中国东北地区木材腐朽菌的多样性(英文)

对中国东北地区木材腐朽菌资源研究进行了总结,给出了每种木材腐朽菌的寄主和在东北的分布。目前中国东北地区共记载木材腐朽菌504种,其中300种为多孔菌,204种为革菌,57种为林木病原菌,69种为药用菌。梨多年卧孔菌Perenniporia pyricola和北方赖特孔菌Wrightoporia borealis为新种,对它们进行了描述和绘图。对所有名称按最新命名法规(维也纳法规)进行了订正。     

黑龙江小兴安岭东部的木生真菌

本文首次对黑龙江省小兴安岭东部的大亮子河、凉水自然保护区及鹤北联营林场的木生真菌进行了报道。根据对采集的416号木材腐朽真菌的野外调查及室内鉴定研究,共发现多孔菌105种,革菌19种。其中光滑尖齿菌Mucronella calva为我国齿状木生真菌新记录种。根据采集的标本,对该种进行了详细的描述及显微结构绘图。并分别列出了这124种木生真菌的名称,同时给出了每种的采集信息。     

中国濒危的多孔菌

1992-2009年在全国范围内对中国多孔菌进行了系统调查,基于对多孔菌生境是否受到威胁,初步将48种中国多孔菌列为濒危种,占中国多孔菌总数的8%;分布于20个省和自治区,其中绝大部分生长于原始森林中,主要在倒木和腐朽木上;它们几乎不能在人为干扰的林分内生存;38种为木材白色腐朽菌,9种为褐色腐朽菌,1种为树木菌根菌。对每种的基本形态学、生长基质和生态习性进行了简要论述。     

中国东北地区多孔菌的区系组成及分布特征

多孔菌是木材腐朽真菌的一个重要类群,通过将木材中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素分解成为可被自身和其他生物利用的营养物质,从而促进森林生态系统的物质循环。经过野外采集及室内分析,中国东北地区共发现多孔菌304种,隶属于7目14科93属,其中优势科是多孔菌科,优势属是木层孔菌属、泊氏孔菌属和薄孔菌属。经过区系地理分析,东北地区的多孔菌以北温带和世界广布成分为主,具有明显的北温带特征。东北地区的多孔菌濒危种有23种,其中有11种生于单一属的寄主树木上,说明生境的选择限制了多孔菌的生长;多孔菌物种中营腐生生活的种类占大多数,有褐腐和白腐之分。总体来说,白腐菌占大多数,但东北地区褐腐菌所占比例为23.8%,高于世界水平,并且其中有80%的种类生长在针叶树上,说明褐腐菌对于东北地区针叶林生态系统的物质循环有重要作用。     

东喜马拉雅山地区木材腐朽菌研究4.云南高黎贡山地区山的木材腐朽菌(英文)

对云南高黎贡山地区进行了3次木材腐朽菌调查,共采集到约410号标本,经鉴定共有木材腐朽菌128种,列出了这些种类的名录,并提供了每种的寄主和其他采集信息。其中保山小集毛孔菌Coltriciella baoshanensis为新种,其主要特征是担子果盖形或平伏反转,孔口较大(1–3个/mm),担孢子广椭圆形,只生长在栲属树木上,对其进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

中国平伏多孔菌一新种

平伏多孔菌是多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)中的重要类群。其中有许多种类是重要的木材腐朽菌和树木的病原菌。作者1964年曾报道中国扁平多孔菌属(Poria)平伏多孔菌37种。本文报道平伏多孔菌一新种——栎褐孔菌(Fuscoporia quercina Zhao)。     

东喜马拉雅山地区木材腐朽菌研究3. 云南老君山地区的多孔菌

在对云南老君山木材腐朽菌调查过程中,共采集到约300号标本,经鉴定共有多孔菌96种,列出了这些多孔菌的名录,并提供了每种的采集信息。其中云杉木层孔菌Phellinus piceicola为新种,其主要特征是担子果盖形或平伏反转,孔口和孢子较小,只生长在云杉树木上,对其进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

