Is there a representative wavelength for photosynthetically active radiation in the terrestrial environment?

Abstract The spectral quality of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400–700 nm) incident at an open site and on a forest floor was analysed to determine whether narrowband (1 nm) wavelengths could be used to estimate total incident PAR. The narrowband estimates were not as good as the broadband estimates based on silicon photovoltaic sensors, but the variance at 530 nm was sufficiently small for narrowband sensors to be considered as low‐cost and light‐weight alternatives to broadband sensors.     

Growth and ethylene evolution by shade and sun ecotypes of Stellaria longipes in response to varied light quality and irradiance

Plants growing in the shade receive both low light irradiance and light enriched in far red (FR) (i.e., light with a low red (R) to FR ratio). In an attempt to uncouple the R/FR ratio effects from light irradiance effects, we utilized Stellaria longipes because this species has two distinct natural population ecotypes, alpine (dwarf) and prairie (tall). The alpine population occupies the open, sun habitat. By contrast, the prairie population grows in the shade of other plants. Both 'sun' and 'shade' ecotypes responded with increased stem elongation responses under low irradiance, relative to growth under 'normal' irradiance, and this increased growth was proportionally similar. However, only the shade ecotype had increased shoot elongation in response to a low R/FR ratio. By contrast, the sun ecotype showed increased stem elongation in response to increasing R/FR ratio. Varying the R/FR ratios had no significant effect on ethylene evolution in either sun or shade ecotype. Under low irradiance, only the sun ecotype showed a significantly changed (decreased) ethylene evolution. We conclude that R/FR ratio and irradiance both regulate growth, and that irradiance can also influence ethylene evolution of the sun ecotype. By contrast, R/FR ratio and irradiance, while having profound influences on growth of the shade ecotype, do not appear to regulate these growth changes via effects on ethylene production.     

粤西及相邻地区太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射能量和光量子通量时空分布

应用普适全国的计算太阳辐射、光合有效辐射和光量子通量模型,系统地研究了粤西的高要、封开和临近地区梧州的太阳辐射、光合有效辐射和光量子通量的年总量、月总量以及相应的年平均日总量和日平均日总量。结果表明,太阳辐射、光合有效辐射和光量子通量的年变化有相似的规律;而地区变化有以下特点：梧州和封开明显类似,而高要与上两地差异稍大。     

金矮生苹果水分利用效率研究

通过对金矮生苹果 ( Malus pumila CV.goldspur)在不同土壤水分和光照条件下叶片光合速率 ( Pn)和蒸腾速率( Tr)进行测定 ,并计算水分利用效率 ( WUE)。结果表明 ,由于光合有效辐射 ( PAR)和土壤水分 ( SWC)决定了金矮生苹果Pn和 Tr,从而影响到 WUE。在水分胁迫存在时 ,不同 SWC条件下的 WUE随 PAR的变化规律相差较大 ,SWC为 1 0 %(田间持水量 F C的 5 0 % )左右时 ,WUE最大值在所有土壤水分处理中居于最高 ( 2 30 μmol CO2 /g H2 O)。在水分供应充足时 ,尽管 WUE在达到最大值之后下降缓慢 ,但最大值只有 1 6 0 μmol CO2 /g H2 O左右 ,并且各 SWC水平之间差异不显著 ,模拟曲线基本重叠。 WUE随 SWC的变化与光照条件有关 ,光强范围在 5 0 0 相似文献   

河套地区小麦/玉米套作群体光能瞬时传输的数学模拟

作物间套作群体冠层中叶片水平向和垂向分布的不均匀性给其光能截获的连续测定带来了很大困难.为了量化小麦/玉米套作群体不同生长阶段的光能吸收,本文建立了模拟该套作群体光合有效辐射(PAR)瞬时传输的几何模型,并用大田实测值对模型进行验证.结果表明:几何模型可有效地模拟小麦/玉米套作群体冠层底部的PAR强度.小麦/玉米6∶2套作(I62)群体模型估算结果与实测值的线性回归方程的决定系数为0.947,小麦/玉米12∶4套作(I124)群体模拟结果与实测值的线性回归方程的决定系数为0.950.2012和2013年I62套作群体截获的PAR分别为1061.4和924.3 MJ·m-2,在所有处理中最高.2012年I62和I124套作群体相对于单作的PAR截获比率分别为1.29和1.19,2013年I62和I124套作群体相对于单作的PAR截获比率分别为1.21和1.16.     

