太湖沉积物孔隙水无机氮空间变化特征

采集太湖不同生态类型湖区(草型湖区胥口湾;风浪大、水华较少的湖心区和水华较严重的梅梁湾)沉积物柱状样,研究沉积物理化性质以及孔隙水无机氮浓度垂直变化特征。结果显示,各点含水率、有机质、总氮均随深度增加而降低,而梅梁湾含量最高,湖心区最低。沉积物溶解氧随深度增加而降低,胥口湾最高,梅梁湾最低。孔隙水NH₄⁺-N随深度增加而增大,NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N均随随深度增加而减小。比较表层0-5cm沉积物孔隙水和上覆水无机氮浓度,发现各湖区NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N释放风险小,胥口湾(草型湖区)和梅梁湾(藻型湖区)NH₄⁺-N释放风险较大,湖心区较小。     

太湖沉积物中氮循环菌的微生态

采用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术,对梅梁湾和贡湖湾湖区沉积物中微生物的主要种群,及氮循环功能微生物的数量和分布进行了研究,发现随着深度增加,细菌和古菌数量均逐渐减少,但古菌在总菌数中所占比例有所增加;梅梁湾沉积物中氨氧化细菌及亚硝酸氧化细菌的数量均高于贡湖湾,随深度增加,两者数量均逐渐减少,但在贡湖湾其占总菌数的比例高于梅梁湾,表明水生植物可能对沉积物中微生物组成及氮循环有重要影响。泉古菌在太湖沉积物中普遍存在且数量高于氨氧化细菌,说明其在淡水湖泊中对氮循环可能有重要作用。     

太湖沉积物微生物生物量及其与碳、氮、磷的相关性

对太湖沉积物中微生物生物量碳(MBc)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBp),以及沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)进行测定并进行相关性分析,揭示太湖沉积物微生物对太湖沉积物营养盐的响应及反馈特征.结果表明:沉积物微生物生物量(MB)在湖体沿岸地区大于湖心区,平均值为184.66 mg·kg-1,MBc在西部沿岸区以及竺山湾和梅梁湾区域较高,平均值为127.57 mg·kg-1;MBN在梅梁湾、贡湖部分区域以及靠近梅梁湾和贡湖的湖心区域和东部沿岸区较高,平均值为19.25 mg·kg-1;MBp在东部沿岸区及其附近的湖心区最高,平均值为19.09 mg·kg-1;沉积物TOC高值区(≥2.30 g· kg-1)主要集中在竺山湾、西部沿岸区、梅梁湾、贡湖地区,平均值为1.59 g·kg-1;沉积物TN高值区(≥0.30g· kg-1)主要集中在贡湖、梅梁湾、竺山湾部分地区以及西部沿岸区,平均值为0.21 g·kg-1;沉积物TP高值区(≥1.20g·kg-1)主要集中在东部沿岸区以及湖心部分区域,平均值为0.55 g·kg-1;太湖沉积物TOC/TN在7～19,平均值为8.97,表明太湖沉积物中的有机质具有明显的双重来源,其中陆源有机质主要集中在西部沿岸区;太湖沉积物MB与沉积物TOC和TN呈显著正相关,与沉积物TP相关性不显著;沉积物MBc/MBN与沉积物TOC/TN显著相关.太湖沉积物微生物主要受沉积物TOC、TN影响,且沉积物TOC/TN的变化显著影响微生物群落结构.     

龙感湖沉积物碳、氮同位素记录的环境演化

通过对龙感湖沉积物样品中δ13Corg、δ15N、有机碳与总氮比值(C/N)、总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量的测定,分析了自1948年以来龙感湖沉积物有机质的来源,探讨了湖泊生产力变化以及随后的沉积演化过程.结果表明:在这个沉积历史阶段中,湖泊沉积物有机质以自生有机物源为主,大型水草发育,伴有低等藻类参与,湖泊沉积物受陆源输入影响较小,基本不受城市污染物的输入影响,但受流域农业化肥大量使用的影响较大;随着营养物质的输入,湖泊的初级生产力逐渐增大,藻类开始发育;在沉积历史上L2点附近低等藻类相对发育早,但L1点沉积物相对能够固定更多的营养盐.     

