版纳植物园龙脑香科植物迁地保护成效与应用探讨

龙脑香科植物广泛分布于热带亚洲,被认为是亚洲热带雨林的标志性物种。中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园从建园开始就注重龙脑香科植物的研究、收集与保护,并建立了龙脑香科植物专类园。经过几十年收集,现已成为我国龙脑香科植物重要的保育基地。该文结合历年的引种保育、物候及生长量观测等资料,系统整理了版纳植物园在龙脑香科植物引种保育和研究利用的工作。结果表明:自建园以来,版纳植物园共收集了7属34种龙脑香科植物,国内的有11种,国外的有28种。国内引种种类长势良好,除广西青梅外均能开花结果。国外种类开花结果的有13种。此外,版纳植物园部分龙脑香科植物种子生物学特性、植株抗寒及抗病虫能力的分析,也说明版纳植物园的龙脑香科植物的迁地保护是成功的。该文还结合新的研究成果,对龙脑香科植物在造林、生态恢复等方面的应用进行了探讨,以期为进一步加强该科植物的引种、保育及研发等工作提供参考。     

引种的龙脑香科植物对低温适应性的探讨

龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)是东南亚热带植物区系中的一个优势科,属古热带的成分,有15个属580多种。由于这个科植物的热带性较强,有的学者往往把东南亚的一些地区是否有较多的龙脑香科植物的分布作为衡量是否为热带的标志之一,有的把这个科植物的分布在海拔上的上限作为平地热带雨林和山地雨林之间的近似分界线,有的则以我国龙脑香科植物十分贫乏为由而怀疑中国是否存在着真正的热带雨林。可     

DNA条形码在热带龙脑香科树种鉴定中的应用

龙脑香科植物是东南亚地区重要的热带木材来源树种, 对其开展DNA条形码评估在林业监管及森林资源保护等方面具有非常重要的实际应用价值。通过对龙脑香科植物样品进行rbcL、matK、trnL-trnF和ITS2四个片段的扩增和测序, 结合GenBank下载的数据, 共获得龙脑香科树种14属244种共计899条序列。通过比较4个片段的通用性、序列特征、种内和种间的遗传变异, 基于Best Match (BM)、Best Close Match (BCM)、相似性搜索算法(BLAST)和邻接树(NJ) 4种方法评估DNA条形码对于龙脑香科树种的鉴定能力。结果表明, ITS2在龙脑香科树种中鉴定效率最高, 通过优化的扩增体系能够从该科植物叶片中获得较高质量的ITS2片段; 叶绿体matK片段扩增和测序效率为100%, 且种内及种间遗传变异明显, 鉴定成功率高于其它叶绿体片段, 并据此提出ITS2和matK适合作为龙脑香科树种的DNA条形码。     

DNA条形码在热带龙脑香科树种鉴定中的应用

龙脑香科植物是东南亚地区重要的热带木材来源树种, 对其开展DNA条形码评估在林业监管及森林资源保护等方面具有非常重要的实际应用价值。通过对龙脑香科植物样品进行rbcL、matK、trnL-trnF和ITS2四个片段的扩增和测序, 结合GenBank下载的数据, 共获得龙脑香科树种14属244种共计899条序列。通过比较4个片段的通用性、序列特征、种内和种间的遗传变异, 基于Best Match (BM)、Best Close Match (BCM)、相似性搜索算法(BLAST)和邻接树(NJ) 4种方法评估DNA条形码对于龙脑香科树种的鉴定能力。结果表明, ITS2在龙脑香科树种中鉴定效率最高, 通过优化的扩增体系能够从该科植物叶片中获得较高质量的ITS2片段; 叶绿体matK片段扩增和测序效率为100%, 且种内及种间遗传变异明显, 鉴定成功率高于其它叶绿体片段, 并据此提出ITS2和matK适合作为龙脑香科树种的DNA条形码。     