大兴安岭林区多孔菌的区系组成与种群结构

本文在过去10 a野外调查和室内鉴定及分析研究的基础上,对大兴安岭林区多孔菌的区系组成和种群结构进行了分析,发现大兴安岭林区的多孔菌具有较高的多样性,共有5目11科56属129种,占中国多孔菌区系的21.36%,优势科是多孔菌科。种的区系地理成分分为7类,以北温带成分和世界广布成分为主,具有明显的北温带成分的区系特征。大兴安岭的多孔菌常见种较多,种群结构中共生菌3种,寄生菌27种,腐生菌占大多数,有99种。在能够引起木材腐朽的126种真菌中,白腐菌93种,占多数,褐腐菌33种,占少数,但该地区褐腐菌所占比例明显高于全国范围内褐腐菌在多孔菌中的比例。通过对大兴安岭主要树种上的种群结构进行比较,表明阔叶树上的木材腐朽菌绝大部分是白色腐朽菌,而针叶树上的白腐菌与褐腐菌数量相差不大,褐腐菌对于针叶林特别是落叶松的更新具有非常重要的作用。     

丰林自然保护区木材腐朽真菌发生规律及其物种多样性

木材腐朽真菌是森林生态系统中的一个重要类群,通过将木材中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素分解成为可被自身和其他生物利用的营养物质,能够促进森林生态系统中的物质循环。通过对丰林自然保护区3个不同林分内木材腐朽真菌的分布特征开展野外调查,共得到标本966份,经鉴定为122种,隶属于7目17科49属,多孔菌科为该地区优势科。物种区系地理成分以北温带成分和世界广布成分为主,具有明显的北温带成分区系特征。通过比较3个林分内木材腐朽真菌群落组成结构,发现阔叶红松混交林内褐腐菌数量较多,占总体的29.9%,杨桦林和云冷杉林内木材腐朽真菌主要为白腐菌,分别占总体的93.6%和90.6%。阔叶红松混交林中木材腐朽真菌物种多样性指数最高,Shannon指数4.60,Simpson指数0.99,Pielou均匀度指数0.99。该保护区中木材腐朽真菌多数生长在腐朽等级为2、3级的倒木上。通过比较3个林分内主要树种上木材腐朽真菌的分布特点,发现林分类型、寄主腐烂程度和直径大小是影响该地区木材腐朽真菌分布的主要因素,同样的树种在不同林分中所生长的木材腐朽真菌种类不同。     

我国寒温带至亚热带森林多孔菌区系和多样性比较

多孔菌是木材腐朽菌的重要类群, 具有重要的生态功能和经济价值。本文比较分析了我国寒温带至亚热带的阿尔泰山脉、秦岭山脉和南岭山脉的多孔菌物种、生态习性和区系特征。经调查, 在三个山脉共发现多孔菌8目29科107属287种, 其中阿尔泰山、秦岭和南岭分别为84种、132种、160种, 优势科均为多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科。三个山脉的共有属和共有种分别为25个和14个。区系地理分析发现, 阿尔泰山脉和秦岭山脉以世界广布成分和北温带成分为主, 南岭山脉以世界广布和泛热带成分为主。在寄主选择性方面, 阿尔泰山脉的多孔菌偏好生长在裸子植物上, 其比例高于被子植物, 而秦岭和南岭则相反。在腐朽类型方面, 从寒温带至亚热带白腐真菌物种数量呈现逐渐上升的趋势, 而褐腐真菌数量逐渐下降。通过比较分析3个不同气候带的多孔菌物种多样性、寄主偏好性和引起的腐朽类型, 发现气候和植被类型是影响多孔菌区系组成的主要因素。     

Biodiversity and distribution of fungi associated with decomposing Nypa fruticans

Fungi associated with the decomposition of Nypa fruticans in Malaysia are under investigation. Forty-one fungi have been identified including 35 ascomycetes, four mitosporic fungi and two basidiomycetes. The distribution of intertidal fungi on palm structures including leaves, leaf veins, rachides, petiole bases, and inflorescences, and fungi on terrestrial parts have also been examined. No fungi were found on the leaf material, although several fungi were found on the leaf midribs, and possible reasons for this are given. Very few taxa developed on the inflorescences, but those that were present were abundant. The greatest density of fruiting structures occurred on the rachides, and the greatest diversity of fungal species occurred on the petiole bases. The terrestrial fungi differed from the intertidal fungi, although Linocarpon nipae occurred in both habitats. Reasons for the differences in fungal numbers and diversity on the various palm parts are discussed. The diversity of fungi at Morib mangrove was low when compared to previous studies on fungi on Nypa palm at Kampong Api Api in Brunei and in this study at Kuala Selangor mangrove in Malaysia.     

