骨顶鸡的繁殖行为

2008和2009年4-9月,对黑龙江省安邦河自然保护区以及龙凤湿地骨顶鸡繁殖种群进行了观察.结果表明:骨顶鸡繁殖季节会建造3种巢结构:炫耀台、产卵巢和育雏巢,雌雄共同参与筑巢及领域防卫活动;巢高和巢深随窝卵数增多而呈上升趋势;平均窝卵数为8.77±0.24(n=75)枚,窝卵数随繁殖时间推迟而呈减少趋势;骨顶鸡雌雄共同参与孵化,雌性平均每次孵化时间高于雄性;雌雄共同参与喂雏,雏鸟至亚体阶段才完全独立,之前需亲鸟饲喂;骨顶鸡是杂食性鸟类,食物以植物为主,但也摄取动物性食物.     

杂色山雀的繁殖生态

2004—2006年3—7月在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀的繁殖生态进行了观察研究。结果表明:该鸟繁殖期为3—7月,筑巢地除了树洞之外,还见在墙缝、石缝、金腰燕旧巢及电柱孔洞中筑巢,筑巢主要由雌鸟完成,雄鸟从旁协助;产卵期为5～8d,日产1枚,窝卵数为(6.92±0.92)枚(n=13);产满窝卵数后即开始孵化;孵化由雌鸟单独完成,孵化期(14.00±0.00)d(n=10),坐巢时间(570.00±11.02)min.d-1(n=9)(不含夜间),平均坐巢时间(57.00±6.75)min.次-1(n=9),雄鸟担任警卫任务,孵化期较为敏感,受到干扰易弃巢;育雏期(17.50±0.58)d(n=4),由雌雄鸟共同喂雏,雏鸟出飞后先是在亲鸟的带领下在巢周活动,之后活动范围逐渐扩展,2～3d后基本离开巢区。     

内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区短趾百灵繁殖生态学初报

本文对内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区短趾百灵繁殖生态进行了初步研究,共记录到短趾百灵繁殖巢37个。筑巢期7~10 d。巢外径91.95 mm±3.85 mm(n=37),巢内径53.89 mm±3.29 mm(n=37),巢深43.62 mm±5.36 mm(n=37)。平均窝卵数3.05枚±0.51枚。孵卵期10~12 d。孵化率、离巢率和繁殖成功率分别为83.3%、94.1%和54.1%。雏鸟食性以直翅目昆虫幼虫为主。     

杂色山雀的繁殖成功率

2004～2006年的3～7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400～900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3～7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6～8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。     

陕西红碱淖白喉林莺繁殖生态

2012~2013年每年的4~7月,在陕西神木县红碱淖(39°04'21″~39°04'43″N,109°53'12″~109°53'40″E)对白喉林莺(Sylvia curruca)的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明,白喉林莺4月末迁来繁殖,5月初开始营巢于油蒿(Artemisia ordosia)、臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)灌丛中,巢口向上呈深杯状,巢由柳絮、枯枝和干草编织而成。对33个巢的参数进行了测量,巢外径(9.62±0.227)cm,巢内径(5.21±0.084)cm,巢深(5.05±0.160)cm,巢高(9.03±0.185)cm,巢距地面高度(24.91±1.084)cm,巢约位于植株高度的1/3处(由下而上)。营巢成功率为77.1%(n=35),窝卵数4~5枚(n=27),卵重(7.49±0.021)g,卵长径(17.27±0.057)mm,卵短径(12.86±0.080)mm(n=130)。孵化期为11~13 d,孵化率为93.1%,雏鸟出飞为90.9%。雏鸟的形态参数生长符合Logistic曲线方程拟合。植被高度、植被盖度和单株植物冠径是制约白喉林莺巢址选择的主要因素,同时恶劣天气和人为干扰是影响繁殖成效的主要原因。     

栗头鹟莺繁殖生态的初步观察

鹟莺属(Seicercus)鸟类的繁殖资料十分缺乏。2015年4~8月,采用录像全程监控的方法,在贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区,对4巢栗头鹟莺(S.castaniceps)的繁殖过程进行了完整观察。栗头鹟莺的繁殖期主要集中在5~7月,巢址选择专一性较强,均筑巢于公路边的土坎内壁,距路(1.3±1.2)m,巢为球状侧开口,巢材主要为新鲜苔藓及细草根,巢高(2.2±0.6)m,巢宽(10.9±1.5)cm,杯宽(3.3±0.5)cm,巢深(9.5±1.9)cm,杯深(5.5±1.0)cm。窝卵数(4.5±0.6)枚(4~5枚),卵重(0.92±0.04)g,卵长(14.30±0.30)mm,卵宽(11.22±0.23)mm,卵体积(0.92±0.05)mm3(n=18)。亲鸟在产满窝卵后开始孵卵,孵卵期12~13 d,在孵卵中期(第5~9天)亲鸟的孵卵时间开始增加,翻卵次数增多,在孵卵后期(第10~13天)亲鸟的孵卵时间和翻卵次数基本保持不变。育雏期13~14 d。雌、雄共同育雏,雏鸟在3日龄时,体重和跗跖开始显著增长,在7日龄时,增长速度变缓。孵化率为88.9%(16/18),营巢成效为100%,出飞成效为3.3只/巢。     