龙脑香科植物的地理分布

龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)为一泛热带分布的科。据我们研究统计全世界龙脑香科植物约有3个亚科,16属529种,间断分布于热带亚洲、非洲和美洲(图1)。其中92%的种类分布于热带亚洲,为热带亚洲植物区系中的一个优势种;8%的种类散布于热带非洲和热带美洲。龙脑香科是植物学家和热带林业工作者研究较为深入的类群。自林奈(Carolus Linna-eus)1737年建立瓦特香属(Vateria)到布卢姆(     

中国龙脑香科资料

龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)植物,是典型的热带东南亚区系的代表科,其中不少的种类是珍贵的用材树种,树脂中含有的古芸香酯,为名贵的香料。 世界龙脑香科植物约17属,600余种,除热带非州产2属,34种外,全产于东南亚热带地区,主要分布在加里曼丹岛(13属,276种)、马来半岛(14属、164种,菲律宾11属,52种)。我国产11种,1变种,内有1栽培种。现将国产龙脑香科的1新分布属,2新分布种及全科的属种检索表报道如下。     

环境因子对龙脑香科幼苗的生长和存活的影响研究进展

就光照、水分、动物捕食和菌根共生体对龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)植物幼苗生长与死亡的影响进行了综述,并对未来研究的发展方向作一展望。光照是影响龙脑香科植物幼苗生长和存活的最重要的资源条件,林窗中的较强光照有利于幼苗的生长与存活。引起龙脑香科植物幼苗死亡的主要原因是干旱;脊椎动物捕食增加龙脑香科植物幼苗的死亡,昆虫对幼苗叶片捕食造成的死亡只发生在叶片大量损失或幼苗较小的情况下。龙脑香科植物幼苗能通过与真菌形成共生体从成年植株获得营养和水分供应而生长,尤其在资源亏缺的条件下更为明显。     

西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物AM真菌的初步研究

 对云南省西双版纳地区17种龙脑香科树种根系丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM）真菌的定居情况进行了调查,并对根围土壤中AM真菌进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明,调查根样均有不同程度的菌根感染,感染率最高可达40%,调查揭示了西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物在自然条件下可形成丛枝菌根。初步从龙脑香科植物根际土壤中分离、鉴定出32种AM真菌,隶属于无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）、球囊霉属（Glomus）、原囊霉属（Achaeospora）、拟球囊霉属（Paraglomus）和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）,其中,无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌为西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物AM真菌优势类群。     

濒危植物坡垒的叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育分析

了解濒危植物坡垒(Hopea hainanensis)的叶绿体基因组结构,对揭示龙脑香科植物的系统进化关系具有重要意义.本研究通过高通量测序技术对坡垒叶绿体基因组的结构特征及与其近缘种的系统进化关系进行了分析.结果 表明:坡垒叶绿体基因组具有典型被子植物叶绿体基因组的四分体结构,基因组全长151 795 bp,共注释得到124个基因,其中包括77个蛋白质编码蛋白基因(5个基因在反向重复区重复)、39个转运RNA(tRNA)基因和8个核糖体RNA(rRNA)基因.生物信息学分析表明,坡垒叶绿体基因组的密码子有19 662个,其中编码亮氨酸Leu的密码子数量最多,同义密码子使用度最高的是UUA/GCU/UCU.坡垒叶绿体基因组中鉴定得到94个SSR位点,其中3个以上核苷酸、三核苷酸、二核苷酸和单核苷酸的数目分别为7、4、24、59个.坡垒与龙脑香科其他植物叶绿体基因组全序列比较分析表明,其基因组大小、基因组成及排列特征相近,但也存在ycf1基因缺失现象.通过MEGA软件最大似然法分析比较锦葵目17种植物的叶绿体基因组,构建系统进化树发现,坡垒与龙脑香科新棒果香木(Neobalanocarpus heimii)亲缘关系相对较近,整个龙脑香科植物聚为一支.该研究丰富了坡垒的遗传信息,为构建龙脑香科植物的系统进化提供了新的材料,也为解决龙脑香科植物的分类问题提供参考.     