异龙湖近百年来湖泊沉积物有机碳、氮稳定同位素变化及其环境指示意义

通过对异龙湖沉积物岩芯(YLH-1)样品有机碳、氮及其稳定同位素、C/N值测定,结合人类活动的阶段性特征,分析了近百年来异龙湖沉积物有机质的来源,探讨受人类活动影响下湖泊的生态环境变化过程。结果表明:异龙湖沉积物中有机质的碳、氮稳定同位素分别为-25.9‰～-22.5‰和0.5‰～4.7‰,C/N值16.4～20.4,表明异龙湖有机质主要受大型水生植物影响,而藻类和陆源有机质贡献较小。δ~(13)C逐渐偏负的过程反映了异龙湖富营养化加剧的过程,可能与藻类吸收有机质降解产生的CO_2有关,而δ~(15)N的变化则与流域内工业污染物、农业化肥和大气氮沉降有关。异龙湖的生态环境变化可以分为3个阶段:19世纪80年代至20世纪60年代初期,湖泊初级生产力较低,水质好,受人类活动干扰较小; 20世纪60年代中后期至20世纪90年代,随着人类活动的加强,湖泊生产力迅速提高,富营养化程度加剧,水质恶化,藻类大量繁殖; 20世纪90年代之后,湖泊处于高生产力水平,湖泊富营养化严重。因此,未来管理部门要重视人类活动对湖泊生态环境影响,加强湖泊生态环境治理,改善湖泊生态环境。     

太湖春季沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征及界面释放的影响

通过对太湖春季不同湖区水体和沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征研究,探讨了间隙水中磷的释放对上覆水环境的影响。结果表明,颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)是太湖水体中主要的磷形态,占总磷的58%～95%。不同湖区沉积物间隙水磷的剖面变化可能与生态特征及水动力引起的沉积物-水界面的扰动强度密切相关。湖心和西部沿岸沉积物扰动强烈,致使间隙水中磷含量向上逐渐降底,而梅梁湾和贡湖间隙水磷的垂向变化不大。东太湖和竺山湖沉积物界面间隙水中磷含量偏高,可能是由于表层沉积物的有氧环境使Fe2+被氧化固定下来,并促进了总磷(TP)和溶解态活性磷(DRP)的扩散释放。总体而言,间隙水中各形态磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势,其中DRP的扩散潜力最大,竺山湖沉积物-水界面DRP扩散通量高达11.42mg.m-2.d-1,表明春季浮游植物的复苏生长对DRP的迫切需求。     

太湖水体叶绿素a含量与氮磷浓度的关系

基于太湖水体1993—2002年5—9月监测资料,进行了叶绿素a含量与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度关系的分区统计分析,探讨了太湖藻类生长的TN、TP适宜浓度。结果表明:太湖叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度的关系存在显著的空间差异;在梅梁湾和西北区,当TN、TP浓度较低时,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈正相关;当TN、TP浓度较高时(梅梁湾TN、TP浓度分别超过5.4和0.31mg.L-1;西北区分别超过4.5和0.27mg.L-1),叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈负相关;在湖心区和贡湖区,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈正相关,尤其当TP浓度超过0.1mg.L-1时,叶绿素a含量随TP浓度增加而上升;在东太湖和湖东滨岸区,随TN、TP浓度的升高,叶绿素a含量变化较小;在西南区,叶绿素a含量与TN浓度无显著相关关系,与TP浓度呈正相关;太湖藻类生长的适宜浓度是TN<5.4mg.L-1,TP为0.1～0.31mg.L-1。     