土壤水分对金矮生苹果光合速率的影响

通过对 7年生田间和 2年生盆栽金矮生苹果 ( Maluspumila CV.goldspur)进行不同土壤水分和光照条件下叶片光合速率测定研究 ,结果表明 ,光合速率 ( Pn)与光照强度 ( PAR)和土壤水分 ( SWC)之间存在着密切的关系。当林木供水充足 ,即 SWC( >1 5 % )达到田间持水量 ( FC)的 75 %以上时 ,Pn的光响应曲线为直角双曲线 ,但 SWC低于这一水平时 ,Pn的光响应曲线则为二次抛物线 ,表现出不同程度的光抑制 ,水分胁迫越严重 ,出现光抑制越早。弱光下 ( PAR<5 0 0 μmol· s- 1· m- 2 ) ,光合速率最大值 Pmax出现在 SWC比较低的范围内 ( 70 %～ 75 % FC) ,如果 SWC继续增大时 ,Pn反而下降 ;随着光强的增大 ,Pmax出现的 SWC水平随之提高。金矮生苹果 Pn的日变化规律在不同 SWC下并不相同 ,水分胁迫存在时 ,Pn的日变化表现出“午休”现象 ,水分胁迫越严重 ,“午休”时间越长 ;水分供应充足时 ,Pn从 1 0∶ 0 0的最大值直线下降 ,下午不再回升。轻度水分胁迫时 ,Pn日平均值接近或达到最大值 ;随着 SWC的提高 Pn日平均值反而有下降趋势。在正常光照条件下 (日均值 80 0～ 1 0 0 0μmol· s- 1· m- 2 ) ,当林木处于严重水分胁迫 ,即 SWC低于 FC的 5 5 %时 ,Pn随土壤水分的增加直线上升 ;当土壤水分供应充足 ( SWC>75 % F     

Effects of pubescence and waxes on the reflectance of leaves in the ultraviolet and photosynthetic wavebands: a comparison of a range of species

Total reflectance of ultraviolet and photosynthetically effective wavelengths was measured for a range of different leaf types. Two approaches were employed. Firstly, reflectance of monochromatic wavebands at 330 and 680 nm was measured for a total of 45 different species covering a wide range of genera. In the second, specific leaf types that displayed different degrees of reflectance were treated to remove hairs and waxes that contributed to their reflectance. Selected waxy and non‐waxy leaves were also studied in more detail over the spectral range 270–500 nm. It was found that both pubescence (presence of hairs) and glaucousness (presence of a thick epicuticular wax layer) had marked effects on total reflectance. Pubescent leaves tended to be more effective in reflecting longer wavelengths than ultraviolet radiation. The extent of this effect depended on hair type. Glaucous leaves demonstrated that surface waxes were very effective reflectors of both UV and longer wavelength radiation.     

Selection of shade trees in forest restoration plantings should not be based on crown tree architecture alone

The planting of tree seedlings is a common restoration technique in the tropics, and using large‐crowned, fast‐growing shade species is recommended to suppress invasive grasses and accelerate forest succession. We analyzed the effectiveness of shade species in shading the forest floor during the rainy and dry seasons at young forest restoration sites, whether shade changes according to site for a given species, and whether crown architecture can predict the shade level. We measured the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the tree crowns of 14 species in two 3‐year‐old restoration plantings. The ability to predict shade based on crown architecture traits was evaluated using multiple linear regressions. The interception of PAR varied according to species, site, and season for seven species and was generally higher during the rainy season. Low values of tree and first branch height and high values of trunk diameter and mean area of a leaf predicted greater light interception. For the dry season, the ability to predict PAR interception was weaker than that for the rainy season and affected by a shorter tree height and a greater crown area. The crown architecture of shade species did not completely predict their shading ability, and the preselection of shade species for forest restoration purposes based only on crown architecture traits is not effective. Therefore, it is important to consider other factors, such as how long trees retain their leaves throughout the year and the soil and management conditions of the sites undergoing restoration, during the selection of species.     