云南的龙脑香林

在云南省东南部、南部及西南部陆续发现了由龙脑香科树种所组成的森林,共分七类,其中三类是以龙脑香科树种为优势的单优林。本文概述了各类龙脑香林的分布、生境、组成、群落结构特征以及立木蓄积量和天然更新调查材料。通过比较,说明在组成成分、山地植被垂直带谱等方面,云南龙脑香林与邻近的亚洲热带雨林都是很接近的;而在云南的热带植被中,它们属于比较湿热的类型。 高大茂密的龙脑香林具有丰富的组成种类和很高的生产力,是我国珍贵的自然资源,应重视保护,并加强研究利用。建议在河口、马关县和绿春县李仙江地区再增设龙脑香林自然保护区。     

Gaps in seed banking are compromising the GSPC’s Target 8 in a megadiverse country

Ex situ seed conservation is an effective strategy to help safeguarding plants from extinction. The updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation’s (GSPC) Target 8 aims to include 75% of threatened plant species in ex situ collections by 2020, preferably in the country of origin. Halfway through the updated GSPC program, we evaluate the current state of knowledge and practice of ex situ seed conservation of threatened species from megadiverse Brazilian flora, contributing to this Target. We identify knowledge gaps and costs to achieve Target 8 through seed banking in Brazil within the time constraints of the GSPC and in a scenario of recent science budget funding cuts. Knowledge on seed storage behavior is available only for 24 Brazilian species (1.3%). Seed desiccation tolerance was concluded for 175 of 228 species, feasibly allowing safe storage of most Brazilian species at sub-zero temperatures. However, only 26 species (1.3%) are effectively banked in research institutions. Surprisingly, the percentage of banked threatened species hardly increased in the first 5 years since the update of the Target (0.55%, 2011–2015), and Brazil now faces the challenge of banking almost 1500 species during 2016–2020. Despite a major lack of commitment of Brazilian institutions and of knowledge to achieve the Target, the costs for banking the remaining species were estimated to be only US$3.9 million. We call for a nationwide coordinated effort of government agencies, policy makers and research institutions to include ex situ seed conservation in the environmental agenda to pursue achievement of the Target by 2020.     

Is there a future for the Cactaceae genera Copiapoa,Eriosyce and Eulychnia? A status report of a prickly situation

Many of Chile’s iconic cactus species are threatened by human activities and global change. In order to safeguard them from extinction, both in situ and ex situ conservation actions are urgently needed. In this paper, an overview is given of the in situ and ex situ conservation status of the mainly Chilean cactus genera Copiapoa, Eriosyce and Eulychnia, including a worldwide survey of living ex situ collections of the species of these genera. From our results, we can conclude that although the threats to Chile’s remarkable biodiversity are now recognized as an environmental problem, and efforts are underway to protect the threatened endemic flora, many of the most threatened species are currently not protected in situ. Although a higher percentage of living accessions of Copiapoa, Eriosyce and Eulychnia in ex situ collections are of known wild origin compared to results of previous studies on other plant groups, the number of available accessions is insufficient to adequately preserve the genetic diversity of the threatened species. Prospects to upscale both in situ and ex situ conservation of the studied genera are discussed.     

Ex situ conservation of plant diversity in Romania: A synthesis of threatened and endemic taxa