藏东南巴松错200年沉积过程及其对硅藻记录的影响

青藏高原东南部高寒山区广泛发育冰川湖泊,湖泊沉积过程同时受控于区域气候、流域水文、地质条件及湖泊形态特征。基于放射性210Pb/137Cs和14C定年法,对巴松错沉积物理(粒度、分选系数)和化学指标(TOC、TN、C/N)进行分析,发现18世纪末到19世纪末湖泊沉积过程显著变化,表现为迅速变缓趋势。通过分析区域树轮重建的气候序列(温度、降水及相对湿度)及冰川地貌调查资料,认为气候变化及流域冰川分布位置是影响该湖泊沉积过程的重要因素。小冰期末期冰川前缘靠近湖区,随后温度上升导致冰川融水激增、水动力加强,从而引起湖泊沉积粒度的粗化。随着冰川前缘不断后退,径流输送距离增长、沉积分选变好、粒度细化。此外,该地区活跃的地质活动也可能是湖泊沉积过程明显变化的重要诱因。湖泊沉积硅藻是研究气候环境变化的有力指标。过去200多年巴松错硅藻组合变化不明显(DCCA=0.47 SD),说明该地区气候环境变化未超过其生态阈值。通过与其他沉积指标进行对比分析发现,巴松错硅藻记录受到流域水文和湖泊沉积过程影响,主要表现为外源输入和/或湖岸浅水区来源的底栖属种在湖心沉积物中的相对丰度增加。1770-1901年总体上具有较低的Procruste残差,说明期间沉积硅藻和粒度具有较一致的波动过程,也说明了巴松错沉积硅藻记录对沉积过程的响应较为敏感。藏东南地区很多湖区均受到冰川和地质作用的强烈影响,因此在利用微体古生物手段对该地区湖泊进行气候变化研究时,建议考虑沉积过程的影响并进行多指标对比分析。     

达里诺尔湖沉积物中无机碳的形态组成

以达里诺尔湖沉积物为研究对象,运用连续浸取法分析测定了沉积物中不同形态的无机碳,开展了沉积物中无机碳形态的分布特征研究,初步探讨了沉积物中不同形态生源要素与无机碳的相互关系.研究表明,表层和柱芯沉积物中无机碳的主导形态均为NH2OH·HCl相;空间分布上,湖心区为各形态无机碳的高值区,东部和北部湖区为低值区;计算结果表明,碳酸钙在湖水中可达过饱和,揭示达里诺尔湖具备形成自生碳酸盐沉淀的条件;沉积柱芯中氮、磷和生物硅与无机碳的相互关系反映了营养水平升高可促进水体对碳酸钙过饱和条件的形成,藻类光合作用对水体理化性质的改变是导致碳酸盐沉淀的重要因素之一.     

稳定碳同位素技术在北京市公园湖泊沉积物有机质来源分析与评价中的应用

湖泊是陆地水圈的重要组成部分,湖泊沉积物是水体污染物的源和汇,北京湖泊生态环境和环境质量评价越来越受关注。本研究对2012—2013年北京市19个公园湖泊表层沉积物中δ13Corg、C/N值及TOC、TON含量进行分析,探讨了湖泊生产力分布、湖泊营养输入、表层沉积物营养含量以及各沉积物有机质来源。结果表明,湖泊表层沉积物由于存在地域差异,δ13Corg、C/N、TOC、TON含量的差别较大、湖泊生产力与营养水平各不相同;通过有机指数评价法推断,所研究的湖泊中只有3个湖泊较清洁,其他均受到不同程度的有机污染;结合δ13Corg(-27.6‰~-22.1‰)和C/N(8.2~58.1)2个特征值对沉积物进行有机质来源的定性及半定量分析,推断出北京市公园湖泊有机质大多来源为污水有机质,应主要从控制污水输入方面降低湖泊污染风险。     

Physical and chemical basis of carbon isotope fractionation in plants

Naturally-occurring variations in the abundances of the stable isotopes of carbon and other elements can be used to understand the dynamics of natural processes in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, medicine, ecology and other fields. The use of carbon-13 isotopic abundances as an indicator of photosynthetic function in plants has become common. The purpose of this article is to describe the physical and chemical processes that contribute to the abundances of carbon-13 in plant materials, and to provide a framework for understanding how those processes control the isotopic contents of natural materials.     