桂西南褐翅鸦鹃的孵卵行为与节律

2016年3~6月,在广西西南部龙州县弄岗村(22°26′35.20′′~22°30′46.90′′N,106°57′46.35′′~107°03′32.99′′E),通过野外观察和自动温度记录仪相结合的方法对褐翅鸦鹃(Centropus sinensis)的孵卵行为与节律进行了研究。结果表明,1)褐翅鸦鹃边筑巢边产卵,每2 d产1枚卵,卵长径和短径分别为(36.11±0.42)mm和(28.46±0.38)mm,卵重(16.35±0.51)g(n=44枚)。窝卵数3~5枚,孵卵期为(16.75±1.65)d(n=4巢),孵化率为45.45%(n=44枚)。孵卵期与窝卵数之间无显著相关性(r=0.865,P0.05);2)白天双亲共同参与孵卵,夜晚则由其中1只负责。夜间亲鸟的在巢时间从19时左右持续至翌日晨6时左右;3)亲鸟采取离巢次数少和离巢时间长的孵卵策略。亲鸟日活动时间在700 min以上(n=45 d),日离巢次数为(8.82±0.34)次(n=45 d),平均每次离巢持续时间为(52.91±2.35)min(n=397次),每次离巢持续时间与环境温度呈显著负相关关系(r=﹣0.113,P0.05);4)巢内平均孵卵温度为(31.7±0.3)℃(n=4巢),随孵卵天数增加而增加,并与环境温度(最高温r=0.566,最低温r=0.537,平均温r=0.706,P0.01)和日活动时间正相关(r=0.506,P0.01);5)有延迟孵卵行为。延迟孵卵期间夜晚巢内最低温是22.1℃。在桂西南北热带气候环境中,高的环境温度是保障褐翅鸦鹃孵卵成功的主要因素之一。     

甘肃卓尼橙翅噪鹛繁殖生态报道

2005年5~7月,在甘肃省卓尼县洮河林业局卡车林场对橙翅噪鹛(Garrulaxelliotii)的繁殖生态进行了研究。橙翅噪鹛多选择在较小的云杉树上营巢,巢距地面高为1.56±0.38m(n=10),其窝卵数平均为3.4±0.5枚(n=10),卵重为5.8±0.2g(n=17)。橙翅噪鹛孵卵期为14天,育雏期为15天,孵化率为67.6%。     

广西防城港黑翅长脚鹬的繁殖行为

本研究于2021年3～9月,采用目标观察和全事件记录法,对广西防城港市钦州湾八路水湿地黑翅长脚鹬（Himantopus himantopus）的繁殖习性进行全过程观察记录。黑翅长脚鹬的栖息生境主要在盐田、虾塘和鱼塘,而巢主要分布在盐田生境。共发现39巢,雌雄共同营巢,按照主要巢材将其巢分为干草巢、碎石巢、泥皮巢和牛毛毡草巢4种;巢材包括禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物以及碎石、贝壳等;巢外径为（23.3±10.7）cm,巢内径为（11.2±1.9）cm,巢深为（1.6±0.5）cm,巢高为（6.5±4.3）cm(n=39);筑巢需（3±2）d(n=6)。窝卵数2～4枚,1～2 d产1枚卵,7 d内产完满窝卵（n=6）。雌雄均参与孵卵,雄性孵卵时间比雌性长,但二者差异不显著（P> 0.05）,雄性（8 550±245.9）min,雌性（7 530±263.3）min,孵卵期为（25±2）d(n=6)。育雏期（26±3）d(n=6),雌雄轮流育雏,育雏前、中期（雏鸟1～20d日龄）,雌性育雏时间比雄性长,是雄性的2倍,育雏后期（雏鸟大于20 d日龄）,...     