典型森林生态系统总辐射和光合有效辐射长期观测中的仪器性能衰变和数据校正

利用中国通量网( ChinaFLUX)4个森林台站(长白山、千烟洲、鼎湖山和西双版纳)2003-2008年总辐射和光合有效辐射(PAR)观测资料,研究了CNR1总辐射表和Li-190SB光量子仪在长期观测中可能出现的不确定性和仪器性能变化等问题.结果表明:98％以上的CNR1总辐射观测精度满足技术标准,但在西双版纳站,CNR1观测的总辐射(QCNR1)比高精度短波辐射仪CM11观测的总辐射(QCM11)平均低7％;虽然温度对CNR1观测的总辐射有一定影响,但其影响大都在仪器允许的精度范围内,在西双版纳站,CNR1除了受温度影响外,还受到热带雨林特有的季节性雾的影响;通过分析光合有效辐射数据(特别是其与总辐射比值)的长期变化发现,光量子仪Li-190SB的性能衰减较明显,平均年衰减率达4％左右,为了校正PAR仪器性能衰减产生的系统误差,本文尝试给出了PAR的后期补偿校正方法,该方法可基本消除由于野外长期使用所造成的Li-190SB性能衰减.     

GIS和RS支持下广东省植被吸收PAR的估算及其时空分布

在ＧＩＳ和ＲＳ支持下,利用地面气象数据和ＤＯＡＡ－ＡＶＨＲＲＮＤＶＩ数据估计了广东省植被在１９９２－０４～１９９３－０３间吸收的ＰＡＲ,并分析了其时空分布特征以及不同类型植被对ＰＡＲ的吸收特征,结果表明,在此期间,广东省植被年ＡＰＡＲ介于０～１５７５ＭＪ／ｍ＾２ａ之间,其最大ＮＰＰ不及全球最高值的一半,并且,广东省年ＡＰＡＲ的时空变化显著,这主要与植被自身性质和太阳辐射的时空变化有关,即使是常绿阔     

Effects of UV‐A Radiation on Desmodesmus armatus: Changes in Growth Rate,Pigment Content and Morphological Appearance

Laboratory cultures of Desmodesmus armatus (R. Chod. ) Hegew. were grown under different levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) supplemented with 3.75 mW · cm^–2 UV‐A radiation. Growth rate was monitored daily, chlorophyl‐a concentration, total carotenoid content, cell number and the relative abundance of different coenobial forms was determined at the end of each experiment. Exposure to UV‐A radiation resulted in an increasing inhibition of growth towards higher PAR levels, reaching 100% at 400 µmol · m^–2 · s^–1. Cellular carotenoid content was higher in the presence of UV‐A radiation, on the other hand no differences were observed in cellular chlorophyll‐a concentration. UV‐A radiation also induced changes in coenobium formation with a decreasing proportion of 4‐celled coenobia and an increase in the abundance of 2‐celled and teratologic coenobia, suggesting that high intensity UV‐A radiation may influence cell cycle events or morphology development. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

太阳辐射对黄河小浪底人工混交林净生态系统碳交换的影响

太阳辐射是影响森林生态系统与大气间净碳交换(NEE)的主要环境因子之一。利用涡度相关系统和微气象梯度观测系统对黄河小浪底人工混交林CO2通量和相关气象因子进行了3a(2006—2008年)的连续观测;以晴空指数(kt)为指标,分析了2006—2008年生长旺季(6—8月)太阳辐射对该生态系统NEE的影响,讨论了太阳辐射和其他环境因子协同变化对NEE的影响机制。结果表明:2006—2008年生长季,在多云天气下,生态系统最大光合速率Pmax比晴朗天气下分别提高了38%、58%和55%;多云天气下的初始光能利用率α分别是晴天天气的2.6、1.9和2.2倍。晴空指数kt约为0.44的中等辐射条件下,即天空存在一定的云量时,人工混交林生态系统的净碳吸收最大。多云天气下,散射辐射的增加与气象因素变化(气温下降、饱和差减小)的相互作用会增加冠层光合、削弱呼吸作用,从而共同影响了净生态碳吸收的增强。因此,在植被生长旺季,与晴朗无云天气相比,有云层覆盖的天气条件会使人工混交林生态系统的碳吸收能力有所提高。     

Fortnightly light and temperature variability in estuarine intertidal sediments and implications for microphytobenthos primary productivity

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature were measured continuously at the surface of estuarine intertidal sediments in the Tagus estuary, Portugal, along two spring-neap tidal cycles. PAR and temperature were strongly conditioned by the periodic tidal inundation, with large and abrupt variations occurring during flooding and ebbing. PAR levels reaching the sediment surface decreased very rapidly to zero or very low values during most of the daytime immersion. Inundation during high tide had the general effect of attenuating the amplitude of daily temperature fluctuation, with the incoming water usually warmer than the sediment during the night or early morning and cooler during the day. The daily progression of tidal emersion resulted in a clear fortnightly variation in total daily PAR reaching the sediment surface, while both daily mean temperature and mean temperature of diurnal low tide periods failed to exhibit a well-defined fortnightly periodicity. The obtained results indicate that the estuarine intertidal environment is dominated, at sub-seasonal time scales, by fortnightly periodicity in irradiance and temperature conditions favourable for benthic photosynthesis.     