Stable Isotopes and Carbon Cycle Processes in Forests and Grasslands

Abstract: Scaling and partitioning are frequently two difficult challenges facing ecology today. With regard to ecosystem carbon balance studies, ecologists and atmospheric scientists are often interested in asking how fluxes of carbon dioxide scale across the landscape, region and continent. Yet at the same time, physiological ecologists and ecosystem ecologists are interested in dissecting the net ecosystem CO₂ exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere to achieve a better understanding of the balance between photosynthesis and respiration within a forest. In both of these multiple-scale ecological questions, stable isotope analyses of carbon dioxide can play a central role in influencing our understanding of the extent to which terrestrial ecosystems are carbon sinks. In this synthesis, we review the theory and present field evidence to address isotopic scaling of CO₂ fluxes. We first show that the ¹³C isotopic signal which ecosystems impart to the atmosphere does not remain constant over time at either temporal or spatial scales. The relative balances of different biological activities and plant responses to stress result in dynamic changes in the ¹³C isotopic exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere, with both seasonal and stand-age factors playing major roles influencing the ¹³C biosphere-atmosphere exchange. We then examine how stable isotopes are used to partition net ecosystem exchange fluxes in order to calculate shifts in the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. Lastly, we explore how fundamental differences in the ¹⁸O isotopic gas exchange of forest and grassland ecosystems can be used to further partition terrestrial fluxes.     

Studies on the reactivity of malondialdehyde. I. Effects of acid concentration and solvent composition on deuterium exchange reactions

The rates of deuterium exchange reactions of malondialdehyde (MDA) and deuterated malondialdehyde (MDAd) have been studied as a function of acidity and the content of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in binary mixtures with D₂O . MDA incorporates deuterium from D₂O solutions in a first-order reaction with a rate constant (k_obs) that depends on the acid concentration. From this dependence, a catalytic constant, k_cat, can be derived (k_cat^MDA = 2.25 × 10⁵M^?s^?1). Similar kinetic behavior was found for MDAd in H₂O solutions, and in this case, k_cat^MDA = 1.56 × 10⁵M^?1s^?1. Results from reactions of MDA and MDAd in identical H₂OD₂O mixtures show that primary and secondary isotope effects are small (k_H/k_D = 1.13) and that solvent isotope effects cause most of the differences found between reactions in D₂O and H₂O. Reactions in binary DMSOd₆D₂O mixtures show a six-fold rate increase as the proportion of DMSOd₆ increases from 50% to 90%. These results also illustrate the relatively high reactivity of MDA at pH values well above its pK_a and the importance of medium composition on its reaction rate.     

利用反硝化细菌法测试水体硝酸盐氮氧同位素

反硝化细菌方法作为测试硝酸盐氮氧同位素组成的最新方法,具有可测试低浓度水样、对样品无需特殊处理、不会交叉污染和需样量少等诸多优点而得到迅速发展。本研究率先在国内实验室利用反硝化细菌法成功测试了硝酸盐氮氧同位素组成,将经过5～10d培养的反硝化细菌Pseudomonas aureofaciens离心,然后将菌液浓缩5倍,再向顶空进样瓶注入3mL菌液,密封后利用高纯氮气吹扫3h以上,注入50nmolNO3-水样经过夜培养灭活后,使用TraceGasPre-concentrator-Isoprime测试N2O同位素组成,结果表明,重现性和测试精度与国际上类似研究接近。该方法的建立对于国内开展河流及湖泊(水库)、降水等氮的生物地球化学循环将起到促进作用。     

Regional differences in the carbon isotopic compositions of teak from two monsoonal regimes of India

Inter and intra-annual carbon isotope compositions (δ¹³C) of several annual growth rings of teak trees from two monsoonal regimes from India were studied and compared with the corresponding oxygen isotopic (δ¹⁸O) variations. In teak from both the regimes, amplitudes of intra-annual δ¹³C were ∼2-3 times lower than that observed in δ¹⁸O. Seasonal cycle with lower δ¹³C values at the middle and higher at ring boundaries was observed for teak from central India, dominated by the southwest monsoon. Positive correlations of intra-annual δ¹³C values with the corresponding δ¹⁸O values of the same rings and with relative humidity (RH) of the concurrent period suggest a dominant role of RH in controlling δ¹³C values of teak from central India. Intra-annual δ¹³C variations of teak from southern India, receiving both the southwest and northeast monsoons, revealed an initial decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend before culminating in depleted ¹³C values at the end of the growing season. No correlation was observed between intra-annual δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O variations of teak trees from southern India. Regional differences in the climatology of δ¹³C of atmospheric CO₂ or the lengths of growing season could be likely reasons for differing intra-annual δ¹³C variations of teak from the two climatic regimes.     