Romania hosts a relatively high species diversity, including 3,829 vascular and 979 non-vascular spontaneous plant taxa. Multiple national red lists exist, with the number of taxa assessed as threatened varying greatly between them, from 548 to 1,438, and with number of taxa assigned to a given threat category also varying between the different sources. A composite list including all taxa mentioned in at least one of the selected red listings from Romania is required in order to compensate for this lack of consensus and to assess their ex situ conservation status. In this study, we synthesized data from the national red lists and counted 1,220 spontaneous vascular plant species and 201 subspecies, of which 77 are endemic and 76 subendemic for Romania. In addition, 18 non-red-listed endemics and 14 subendemics have been added, bringing the total to 1,453 threatened and (sub)endemic plant taxa, representing almost 38% of the total native vascular flora of Romania. Despite the large network of protected areas in Romania, many taxa are still being threatened with extinction in the region mainly due to anthropogenic pressure. Several ex situ conservation measures have been employed to assure a more substantial buffer against plant extinction in the wild, supported by thorough and adequate conservation strategies and multiple means to reintroduce taxa back to their natural habitats. Consequently, our second aim was to evaluate the ex situ conservation status of these threatened and (sub)endemic plants from Romania, focussing on both conventional methods (cultivation in botanic gardens, seed banking) and biotechnological approaches (in vitro tissue culture, medium-term storage and cryostorage). Of the 1,453 taxa included in our list, 642 (44.2%) are conserved by ex situ approaches. Of these, 524 are harboured in the most important botanic gardens throughout Romania, while 156 are currently held in long-term seed banks locally or in the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (UK). Conversely, only 64 taxa from the list are preserved at the national level through in vitro cultures, and cryopreservation protocols have been developed for only 8 taxa. Overall, more than half of the threatened and (sub)endemic vascular flora from Romania remains unprotected outside the classical in situ conservation measures. For red-listed bryophytes, only 0.6% are preserved in national ex situ collections. Moreover, some aspects related to population genetic studies and the genetic stability of ex situ conserved plants are also briefly discussed, as essential prerequisites for applied biodiversity conservation programs. Finally, considering the distribution range of targeted taxa, we included a synthesis of biotechnological approaches at both national and international level. Our study presents not only a first assessment of the ex situ conservation status of national red listed flora, but also, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive and updated overview of the rare, threatened and (sub)endemic taxa from Romania. This evaluation will provide a supporting tool for national decision- and policy-making actions for biodiversity conservation, using both in situ and ex situ approaches. We also highlight the need for an updated red list for the Romanian flora that accurately follows the IUCN assessment criteria and protocols.     

An early evaluation of translocation actions for endangered plant species on Mediterranean islands

In situ conservation is widely considered a primary conservation strategy. Plant translocation, specifically, represents an important tool for reducing the extinction risk of threatened species. However, thus far, few documented translocations have been carried out in the Mediterranean islands. The CareMediflora project, carried out on six Mediterranean islands, tackles both short-and long-term needs for the insular endangered plants through in situ and ex situ conservation actions. The project approach is based on using ex situ activities as a tool to improve in situ conservation of threatened plant species.Fifty island plants(representing 45 taxa) were selected for translocations using common criteria.During the translocations, several approaches were used, which differed in site selection method, origin of genetic material, type of propagative material, planting method, and more. Although only preliminary data are available, some general lessons can be learned from the experience of the CareMediflora project. Among the factors restricting the implementation of translocations, limited financial resources appear to be the most important. Specific preliminary management actions, sometimes to be reiterated after translocation, increase the overall cost, but often are necessary for translocation success. Translocation using juvenile/reproductive plants produces better results over the short term,although seeds may provide good results over the long run(to be assessed in the future). Regardless,plant translocation success can only be detected over long periods; therefore, proper evaluation of plant translocations requires a long-term monitoring protocol. Care-Mediflora project represents the first attempt to combine the existing approaches in a common plant conservation strategy specifically focusing on the Mediterranean islands.     

How bryophytes came out of the cold: successful cryopreservation of threatened species

The use of ex situ techniques for the conservation of threatened plants has been increasing over the past decades. Cryopreservation is often used for the long-term storage of plant germplasm where conventional methods (i.e. seedbanking) are inappropriate. Simple encapsulation–dehydration protocols were developed for the cryopreservation of bryophytes at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, as part of an ex situ project for the conservation of UK threatened species. The applicability of these methods was tested on 22 species with a broad range of ecological requirements and found to be highly successful across the board. Regeneration rates from frozen material were >68% for all species tested and half had regeneration rates of 100%. The high regeneration rate and broad applicability of the protocols across a range of species was attributed to a combination of the inherent totipotency of bryophytes and the in-built recovery periods in the pre-treatment protocol. In conclusion, bryophytes are well suited to cryopreservation and such techniques would be applicable for the long-term storage of similar conservation collections across the globe.     