Evaluating a three dimensional model of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation in maize canopies

Diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (DPAR) is important during overcast days and for plant parts shaded from the direct beam radiation. Simulation of DPAR interception by individual plant parts of a canopy, separately from direct beam photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), may give important insights into plant ecology. This paper presents a model to simulate the interception of DPAR in plant canopies. A sub-model of a virtual maize canopy was reconstructed. Plant surfaces were represented as small triangular facets positioned according to three-dimensionally (3D) digitized data collected in the field. Then a second sub-model to simulate the 3D DPAR distribution in the canopy was developed by dividing the sky hemisphere into a grid of fine cells that allowed for the anisotropic distribution of DPAR over the sky hemisphere. This model, DSHP (Dividing Sky Hemisphere with Projecting), simulates which DSH (Divided Sky Hemisphere) cells are directly visible from a facet in the virtual canopy, i.e. not obscured by other facets. The DPAR reaching the center of a facet was calculated by summing the amounts of DPAR present in every DSH cell. The distribution of DPAR in a canopy was obtained from the calculated DPARs intercepted by all facets in the canopy. This DSHP model was validated against DPAR measurements made in an actual maize (Zea mays L.) canopy over selected days during the early filling stage. The simulated and measured DPAR at different canopy depths showed a good agreement with a R ² equaling 0.78 (n=120).     

An integrated wavelength-shifting strategy for enhancement of microalgal growth rate in PMMA- and polycarbonate-based photobioreactors

This study investigates the spectral shifting of UV-A radiation, using fluorescent material, as a tool for enhancing Chlorella sp. growth rate in simulated photobioreactors made of UV-stabilized polycarbonate (PC) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The feasibility of using a fluorescent coating as a wavelength shifter layer, to shift UV-A radiation to the PAR range, was explored. For this purpose, a variety of concentrations of fluorescent dye dissolved in thermoplastic acrylic resin were prepared and used to coat PMMA and PC sheets which then were placed between the radiation source and the culture flask. Compared with the uncoated sheets, the panels coated with the wavelength shifter layer exhibited 74% and 45% (for PC and PMMA substrates, respectively) increase in biomass productivity during the same culture period. It was also found that the elimination of UV-A radiation increased chlorophyll a content of the cells.     

Photosynthetically active radiation and carbon gain drives the southern orientation of Myrtillocactus geometrizans fruits

• The equatorial orientation of reproductive structures is known in some columnar cacti from extratropical deserts. It has been hypothesised that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception is the main reason for this orientation, because of its key effect on nocturnal CO₂ uptake. However, there are no studies addressing both the effect of PAR and its consequence, carbon gain, on fruit orientation. Accordingly, we tested whether PAR and carbon gain could explain the southern fruit orientation of Myrtillocactus geometrizans, an inter‐tropical columnar cactus.
• We studied three populations of M. geometrizans in Mexico. For each population, azimuth of fruits, total daily PAR, nocturnal acid accumulation (NAA) and fruit production were measured. The relationships between rib orientation and number of fruits, as well as total daily PAR, were evaluated using periodic regressions. The effect of total daily PAR and NAA on number of fruits was assessed using generalised linear models.
• During spring, mean fruit orientation had a south azimuth for three populations. Likewise, rib orientation had a significant effect on fruit production, with the south‐facing ribs having the maximum number of fruits. Total daily PAR was highest in the south‐facing ribs, at least for those in the northern and central populations. Furthermore, during spring, there was a significant positive effect of total daily PAR and NAA on fruit production.
• Our results provide strong evidence that the higher carbon gain in equatorial ribs, through a highest interception of PAR, would be the responsible factor for equatorial orientation of fruits in an inter‐tropical columnar cactus.