Mycorrhizal fungi of Vanilla: diversity, specificity and effects on seed germination and plant growth

Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the germination of orchid seeds. However, the specificity of orchids for their mycorrhizal fungi and the effects of the fungi on orchid growth are controversial. Mycorrhizal fungi have been studied in some temperate and tropical, epiphytic orchids, but the symbionts of tropical, terrestrial orchids are still unknown. Here we study diversity, specificity and function of mycorrhizal fungi in Vanilla, a pantropical genus that is both terrestrial and epiphytic. Mycorrhizal roots were collected from four Vanilla species in Puerto Rico, Costa Rica and Cuba. Cultured and uncultured mycorrhizal fungi were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear rDNA (nrITS) and part of the mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit (mtLSU), and by counting number of nuclei in hyphae. Vanilla spp. were associated with a wide range of mycorrhizal fungi: Ceratobasidium, Thanatephorus and Tulasnella. Related fungi were found in different species of Vanilla, although at different relative frequencies. Ceratobasidium was more common in roots in soil and Tulasnella was more common in roots on tree bark, but several clades of fungi included strains from both substrates. Relative frequencies of genera of mycorrhizal fungi differed significantly between cultured fungi and those detected by direct amplification. Ceratobasidium and Tulasnella were tested for effects on seed germination of Vanilla and effects on growth of Vanilla and Dendrobium plants. We found significant differences among fungi in effects on seed germination and plant growth. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on Vanilla and Dendrobium were similar: a clade of Ceratobasidium had a consistently positive effect on plant growth and seed germination. This clade has potential use in germination and propagation of orchids. Results confirmed that a single orchid species can be associated with several mycorrhizal fungi with different functional consequences for the plant.     

杜仲内生真菌的多样性分析及其抗植物病原真菌的活性

以河南郑州和江苏徐州采集到的杜仲为材料,采用纯培养方法对杜仲内生真菌进行分离。将分离纯化得到的90株真菌通过形态学鉴定并进行多样性分析,90株内生真菌分别属于13个属,其中茎点霉属(Phoma)和链格孢属(Alternaria)为优势菌群,分别占总菌株数的18%和16%;其次为黑孢属(Nigrospora)和枝孢属(Cladosporium),均占总菌株数的10%。用平板对峙法对分离得到的杜仲内生真菌进行抗植物病原真菌实验,发现有18个菌株对至少一种病原真菌具有明显的拮抗作用。通过比色法进行内生真菌产IAA(吲哚乙酸)定性实验,结果显示,有37株真菌具有产IAA能力,通过分光光度法对这37株真菌进行产IAA定量实验,发现有8株有较好的产IAA活性。     

Effects of endophytic Fusarium oxysporum towards Radopholus similis activity in absence of banana

Four endophytic fungi (Fusarium spp.) isolated from the cortical tissue of surface-sterilised banana as well as from tomato roots were tested for their capacity of biological control towards the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis on banana. The pathogenic and parasitic capacities of endophytic fungi towards R. similis were tested in in vitro experiments. No parasitism of fungi on R. similis was observed. However, nematode activity decreased significantly in the presence of all endophytic fungi in vitro when compared to nematodes in the absence of fungi. The effects of fungi on R. similis activities in the soil were tested in the absence of plants. Nematode activities were reduced significantly by 16-30% by endophytic fungi when compared to untreated soil.     

食用菌深层发酵的研究进展

发酵工程是现代生物工程技术之一,目前,它在食用菌生产中已得到深入研究和广泛应用。通过回顾食用菌液体深层发酵的研究历史,概述了有关食用菌的液体发酵研究状况,并展望了该技术在我国食用菌生产中的应用前景。     