Influence of water flow on skeletal isotopic composition in the coral Pocillopora damicornis

Fragments of branching Pocillopora damicornis coral colonies were grown in experimental flumes under two water flow regimes. Colony size and buoyant weight increased most rapidly in the fast-flow regime. Branch tips from the upper and outer parts of the colonies showed the lowest and most consistent skeletal oxygen isotope ratios. Flow regime had little influence on the lowest oxygen isotope ratios, which were at least 3.5‰ lighter than the calculated oxygen isotopic equilibrium. These “kinetic” isotope effects are comparable to those observed in Porites corals. Relatively more branch tips showed extreme ¹⁸O depletions under low-flow conditions, and among small coral colonies. Isotopic variability was greater among branch tips from the lower and inner parts of the colonies and at high flow. Skeletal oxygen and carbon isotope ratios generally showed positive correlations. Despite the particularly large offsets from isotopic equilibrium, the isotopically lightest branches showed the greatest isotopic consistency and therefore would make the best isotopic thermometers. Isotopic variability within the colony may provide an indication of flow regime.     

Ecological and cultural shifts of hunter‐gatherers of the Jomon period paralleled with environmental changes

Objectives

Holocene hunter‐gatherers adapted to climatic and environmental changes over time. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains from the Inariyama shell mound of the Final Jomon period have revealed large dietary variations in the population. This study analyzed radiocarbon dates of these individuals to test temporal changes in diet and its relationship with tooth ablation.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐nine human skeletal remains from Inariyama were included in this study. Extracted bone collagen samples were purified to graphite. Then, radiocarbon dating of these samples was performed using the accelerator mass spectrometer.

Results

The radiocarbon ages of Inariyama ranged about, 3,230–2,140 cal BP and showed three peaks of occupation. In the early and late phases, terrestrial resource consumption and incisor extraction were observed, while marine resource consumption and canine extraction were observed in the middle phase.

Discussion

These temporal changes of diet and tooth ablation types occurred in parallel with climatic cooling and environmental change and help reveal how Holocene hunter‐gatherers adapted to the changing environments.

     

稳定同位素技术在植物水分利用研究中的应用

近20a稳定同位素技术在植物生态学研究中的应用得到了长足发展,使得对植物与水分关系也有了更深一步的了解。介绍稳定同位素性碳、氢、氧同位素在研究植物水分关系中的应用及进展,以期能为国内植物水分利用研究提供参考。由于植物根系从土壤中吸收水分时并不发生同位素分馏,对木质部水分同位素分析有助于对植物利用水分来源,生态系统中植物对水分的竞争和利用策略的研究,更好地了解生态系统结构与功能。稳定碳同位素作为植物水分利用效率的一个间接指标,在不同水分梯度环境中,及植物不同代谢产物与水分关系中有着广泛的应用。同位素在土壤-植被-大气连续体水分中的应用,有助于了解生态系统的水分平衡。随着稳定同位素方法的使用,植物与水分关系的研究将取得更大的进展。     

海洋生态系统稳定同位素基线的选取

稳定同位素技术在海洋食物网研究中得到了广泛的应用,但在分析海洋生物食性和营养级时,需要选择某种生物或物质的稳定同位素值作为基线.本文综述了河口和海湾、浅海、大洋及深海4类典型海洋生态系统稳定同位素基线的选取,分析了影响稳定同位素基线选择的因素,以及特定化合物稳定同位素在消除基线时空异质性中的潜在价值,并对目前存在的问题以及今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为国内学者进一步深入开展海洋生态系统的稳定同位素生态学研究提供有益参考.