     

温室盆栽金鱼草叶面积指数形成模拟模型

以温室中生长的金鱼草品种‘泛美夏粉’为研究对象,依据盆栽金鱼草叶片生长与光温环境的关系,构建了适合温室金鱼草叶面积指数模拟模型,并用独立试验数据对模型进行了检验,旨在提高温室金鱼草生长和蒸腾模型精度和适用性。结果表明,金鱼草出叶数与出苗后累积辐热积呈指数函数关系;叶片长度与出叶后累积辐热积呈负指数函数关系;金鱼草出叶数、叶片长度和叶面积指数的模拟结果与实测值基于1：1直线间的决定系数R。分别为0．98、0．93、0．99,其回归估计标准误R懈E分别为2．6,0．33cm、0．17。本研究建立的模型能够较准确地预测温室盆栽金鱼草叶面积指教动态,参数少且易获取、实用性强。     

大豆和玉米冠层光合有效辐射各分量日变化

通过实测大豆和玉米冠层光合有效辐射各分量并计算其反射率、透射率,分析了各分量日变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:光合有效辐射分量(FPAR)在一天中均接近于常数,特别是在8:00—11:00和14:00—16:00相对稳定;晴天大豆冠层入射光合有效辐射变化曲线较阴天平滑,反射率和透射率曲线没有阴天平滑;由于云层的吸收和散射作用,阴天中光合有效辐射(PAR)最大值的出现时间比晴天晚1h左右;植被冠层空间异质性对光合有效辐射各分量影响较大,不同作物类型的各分量之间有较大差异;大豆冠层空间异质性较玉米小,其光合有效辐射各个分量曲线较平滑;线性光量子传感器与太阳入射方向垂直投影线成30°时,冠层入射光合有效辐射平均偏离度值最小,为0.657%。     

Role of dissolved organic carbon in the attenuation of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiation in Adirondack lakes

1. We surveyed eighty-five lakes located in the Adirondack Mountain Region of New York State, U.S.A., to characterize the attenuation of photosynthetically active (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in relation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and pH. Attenuation of PAR was quantified in situ . Attenuation was also inferred by measuring the light absorption of filtered lake water samples at wavelengths (300, 340 and 440 nm) representing UV-B, UV-A and PAR.
2. Substantial variation in transparency was observed among lakes in this region. Attenuation depths ( z _1%) for PAR ranged from 0.5 to greater than 20 m, while inferred values for UV-B and UV-A ranged from a few centimetres to > 5 m. Median values of UV-A penetration (0.75 m) and UV-B penetration (0.45 m) corresponded to 11% (UV-A) and 6% (UV-B) of lake maximum depth.
3. Much of the variation in PAR and UVR attenuation was explained by differences in lake DOC. Univariate power models based solely on DOC accounted for 85% (PAR), 90% (UV-A) and 91% (UV-B) of the variation in absorption.
4. Attenuation and absorption coefficients were generally lower for recently acidified lakes compared to acidic and circumneutral lakes which have not undergone recent acidification. However, differences among these three groups of lakes were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that the effects of acidification on the optical properties of a regional population of lakes, even in an area experiencing widespread acidification, are relatively subtle in comparison with other factors contributing to inter-lake variability.
5. The presence of near-shore wetlands is probably a key factor influencing regional variability in DOC and light climate among Adirondack lakes. Temporal variability in climatic factors influencing wetland DOC production and export may mask more subtle influences on lake DOC associated with anthropogenic acidification.     

落叶阔叶林反照率的时间变化与影响因素

反照率原位测量对生态系统能量收支及其遥感应用至关重要,但目前坡面地形反照率的测量方式有局限且可见光与近红外波段反照率时间变化的差异尚不清楚。本研究以东北地区帽儿山森林生态站的落叶阔叶林为例,探究入射和反射太阳辐射(SR,300～2800 nm)、光合有效辐射(PAR,400～700 nm)、近红外辐射(NIR,700～2800 nm)的反照率时间变化特征及其影响因子,同时分析了两种辐射表安装方式反照率的差异。结果表明: 晴天SR和NIR反照率日变化呈上下午不对称的U型曲线,但PAR从早到晚递增;阴天反照率均先急剧下降后趋于稳定。平行于坡面测量增大了反照率的日均值,但缓和了SR、NIR反照率日不对称的现象。从整个生长季来看,SR、NIR与PAR反照率水平测量时最大值分别为0.16、0.27和0.11,最小值分别为0.07、0.11和0.03。SR和NIR反照率季节变化均为先增大后减小(7月为峰值),PAR则相反,SR反照率主要受NIR而不是PAR控制。各波段反照率季节变化的影响因子按照贡献率排序为宽带归一化植被指数(61.7%～78.5%,可表征叶面积指数)>太阳高度角(15.4%～36.9%)>晴空指数(0.4%～36.9%)。