再接种内生真菌对葡萄叶内生真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】探讨回接内生真菌对葡萄叶内生真菌群落结构的影响。【方法】将葡萄叶中分离到的8株内生真菌回接到健康生长的玫瑰蜜葡萄叶片上,同时设置管理上喷施农药与未喷施农药两组处理,3个月后分析不同真菌菌剂处理后葡萄叶片内生真菌的分离率、优势度和多样性指数。【结果】5种菌剂的处理(Xylaria sp.、Nigrospora sp.、Alternaria sp.1、Alternaria sp.2和Colletotrichum sp.)在处理后的叶片中分离到了较多数量的接种菌。不同菌剂处理后葡萄叶片菌群结构差异显著。【结论】与对照处理的葡萄相比,菌剂的处理增加了叶内生真菌的分离率,但显著降低了内生真菌的多样性指数;发现喷施农药组叶片内生真菌的分离率较低,但多样性相对较高。     

荧光蛋白报告基因在植物寄生真菌研究中的应用

综述菌根真菌、植物内生菌和植物病原真菌等植物寄生真菌转荧光蛋白基因研究现状.介绍转化载体的构建、转化方法及特基因的检测方法,以及转荧光蛋白基因技术在植物寄生真菌侵染过程研究中的应用,指出真菌转荧光蛋白基因存在的问题和展望.     

Isolation of wood-inhabiting fungi from Canadian hardwood logs

Wood-inhabiting fungi include many molds, wood-staining fungi, and decay fungi. Most of these fungal species can result in economic losses to wood users. Studies on molds, staining fungi, and decay fungi are necessary to be able to control their growth on wood and wood products. In this study, wood-inhabiting fungi were isolated from logs of 3 major Canadian hardwood species: sugar maple, white birch, and yellow birch. Two media were used for isolation. From these 3 wood species, a total of 1198 fungal cultures were obtained from summer- and winter-harvested logs in dry storage and under water sprinkling. The results showed that most fungal species were not host specific and affected all of the wood species tested. Frequently isolated molds were Alternaria alternata, Trichoderma species, and Mucor/Rhizopus (Zygomycota) species, frequently isolated staining fungi were Ophiostoma piceae and Ophiostoma piliferum, a frequently isolated bark saprophyte was Nectria cinnabarina, and frequently isolated decay fungi were taxa of the phylum Basidiomycota. More fungal species were isolated from summer-harvested logs than from winter-harvested logs. Fewer fungal cultures, especially decay fungi, were isolated from logs in early storage than from logs in late storage.     

Contribution of symbiotic mycangial fungi to larval nutrition of a leaf-rolling weevil

Some phytophagous insects have been known to inoculate certain fungi on plant substrates. In many cases of such insect–fungi relationships it has been considered that fungi contribute to insects by decomposing lignin or polysaccharides, and that the insects feed on the decomposition products or fungi themselves. Females of the leaf-rolling weevil in the genus Euops (Attelabidae) store spores of symbiotic fungi in the mycangia and inoculate them on leaf rolls. To determine the effect of mycangial fungi on larval nutrition in E. lespedezae, the nutritional value was compared between leaves with and without mycangial fungi. Two Penicillium species were isolated from the mycangia. These mycangial fungi showed little effect on the decomposition of lignin and polysaccharides, and showed little effect on enhancement of soluble sugars within leaves. Thus, the mutualism between Euops and its mycangial fungi contrasts with the mainly nutritional mutualisms between wood-infesting insects (termites, bark/ambrosia beetles, and wood wasps) and lignin/polysaccharide-decomposing fungi.     

Interactions of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,Phosphorus, and Heterodera glycines on Soybean

Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and soil phosphorus (P) fertility on parasitism of soybean cultivars Bragg and Wright by soybean cyst nematode (SCN) were investigated in field micropiot and greenhouse experiments. VAM fungi increased height of both cultivars and yield of Wright in microplot studies in 1986 and 1987. Conversely, yield of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants of both cultivars was suppressed by SCN. Soil population densities of SCN were unaffected by VAM fungi in 1986 but were greater in microplots infested with VAM fungi than in control microplots in 1987. Growth of Wright soybean was stimulated by VAM fungi and suppressed by SCN in greenhouse experiments. The effect of VAM fungi on SCN varied with time. Numbers of SCN in roots and soil were decreased by VAM fungi by as much as 73% at the highest SCN inoculum level through 49 days after planting. Later, however, SCN numbers were usually comparable on mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. Soil P fertility generally had no effect on SCN. Results of a split-root experiment indicated that VAM fungal suppression of SCN was not systemic.