云南云县黑喉山鹪莺繁殖生态初报

2016年3~9月对云南云县中岭岗村(24°15′42″N,100°02′42″E,平均海拔1 650 m)的黑喉山鹪莺(Prinia atrogularis)繁殖生态进行了研究。研究期间共发现42巢,主要位于杂草丛中(n=37)和灌木丛(茶树)中(n=5),筑巢期一般5~6 d,巢材有蜘蛛丝、苔藓植物、茅草花、茅草叶、铁线莲花、竹根须、枯枝、棕丝、干枯草穗等。巢呈球状,中上部侧方开口,巢重为(8.3±1.7)g,巢长为(13.2±0.9)cm,宽为(8.2±0.5)cm,巢口长(4.9±0.7)cm,巢口宽为(4.0±0.5)cm(n=25)。窝卵数为(3.9±0.4)枚(n=21,3~4枚)。卵的底色为白色、淡绿或者淡粉,遍布褐红色斑点,有的在钝端呈环状。卵重为(1.38±0.09)g,卵长为(17.3±0.7)mm,宽为(12.6±0.3)mm,卵体积为(1.4±0.1)cm3(n=65)。孵卵期(13.9±0.9)d(n=5,13~15 d),育雏期为(13.5±1.3)d(n=4,12~15 d)。利用Logistic曲线拟合雏鸟体重及外部器官增长,雏鸟的体重和嘴峰在5日龄左右增长最快,体长、翼长、跗跖在7日龄增长最快。对繁殖时间和地点较近的28巢进行连续观察,其中有7巢成功、21巢失败。造成繁殖失败的主要原因分别是巢捕食(62%)、亲鸟弃巢(14%)、人为破坏(14%)。     

四川南充市区珠颈斑鸠的繁殖生态学和巢址选择

2002年11月~2004年4月在四川省南充市区内对珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinensis)繁殖生态和巢址选择进行了研究。结果表明:珠颈斑鸠3月初开始求偶交配,求偶行为复杂,有“婚飞”行为;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7~8 d。影响巢址选择的主要因素有6种:栖位与巢周隐蔽因子、巢下隐蔽因子、光照因子、人为活动因子、食物因子和营巢树因子;窝卵数2枚,雌雄轮流孵卵,孵卵期17~18 d,孵化率86.67%;雌雄均参与育雏,育雏期18~20 d,雏离巢率73.08%,繁殖生产力1.82,种群育雏高峰期为7月和8月中上旬。     

Breeding behavior of a pair of free-living Andean Condors

ABSTRACT.   The breeding behavior of Andean Condors ( Vultur gryphus ) is known primarily from observations of captive pairs. This species is the only sexually dimorphic one in its family (Cathartidae), permitting comparison of the parental care provided by each sex. We examined the breeding behavior of a pair of condors over a period of 28 mo at a nest in Patagonia, Argentina. We first observed the pair near the nest site in January 2005. Courtship displays began in April and continued until October, when incubation started. The nestling hatched in early December 2005 and fledged in June 2006. The young condor first left the nest area 10 mo after hatching and was observed at the nest site for the last time 15 mo after hatching. Both adults incubated the egg and provisioned the nestling after hatching, and at least one adult was always present at the nest site for 2 mo post hatching. During the nesting period, the male visited the nest site more often, stayed for longer periods, interacted with the chick, and brought food more frequently than the female. Additional studies of the breeding biology of wild Andean Condors are needed to improve our understanding of their population ecology and demographics and to enhance conservation efforts.     

Male parental care promotes early fledging in an open-nester, the Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus

The importance of male parental care to female reproductive success was investigated in the monogamous Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus by removing the male parent at two different stages of the breeding cycle. Females that were widowed at the start of egg-laying continued breeding and managed to raise their brood on their own with no apparent reductions in numbers fledged or fledgling body-mass. The widowed females compensated for the loss of male assistance by increasing their own food provisioning rate as compared with control females. However, widows spent less time brooding the small young, and the growth rate of nestlings was reduced. In nests where the male parent was removed 7 days after the eggs hatched, the subsequent growth rate of nestlings was still affected, which suggests that male care is influential throughout the nestling period. On average, broods reared by widows fledged 2 days later than did broods of control females. An extension of the nestling period may appreciably affect reproductive success, since 68% of nests failed due to predation, mostly during the nestling period. We suggest that the main role of male parental care in the Willow Warbler is to assure a high growth rate of nestlings, which leads to early fledging and hence a reduced risk of nest predation.     

Carotenoid-based colour expression is determined early in nestling life

Carotenoid-based colours are widespread in animals and are used as signals in intra- and interspecific communication. In nestling birds, the carotenoids used for feather pigmentation may derive via three pathways: (1) via maternal transfer to egg yolk; (2) via paternal feeds early after hatching when females are mainly brooding; or (3) via feeds from both parents later in nestling life. We analysed the relative importance of the proposed carotenoid sources in a field experiment on great tit nestlings (Parus major). In a within-brood design we supplemented nestlings with carotenoids shortly after hatching, later on in the nestling life, or with a placebo. We show that the carotenoid-based colour expression of nestlings is modified maximally during the first 6 days after hatching. It reveals that the observed variation in carotenoid-based coloration is based only on mechanisms acting during a short period of time in early nestling life. The experiment further suggests that paternally derived carotenoids are the most important determinants of nestling plumage colour.     

