较广泛,但以雄虫的睾丸、雌虫的卵巢和卵黄腺中的含量为最高。在睾丸中主要为DNA,而卵巢和卵黄腺中则为RNA。 3.虫体的肌纤维、卵巢和睾丸中的生殖细胞核、卵黄细胞和肠管上皮细胞对显示酪氨酸、色氨酸和组氨酸的偶联重氮反应呈现阳性。角皮下肌层、实质组织细胞和卵黄细胞的颗粒滴呈强的溴酚蓝阳性反应。而对铁氰化物的反应仅卵黄细胞的颗粒滴呈现阳性。 4.糖元主要分布于虫体的实质组织和各种肌纤维内,尤以雄虫抱雌沟附近的实质组织内含量最多。在生殖器官中,仅成熟的卵细胞胞浆含有少许。 5.成虫体表角皮含有大量的碱性磷酸酶,而卵模上皮细胞、卵黄细胞和排泄管壁亦呈阳性反应。酸性磷酸酶主要分布于虫体的角皮下肌层、实质组织细胞核、肠管上皮细胞、雌雄生殖细胞和卵黄细胞内。 6.对于日本血吸虫体内各器官组织中所含的上述各种化学物质的生理意义进行了讨论,并认为血吸虫除肠道摄食外,尚可通过体表角皮吸收碳水化合物等营养物质。     

日本血吸虫的组织化学研究 Ⅱ.脂类、脂酶和非特异性酯酶的组织化学证明

1.对从感染日本血吸虫的小白鼠体内取出的发育未成熟的幼虫、性刚成熟的成虫、充分成熟的成虫以及从豚鼠体内取出的成虫或经离体培养后的虫休内脂类物质的分布世行了研究,并对成虫体内的脂酶和非特异性酯酶作了初步观察。 2.发育1周和2周的日本血吸虫幼虫其体内未能查见脂类物质,发育3周性刚成熟的成虫含有少量脂类颗粒,而在发育5周后充分成熟的虫体内则沉着大量的脂类物质,主要分布于雄虫实质组织和雌虫的卵黄腺及虫卵的卵黄细胞内。 3.成虫在葡萄糖-台氏液中离体培养3天后其体内含有大量脂类,并在若干原先未能查见脂类的肠管上皮细胞和肠腔内呈现脂类阳性颗粒。但在无糖台氏液中“饥饿”20小时后,未见虫体内形态上可见的脂类阳性反应有何显著减弱。 4.根据所用显示脂类反应的特异性,可以辨认出在雄虫实质组织内是中性脂肪而在雌虫的卵黄细胞中主要为磷脂和少量中性脂肪。 5.应用Tween法或α-萘酚醋酸酯法未能发现日本血吸虫成虫体内有脂酶或非特异性酯酶的存在。 6.对日本血吸虫成虫体内所沉着的脂类物质的来源和生理意义进行了讨论。     

鲫鱼卵发生过程中细胞学和细胞化学的研究

序言 1960年我们在研究鱼类催情作用的时候,曾详细地观察了鲫鱼卵在发生过程中细胞学和细胞化学的变化。结果发现有些和前人记载不一致的地方。尤其是卵黄球的来源、液泡和卵黄球的化学性质以及卵黄球和液泡之间的关系等问题引起了我们的注意。因为这些问题的阐明对细胞生理学有一定的意义。     

东方杯叶吸虫卵黄腺和卵巢的超微结构研究

本文应用透射电镜观察了东方杯叶吸虫卵黄腺和卵巢的超微结构,并与体外培养成虫进行比较。根据形态特征和内含物的存在情况,将卵黄细胞和卵母细胞的发育均分为不同时期,详细描述了各期的形态特征,探讨了卵黄球和皮质颗粒等内含物的生理功能。体外培养成虫成熟卵黄细胞中有散在的卵黄物质,成熟卵母细胞中线粒体囊泡化,这些可作为体外培养的评价指标。     

Morphological and histochemical observations on the vitelline cells of developing and adult Paramphistomum cervi (Trematoda: Digenea)

In 6 week-old Paramphistomum cervi, vitelline cells appear in the form of a few scattered cells, present below the body wall which divide mitotically to form vitelline follicles in 8 week-old worms. Small shell globules appear first in 10 week-old worms, the number and size of which continue to increase till the worm becomes adult. In the latter the vitelline follicles contain stem cells, immature, maturing and mature vitelline cells, which differ due to the distribution of shell globules as well as their histochemical nature. The shell globules are keratin in nature. The vitelline cells showed activities of various phosphatases but did not show the presence of any of the dehydrogenases studied.     

