石灰性土壤上植物根际中Fe,Mn的形态分布及其与植物吸收的关系

研究了石灰性土壤上５种作物品种根际微生态环境中Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ的形态分布．结果表明,交换态Ｆｅ（ＥＸ－Ｆｅ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｆｅ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｆｅ）、无定形氧化铁（ＡＯ－Ｆｅ）和交换态Ｍｎ（Ｅ－Ｍｎ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｍｎ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｍｎ）在根际土壤中都呈现明显的累积．各品种根际中的累积量有较大差异．相关分析表明,黄潮土上植株含Ｆｅ量、吸Ｆｅ量与根际土壤ＡＯ－Ｆｅ含量呈显著正相关．根际有效态Ｆｅ累积不仅是根际ｐＨ作用的结果,与根系分泌物对难溶性Ｆｅ活化有关．根际有效态Ｍｎ累积则受到根际土壤Ｅｈ的影响．     

白浆土—植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅱ.白浆土无机 …

采用室内培养和微区试验研究表明,施入白浆土中无机磷在短时间内主要向Ｆｅ－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ转变,较长时间后,Ａｌ－Ｐ向Ｆｅ－Ｐ转化,Ｃａ－Ｐ变化较弱,土壤中无机磷形态转化与白浆土本身的土壤属性具有密切着关系,施用有机肥改变了土壤中无机磷形态的转化过程,其与土壤中的铁、铝氧化物反应形成的“Ａｌ－有机质－Ｐ”和“Ｆｅ－有机质－Ｐ”是作物较易利用的有效Ｐ源。     

白浆土-植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅱ.白浆土无机磷形态变化

采用室内培养和微区试验研究表明,施入白浆土中无机磷在短时间内（２４ｈ、８ｄ）主要向ＦｅＰ和ＡｌＰ转变,较长时间后（８０ｄ）,ＡｌＰ向ＦｅＰ转化,ＣａＰ变化较弱,土壤中无机磷形态转化与白浆土本身的土壤属性具有密切关系．施用有机肥改变了土壤中无机磷形态的转化过程,其与土壤中的铁、铝氧化物反应形成的“Ａｌ有机质Ｐ”和“Ｆｅ有机质Ｐ”是作物较易利用的有效Ｐ源     

大豆液泡膜H~+-ATPase泵质子活性的研究

研究了大豆液泡膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ泵质子特性。液泡膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ泵质子活性受ＮＥＭ、ＮＢＤ－Ｃｌ、ＤＣＣＤ和ＮＯ３－的抑制。泵质子活性由二价阳离子启动,其有效性依次为Ｆｅ２＋＞Ｍｇ２＋＞Ｍｎ２＋,它以ＡＴＰ为最适底物,ＡＤＰ为竞争性抑制剂;最适ｐＨ为７．０,最适温度为５０°Ｃ。     

双峰驼不同生态环境条件下组织中微量元素的分布研究

对砾石和沙质两种不同的荒漠区双峰驼组织中６种微量元素的含量及分布规律进行了研究。结果表明,Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｏ的丰度在肝脏最高,Ｓｅ和Ｚｎ则分别在肾脏和肌肉组织中最高。由于砾石荒漠区土壤和牧草中Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ含量极显著高于沙质荒漠区（Ｐ〈０．０１）,导致两地双峰驼肝脏和肾脏Ｃｕ含量差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）．同时发现,上述两地区双峰驼组织中Ｍｎ含量显著低于其他反刍动物。     

白浆土植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅴ.有机物对磷根际有效性的影响

采用根盒试验研究了施用紫花苜蓿腐解物对白浆土小麦根际Ｐ 素形态转化、有效性及小麦植株Ｐ 素吸收的影响．结果表明,施用有机物料使土壤有效磷显著上升,铝磷、铁磷含量也显著升高,且培养时间越长,效果越明显．小麦植株含Ｐ 量明显上升,且与非根际土壤铝磷、铁磷的变化显著相关     

白浆土-植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅴ.有机物对磷根际有效性的影响

采用根盒试验研究了施用紫花苜蓿腐解物对白浆土-小麦根际P素形态转化、有效性及小麦植株P素吸收的影响.结果表明,施用有机物料使土壤有效磷显著上升,铝磷、铁磷含量也显著升高,且培养时间越长,效果越明显.小麦植株含P量明显上升,且与非根际土壤铝磷、铁磷的变化显著相关.     