喀斯特森林石壁营巢冠斑犀鸟繁殖行为初报

2019和2020年,在广西崇左恩城观察了喀斯特森林一对冠斑犀鸟(Anthracocerosalbirostris)的繁殖行为。此对冠斑犀鸟每年4～7月在石壁上的洞穴里营巢,其孵卵期约为35 d,育雏期约为55 d。每年均有2只幼鸟成功离巢。幼鸟及雌鸟食物以植物性食物为主,雄鸟喂食时缺少明显的高峰。结果表明,冠斑犀鸟在繁殖行为上适应了喀斯特这一特殊生境。     

Fitness-related consequences of egg mass in nestling house wrens

The fitness-related consequences of egg mass, independent of confounding influences associated with parental quality, remain poorly understood for wild birds in general and for passerines in particular. We performed cross-fostering experiments to test the hypothesis that egg mass, independent of parental quality, is the primary determinant of fitness-related traits in nestling house wrens (Troglodytes aedon), an insectivorous passerine. Nestling mass was significantly correlated with the mass of the eggs from which nestlings hatched early but not late in the nestling period in early-season broods. In contrast, in late-season broods, nestling mass was correlated with egg mass until nestlings achieved asymptotic mass. Neither nestling growth nor survival to nest leaving was related to egg mass in either early- or late-season broods; however, nestlings in late-season broods grew more slowly than did nestlings in early-season broods. We propose that nestling mass and egg mass remained correlated throughout the nestling period in late-season broods because decreased arthropod food resources late in the breeding season constrain parents'' ability to provision nestlings. We conclude that female house wrens in this population trade-off clutch size for greater egg mass to maximise reproductive success in late-season broods.     

Mixed-species brooding between two Baikal sculpins: field evidence for intra- and interspecific competition for reproductive resources

In an examination of the distribution of nesting spaces of two Baikal sculpins, Paracottus kneri and Cottus kessleri , along two transects offshore at Bolshye Koty, a total of 43 P. kneri nests, 32 C. kessleri nests and one Batrachocottus baicalensis nest was found. Males of these species established breeding nests under overhanging stones in the same manner as most freshwater sculpins, but nests of each species were clearly partitioned in separate zones. Cottus kessleri nests were found where the lake floor was mostly covered with overhanging stones. Paracottus kneri nests, however, were found where the lake floor was moderately covered with overhanging stones. Two mixed-species brooding nests with a C. kessleri guarding male were found in an area bounded by the two zones. Each of these nests comprised one P. kneri egg mass and several C. kessleri egg masses, guarded by a C. kessleri male. The nest distribution of these fishes appears to reflect intra- and interspecific competition for overhanging stones as a reproductive resource rather than interspecific difference of nest selection.     

火斑鸠孵卵期和育雏期伴巢行为

2002年5～11月对7巢火斑鸠的伴巢行为进行了预观察;2003年4～9月采用所有事件取样法(Alloccurrence recording)和焦点动物取样法(Focal animalsampling)对其3巢的孵卵期和育雏期伴巢行为进行了系统研究。结果表明：其伴巢行为时间长,雌雄差异大。孵卵期内伴巢行为变化小;而育雏期则较复杂,行为特征和时间变化大,根据行为不同可分3个时期：暖雏期、守护期、巢周育雏期。     

红瘰疣螈的繁殖生态

红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,对其繁殖生态尚无系统的研究。2007～2010年在云南省新平县哀牢山对红瘰疣螈形态、繁殖栖息地、求偶和交配行为、产卵及孵化等繁殖特征进行了研究。结果表明,红瘰疣螈雌雄两性在广泛的形态学度量特征上存在着差异;繁殖栖息地主要为稻田和潮湿的沟渠;参与繁殖的雌雄成体性比随繁殖时间的推移而不断变化,繁殖前期和后期雄性比例高,中期雌性比例高。求偶和交配主要在陆地潮湿的水沟中完成,也可在静水中进行。成体产卵活动从5月初持续至6月下旬,呈现出波浪式的产卵进程,个体完成产卵平均时间为(22.2±2.7)h。繁殖前期雌螈产卵于稻田,中后期产于多杂草的田埂草丛和泥壁,平均产卵数(126±18)枚(n=17)。平均孵化期(17.3±0.1)d(n=225),孵化率59.8%(n=79),孵化时幼体平均体长12.7mm(n=6)。