不同发育时期哲罗鱼卵黄的超微结构

应用透射电镜观察了不同发育时期哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)卵黄的超微结构.根据哲罗鱼卵黄物质在卵母细胞中的加工合成、积累以及卵母细胞中参与卵黄颗粒形成的细胞器的变化,可将该鱼卵黄发生分为4个特征时期,即卵黄发生前期、卵黄泡期、卵黄积累期和卵黄积累完成期.卵黄发生前期是指卵母细胞发育过程中的卵黄物质开始积累前的时期,此时期核仁不断分裂,出现线粒体云和早期的滤泡细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层;卵黄泡期特点主要是细胞器不断变化产生卵黄泡和皮层泡;卵黄积累期的滤泡膜由内向外依次为放射带、颗粒细胞层、基层和鞘细胞层,此时外源性卵黄前体物质不断经过血液汇集于鞘细胞层,后经微胞饮作用穿过胶原纤维组成的基层,经过多泡体作用转运至颗粒细胞内,在细胞内经过加工和修饰形成小的卵黄蛋白颗粒,卵黄蛋白颗粒经微胞饮穿过放射带进入卵母细胞边缘形成的空泡中,不断积累形成卵黄球;进入卵黄积累完成期,卵黄球体积变大,向细胞中心聚集,填满大部分卵母细胞,卵黄积累完毕.     

Development and roles of vitelline cells in eggshell formation in Fasciola gigantica

Summary

In Fasciola gigantica, vitelline cells are the major contributors to the formation of the eggshell. The vitelline cells develop in vitelline follicles that are located in the posterior third of the adult parasite's body, in the areas lateral to the uterus and the testis. Mature vitelline cells are released and transported to the Mehlis' gland-ootype complex via a series of vitelline ducts. Based on ultrastructural features, the developing vitelline cells are classified into four stages: stem cell, protein-synthetic, carbohydrate-synthetic and mature cell stages. At the protein-synthetic stage, the eggshell globules are formed, whereas during the carbohydrate-synthetic stage glycogen particles and glycan vesicles are synthesized. The mature vitelline cells are detached from the nurse cells, and pass successively into the intrafollicular, interfollicular, longitudinal and transverse vitelline ducts, to be stored in the vitelline reservoir before being transported to the ootype via the median vitelline duct. At the same time, ova are transported from the ovary through the oviduct into the ootype lumen where each becomes surrounded by a number of vitelline cells. Vitelline cells secrete eggshell globules to surround a group of vitelline cells and an ovum in the ootype lumen, and these globules coalesce into the definitive eggshell. In the middle part of the uterus fertilization occurs, after which the eggshell is completely formed. Within the egg proper, vitelline cells break down, releasing glycogen and other products to nourish the developing embryo.     

Ultrastructure of Pharyngostomoides procyonis Harkema 1942 (Diplostomatidae). II. The female reproductive system

Several components of the female reproductive system of Pharyngostomoides procyonis, including the vitellaria and vitelline duct, ovary and oviduct, Laurer's canal, and Mehlis' gland and associated ducts, were observed with the electron microscope. Vitelline follicles contain cells in various stages of development. Mature vitelline cells contain membrane-delimited clusters of vitelline globules near the plasma membrane. Cilia are present in the vitelline duct. The ovary contains germ cells in various stages of maturation. Oogonia are found in the peripheral region. Mature oocytes contain numerous dense bodies near the plasmalemma. Also included in the cytoplasm of mature oocytes are "nucleolus-like bodies," myelin-like bodies, and mitochondria containing dense granules and few cristae. The epithelium of the oviduct is ciliated. Sperm are present in the oviduct and in Laurer's canal. Two types of secretory cells found in Mehlis' gland are described.     