Germination capacity and viability of threatened species collections in seed banks

Facing the current biodiversity crisis, the value of ex situ conservation has been increasingly acknowledged in international treaties and legislations. Seed banks are a good way of conserving biodiversity, providing that seeds are of high quality and at maximum viability. However, despite the number of established ex situ facilities, there is little information on seed viability in botanic garden seed banks. This paper analyses the status of the seed collection of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium by determining the germination capacity and viability of seeds that have been stored for 1–26 years. It aims at: (1) ensuring that existing storage conditions provide effective ex situ conservation of threatened species; (2) providing viability data on threatened species; (3) planning future collection and storage efforts for seeds of West European species of conservation value. Results from this study showed that the germination and viability percentages of the 250 tested species reached on average 59 and 79% respectively. Some families typically performed better than others. Within a species, consistent results were not always obtained. Over a quarter of accessions exhibited some degree of dormancy. Considering the current lack of knowledge in seed germination and dormancy of many rare and threatened species, we believe that the quality of a seed collection should be estimated by its viability and not by its germination percentage. This study calls for further research in order to better understand the biology of a range of threatened native species.     

Saving Europe’s threatened flora: progress towards GSPC Target 8 in Europe

The European flora is of global significance but many species are facing an ever increasing range of threats, especially the growing impacts of climate change. While various estimates have been made for the number of threatened plant species in Europe, an up-to-date European plant Red List does not presently exist. Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) calls for 60% of threatened plant species to be conserved in ex situ collections by 2010. In the absence of a European plant Red List, it is difficult to monitor progress at the regional level towards this target. To address this gap Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) has developed a consolidated list of European threatened species as a step towards a formal Red List. The database consists of national Red List data from 28 European countries and includes records for over 11,000 taxa. National Red List data were supplemented by information on the critically endangered plants of Europe provided by the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle/European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity and the Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest. A list of regionally threatened species was extracted from the database and screened against BGCI’s database of plants in cultivation in botanic gardens (PlantSearch) and ENSCONET’s (European Native Seed Conservation Network) database of plants conserved in European seed banks. This analysis revealed that 42% of European threatened species are currently included in ex situ conservation programmes in Europe.     

渐危树种青梅的迁地保护研究

国家三级保护树种青梅Ｖａｔｉｃａｍａｎｇａｃｈａｐｏｉ原产海南省,在西双版纳热带植物园迁地栽培,树高年平均生长量达０．６１～０．７３ｍ,胸径年平均生长量达０．８２～１．１５ｃｍ,超过原产地野生和其他引种地同龄的植株。花期５～６月,果熟期９～１０月,种子发芽率９６．７％。经多年观察,未见寒害和严重的病虫害。现已繁衍了３代并扩大种植１８６株,说明青梅在西双版纳热带植物园迁地保护获得成功。     

珍稀濒危植物迁地保护策略中植物营养问题的探讨

营养缺乏、过量或不平衡都会直接导致植物生长繁殖障碍甚至死亡,通过改良土壤或补充矿质元素来解决这些问题是植物营养学研究的主要内容。这一学科的研究范围已经从传统人工生态系统发展到自然生态系统中。但总的来说,这一学科还没有真正渗透到珍稀濒危物种的迁地保护领域中来。中国各植物园目前正在开展大规模的珍稀濒危植物迁地保护工作,但人们都只重视了物种的引入,却忽视了它们在迁地保护过程中业已存在和可预见的生长繁殖障碍,对迁地保护植物的研究很少涉及其生长繁殖所需的营养条件。针对这一现状,本文提出了目前应开展的几项工作:(1)明确优先开展植物营养学研究的物种范围;(2)物种原产地土壤与植物化学元素背景值的分析;(3)迁地保护物种营养状况动态监测与营养诊断。该研究思路的提出,无论是从植物营养学与植物保育学的学科交叉角度,还是从珍稀濒危物种迁地保护保育策略的理论探索与解决实际问题的角度,都具有十分重要的意义。