白浆土—植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究：Ⅴ.有机物对？…

采用根盒试验研究了施用紫花苜蓿腐解物对白浆土－小麦根际Ｐ素形态转化,有效性及小麦植株Ｐ素吸收的影响,结果表明,施用有机物料使土壤有效磷显著上升,铝磷,铁磷含量也显著升高,且培养时间越长,效果越明显。小麦植株含Ｐ量明显上升,且与非根际土壤上升,且与非根际土壤铝磷,铁磷的变化显著相关．     

川金丝猴体毛微量元素的分析

应用等离子发射光谱法分析了秦岭产川金丝猴体毛中Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｓｒ、Ｌｉ、Ｆｅ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ、Ｂ、Ｐ１６种微量元素的含量,发现除Ｚｎ与Ｍｎ有显著的性别差异外,余者无显著的性别差异,一般雄性稍高于雌性。与四川产川金丝猴体毛中的Ｚｎ、Ｃａ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ含量比较,两地区样本均有极显著的差异。     

螯合剂对重金属超量积累植物Thlaspicaerulescens的锌,铜,锰？…

由螯合剂ＥＤＴＡ和ＤＴＰＡ对重金属超量积累植物Ｔｈａｓｐｉｃａｅｒｕｌｅｓｃｅｎｓ吸收Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ和Ｐ的影响表明：营养液含Ｚｎ１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ条件下,植株地上部全Ｚｎ含量和根系吸Ｚｎ速率分别达到１６８１ｍｇｋｇ＾－１干重和４４８ｍｇｋｇ＾－１根干重ｄ＾－１;４３．２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＥＤＴＡ或ＤＴＰＡ处理显著抑制植株的生长,也减少植株单位根重吸收的Ｚｎ量,降低地上部和根系全Ｚｎ全Ｃｕ、全Ｍｎ     

不同植被恢复模式下中亚热带黄壤坡地土壤微量元素效应

以武陵山区女儿寨小流域为例,研究了中亚热带黄壤坡地7种典型植被恢复模式下土壤微量元素有效性及其与土壤有机质、pH值之间的关系.结果表明： 0～20 cm土层荒草灌丛的B、Mn含量、油桐人工林Mo、Cu含量、杜仲人工林Zn含量和毛竹 杉木混交林Fe含量最高;20～40 cm土层润楠次生林B、Fe、Mn含量、荒草灌丛模式Mo含量、油桐人工林Zn含量和杜仲人工林Cu含量最高;毛竹 杉木混交林B、Mo、Cu、Mn含量在各层土壤均最低.各元素有效性指数以Mn最高,Cu最低,排序为Mn>Zn>Fe>Mo>B>Cu;土壤微量元素有效性综合指数以荒草灌丛模式最高(12.28),毛竹 杉木混交林最低(2.95),排序为Ⅶ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅵ.土壤有机质含量与B、Zn有效态含量之间线性关系显著,二次多项式亦可较好地描述有机质与有效态Mn之间的关系,而有机质与Mo、Fe、Cu之间曲线回归关系不显著.土壤pH值与土壤Zn、Cu呈显著正相关,与Mn、Mo也有较好的相关性,而与B相关性较低,与Fe为弱负相关.     

鼎湖山自然保护区不同演替阶段森林土壤中有效微量元素状况研究

三种森林表层土壤中有效微量元素的平均含量顺序为 :Fe >Zn>Mn>B >Cu >Mo,马尾松林的含量顺序为 :Fe>Zn>Cu >B >Mn >Mo,混交林和阔叶林与平均含量一致。三种森林有效Fe的含量均极高 ,表现出富铁状况 ,而有效Mn含量甚微 ,表明该区森林均严重缺Mn,有效Cu和Zn的含量处于中等水平 ,均高于其临界值。但处于演替初期阶段的马尾松林还缺B和Mo,混交林也略缺Mo。相关分析结果表明 ,土壤pH值与所考察的所有微量元素有效量之间均呈负相关 ,且与有效B、Cu和Fe相关极显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,与有效Mo相关显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;有机质与所考察的所有微量元素有效量之间均呈正相关 ,且与有效B和Fe相关极显著 ,与有效Mn相关显著     

栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明: 与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但降低20～40 cm土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效锰含量,对土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效铁和有效铜含量无显著影响.秸秆还田的小麦产量3年平均降低12.1%,收获期0～20 cm土层全氮提高5.8%,20～40 cm土层有效铜含量提高6.2%,而有效磷和有效锰分别降低36.1%和10.2%,对开花期和收获期土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效铁无显著影响.种植绿肥的籽粒产量降低12.1%,同时土壤pH、有效磷和有效硫含量降低,有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效锌和有效锰均增加,对土壤速效钾、有效铁和有效铜均无显著影响.综上,在旱地土壤肥力较低的条件下,地膜覆盖和秸秆还田不利于土壤肥力的提升,使小麦增产受到限制;种植绿肥培肥效果最好,但应考虑区域降水情况,注意其带来的减产问题.     

Phosphorus characteristics correlate with soil fertility of albic luvisols

The information on phosphorus (P) characteristics of albic luvisols and their effect on plant P uptake is limited. Twelve soils representing typical albic luvisols were collected from farmland of four regions in northeast China, each with various levels of soil fertility. Phosphorus fractions, P adsorption and P supply capacity of the soils were analysed and were correlated with soil fertility and plant P nutrition. Total P in these soils ranged from 0.62–0.91 g kg^–1, and comprised 37–51% organic P, and 49–63% in inorganic forms among which the percentage of occluded P was the greatest, followed by Fe-P, Ca-P, Al-P and loosely bound P was the lowest (<1%). Whereas the % of organic P was not clearly affected by fertility, the % of occluded P increased with fertility. By contrast, both % and contents of other P forms decreased with decreasing soil fertility. Soil P adsorption maxima calculated from Langmuir isotherm ranged from 484 to 912 mg kg^–1. Soils with low fertility had the strongest P adsorption, and those with medium fertility had the weakest in all collection regions. The supply capacity of P was positively related to soil fertility. Plant growth correlated positively with P forms with available P correlating best, followed by Fe-P and P supply capacity. Organic C correlated with available P, Fe-P, total P, Al-P and P supply capacity but not with organic P. The results suggest that though the albic luvisols contained high total P, they had low P availability, and P application is required for optimal crop production on these soils.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization of grapefruit trees on soil acidification and nutrient availability in a Riviera fine sand

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied in the NH4+ form results in some degree of soil acidification, which could influence nutrient availability to plants and nutrient losses through leaching. Effects of various N rates (0 – 168 kg N ha-1 yr-1) on soil acidification and nutrient availability were investigated in a Riviera fine sand with 26-year-old white Marsh grapefruit (Citrus paradisi MacFadyen) trees. Soil pH significantly decreased with increasing NH4–N rates. Application of 112 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for four years decreased the pH by 0.7 to 1.7 unit. Soil acidification was greater when the NH4+ form of N fertilizer was applied as dry soluble granular material compared to fertigation or controlled release forms. The marked effect of NH4–N fertilization on the pH of the Riviera fine sand was due to its low buffering capacity. Soil acidification increased the concentration of extractable Fe and P but decreased that of K, Zn and Mn. Soil pH was positively correlated with concentration of Ca, but negatively with concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn in six-month-old spring flush leaves of the grapefruit trees. Leaf P concentrations, however, were poorly correlated with soil pH. This study also demonstrated an increase in leaching of P and K below the grapefruit trees rootzone with a decrease in soil pH.     

Long-Term Effect of Crop Rotation and Fertilisation on Bioavailability and Fractionation of Copper in Soil on the Loess Plateau in Northwest China

The bioavailability and fractionation of Cu reflect its deliverability in soil. Little research has investigated Cu supply to crops in soil under long-term rotation and fertilisation on the Loess Plateau. A field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design to determine the bioavailability and distribution of Cu fractions in a Heilu soil (Calcaric Regosol) after 18 years of rotation and fertilisation. The experiment started in 1984, including five cropping systems (fallow control, alfalfa cropping, maize cropping, winter wheat cropping, and grain-legume rotation of pea/winter wheat/winter wheat + millet) and five fertiliser treatments (unfertilised control, N, P, N + P, and N + P + manure). Soil samples were collected in 2002 for chemical analysis. Available Cu was assessed by diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction, and Cu was fractionated by sequential extraction. Results showed that DTPA-Cu was lower in cropping systems compared with fallow control. Application of fertilisers resulted in no remarkable changes in DTPA-Cu compared with unfertilised control. Correlation and path analyses revealed that soil pH and CaCO₃ directly affected Cu bioavailability, whereas available P indirectly affected Cu bioavailability. The concentrations of Cu fractions (carbonate and Fe/Al oxides) in the plough layer were lower in cropping systems, while the values in the plough sole were higher under grain-legume rotation relative to fallow control. Manure with NP fertiliser increased Cu fractions bound to organic matter and minerals in the plough layer, and its effects in the plough sole varied with cropping systems. The direct sources (organic-matter-bound fraction and carbonate-bound fraction) of available Cu contributed much to Cu bioavailability. The mineral-bound fraction of Cu acted as an indicator of Cu supply potential in the soil.     