日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞的超微结构观察

报告日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞的超微结构。在透射电镜下日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞呈多角形、圆颗粒形,三角扇形和鞭毛形等多种形状,其中以多角形为主。细胞表面光滑,或有乳头乳突起,微绒毛和微饮泡等。胞质内有不同数量的线粒体,内质网,核糖体和糖原颗粒等分布,高尔基复合体很少或无;其中线粒体超微结构的变化可以作为评判培养条件优劣的一个指标。核常呈圆形,核膜为一单位膜,核孔清晰;核内具较丰富的异染色质,核膜内缘常有     

Observations on the origin of two substances produced by the vitellaria in Gorgoderina attenuata

The vitelline cells in Gorgoderina attenuata produce two qualitatively distinct substances. One substance assumes the form of individual, dense, osmiophilic globules. Many globules are contained in a single vesicle. The other substance is an amorphous mass of medium density that completely fills a vesicle. Observations indicate that the dense, osmiophilic globules develop in association with a system of small, contiguous, ribosome-free vesicles. It is suggested that this system of vesicles constitute a Golgi apparatus for these cells. The amorphous mass substance develops in vesicles which appear to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum. Close association between the amorphous mass vesicle and mitochondria are commonly observed.     

Fasciola hepatica: A light and electron autoradiographic study of shell-protein and glycogen synthesis by vitelline follicles in tissue slices

The incorporation of tritiated amino acids and monosaccharides by the vitelline cells of F. hepatica slices maintained in vitro was studied by light and electron microscope autoradiography.A “pulse-chase” labeling technique was used with tritiated tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, and methionine, of which H³-tyrosine was the most readily incorporated into shell-protein globules of immature vitelline cells. The mechanism of protein synthesis appeared to resemble the GER-Golgi mediated mechanism of vertebrates. Young vitelline cells were the most active in protein synthesis, and they matured considerably during the 60 min chase period. Maturing cells, which were carrying out glycogenesis, incorporated no amino acids.An “accumulation” labeling technique was used with H³-galactose and H³-glucose. Both monosaccharides were readily incorporated into glycogen by vitelline cells which had reached the stage of glycogenesis, but mature cells, which were already packed with glycogen, incorporated little monosaccharide. Labeling appeared in the nurse cells of follicles containing many mature vitelline cells. No evidence was found for the involvement of any cell organelle in glycogenesis, but preformed glycogen may have acted as a “template” for further synthesis.     

Schistosoma haematobium: oxidoreductase histochemistry and ultrastructure of niridazole-treated females

Administration of niridazole to Saccostomus campestris produced changes in enzyme activity in Schislosoma haematobium females as indicated histochemically by a decrease in the activity of cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1), malate (NAD) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), malate (NADP) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40), succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.11), isocitrate (NAD) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41), isocitrate (NADP) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), NADH: tetrazolium oxidoreductase, NADPH: tetrazolium oxidoreductase, and a disappearance of both the activity of phenolase (EC 1.10.3.1) and the reactivity of vitelline phenols. These changes were associated with the following alterations in the ultrastructure of the parasites: a decrease in number of immature vitelline cells of gonial type, a disruption of the tegument surface, a swelling of mitochondria in vitelline cells, a disappearance of the regular structure of the endoplasmic reticulum and a vaeuolization of the cytoplasm in vitelline cells, an appearance of areas of focal cytoplasmic degradation in vitelline cells, and a disruption of shell globules. The degree of changes in enzyme activity and ultrastructure increased both with increase in the dose of niridazole administered to the hosts, and with length of time after treatment.Preincubation of control sectioned material in a buffered niridazole-sucrose solution produced total inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase activity, whereas the activity of other enzymes examined remained unchanged.     

Ultrastructure of the vitelline follicles of Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae)

An electron microscope study of the vitelline follicles of Gorgoderina vitelliloba indicates that they contain vitelline cells in various stages of development. Juvenile cells are small and characterised by a little cytoplasm. During differentiation a large amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum develops. In more mature cells, indistinct Golgi complexes give rise to globules of shell protein which migrate to form clusters at the periphery of the cell. Further maturation results in the appearance of large lipid bodies in the vitelline cell cytoplasm.Developing vitelline cells are ensheathed by nurse cell cytoplasm containing numerous small vacuoles which appear to be derived from smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is suggested that nurse cells may have a role in selection and transport of nutrient material for vitelline cells and that they manufacture precursors of lipid which is subsequently stored as a food reserve in mature vitelline cells. Possible transport sites between parenchymal cells and nurse cells were identified.