白浆土 植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅴ.有机物对磷根际有效性的影响

采用根盒试验研究了施用紫花苜蓿腐解物对白浆土小麦根际P素形态转化、有效性及小麦植株P素吸收的影响。结果表明,施用有机物料使土壤有效磷显着上升,铝磷、铁磷含量也显着升高,且培养时间越长,效果越明显。小麦植株含P量明显上升,且与非根际土壤铝磷、铁磷的变化显着相关.     

皖北地区土壤中不同形态氟含量及其影响因素

以皖北地区广泛分布的潮土、砂姜黑土、水稻土等为材料,采用连续化学提取的方法,研究了土壤中不同形态氟的含量、土体分布以及土壤氟形态与土壤理化性质的关系·结果表明:皖北地区土壤全氟含量为265·8～612·8mg·kg-1,平均含量为423·7mg·kg-1,土壤全氟含量高低排序为菜园土>潮土>水稻土>砂姜黑土>黄棕壤,菜地土壤存在氟积累现象.土壤氟主要以残余态氟形式存在,占土壤全氟的95%以上;其次为水溶态氟,占土壤全氟的1·5%左右;有机态氟、铁锰氧化物态氟和交换态氟含量均较少.28个土壤样本的水溶态氟含量范围为1·35～17·98mg·kg-1,平均含量为6·62mg·kg-1,含量较低的是硅质黄棕壤,含量较高的是菜地土壤、潮土和砂姜黑土.土壤水溶态氟含量与土壤pH和土壤有效磷含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷含量呈显著正相关;土壤交换态氟与土壤物理性粘粒和小于0·001mm土粒含量呈极显著正相关;铁锰结合态氟与土壤全磷含量呈显著正相关;有机态氟与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关.对土壤氟形态与土壤性质的逐步回归表明,土壤pH,有效磷、有机质、全磷和物理性粘粒含量是影响土壤氟形态分布的主要因素,其中,土壤pH的影响最大.土壤水溶态氟含量与土壤母质有关,在浅湖沼相沉积物上形成的土壤水溶态氟含量最高,平均含量为9·05mg·kg-1;其次为在黄河冲积物上形成的土壤,平均含量为8·12mg·kg-1;在晚更新世黄土母质上形成的土壤水溶态氟平均含量为2·97mg·kg-1;在淮河冲积物上形成的土壤和轻质黄棕壤水溶态氟含量分别为2·05和1·91mg·kg-1.在土体中,土壤有机态氟和铁锰氧化物态氟含量随土层深度增加而减少,菜地土壤上部土层的全氟和水溶态氟含量均高于底土.     

Effect of coal combustion wastes used as lime substitutes in nutrition of apples in three soils

Summary Fluidized bed combustion represents a feasible technology for energy production utilizing high S fossil fuels. The process generates not only bed waste (FBM) (coal ash plus CaSO₄ and unreacted CaO) but also flyash (FA). The later waste has not been evaluated for its effects on plants and soils. A greenhouse experiment, using apple seedlings, was carried out using FBM, FA and calcitic limestone applied at or up to twice the lime requirement on three soil materials. Seedling growth varied dependent upon the treatment-soil combination. Growth was reduced by 60% on the Manor soil from FA applied at twice the lime requirement and was attributed to the higher initial reactiveness of the FA compared to FBM or limestone. Leaf P, K, N, Cu and Al were not significantly affected by treatments over all soils while Ca, and N decreased and Mg varied depedent upon treatment. Soil pH was increased by all treatments. DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) extractable Mn and Zn were good estimators of leaf Mn and Zn while DTPA Cu and Fe were not.