妊娠晚期生殖道感染与妊娠结局的相关性分析

目的探讨妊娠晚期几种常见的生殖道病原微生物感染与妊娠结局的相关性。方法选取2013年1月至2015年4月新疆医科大学第二附属医院收治的妊娠晚期生殖道病原微生物感染患者633例作为观察组,同时随机选取同期病原体检测阴性者413例作为对照组,比较两组不良妊娠结局的发生情况。结果经过临床实验室检查,观察组中病原微生物培养情况分布以支原体感染491例(46.94%)、假丝酵母菌感染195例(18.64%)两种较为多见,观察组中支原体感染者胎膜早破、产褥感染、新生儿感染(χ2=65.44,P0.05);衣原体感染者早产、产褥感染(χ2=72.87,P0.05);滴虫感染者胎膜早破、产褥感染(χ2=24.20,P0.05);假丝酵母菌感染者早产、胎膜早破、产褥感染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿感染率(χ2=71.76,P0.05)明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。剖宫产率及新生儿窒息率的比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.04,P0.05)。而多重与单一病原体感染比较,除早产外其余妊娠结局差异无统计学意义(χ2=73.08,P0.05)。结论妊娠晚期生殖道病原微生物感染,会增加不良妊娠结局的发生率,应引起围产妇及临床医师的重视,适时进行干预减少不良结局的发生。     

乳酸菌阴道胶囊对妊娠中晚期外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者不良妊娠结局的预防作用

目的探讨乳酸菌阴道胶囊对妊娠中晚期外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)患者不良妊娠结局的预防作用。方法将136例妊娠中晚期VVC患者随机分为联合组和对照组各68例。联合组患者予以乳酸菌阴道胶囊(0.25g/晚)及制霉菌素(50万IU/晚)联合阴道上药治疗(两药使用间隔4~6h);对照组患者予以单纯的制霉菌素阴道上药治疗,剂量及用法同联合组,两组均连用10d。观察并记录两组治疗后的临床效果,并比较两组不良妊娠结局。结果治疗结束后1个月,在临床总有效率方面联合组患者明显优于对照组(92.65%vs 80.88%)(χ2=4.10,P0.05);联合组患者在早产、胎膜早破和产褥病等不良妊娠结局发生率明显低于对照组(2.94%、4.41%、7.35%vs 11.76%、14.71%、19.12%)(χ2=3.89、4.17、4.10,P0.05),两组新生儿黄疸和低体重儿等不良妊娠结局发生率方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗妊娠中晚期VVC的疗效较确切,能明显改善其临床症状及特征,对早产、胎膜早破和产褥病等不良妊娠结局具有良好的预防作用。     

先兆早产、胎膜早破、妊娠期糖尿病及正常妊娠女性阴道菌群分布的比较

目的:比较先兆早产、胎膜早破、妊娠期糖尿病及正常妊娠女性阴道菌群分布情况。方法:选择2016年6月至2018年6月在苏州大学附属第二医院妇产科住院的妊娠女性806例,其中先兆早产组206例,胎膜早破组234例,妊娠期糖尿病组156例,正常妊娠组210例。记录四组女性异常阴道菌群检出率及异常阴道菌群分布情况。结果:四组女性的年龄、孕周比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。先兆早产组、胎膜早破组异常阴道菌群检出率高于妊娠期糖尿病组、正常妊娠组(P<0.05),而妊娠期糖尿病组、正常妊娠组异常阴道菌群检出率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。先兆早产组、妊娠期糖尿病组白色假丝酵母菌检出率高于胎膜早破组、正常妊娠组(P<0.05),先兆早产组、胎膜早破组阴道加德纳菌检出率高于妊娠期糖尿病组、正常妊娠组(P<0.05),先兆早产组无乳链球菌检出率高于胎膜早破组、妊娠期糖尿病组、正常妊娠组(P<0.05),胎膜早破组大肠埃希菌检出率高于先兆早产组、妊娠期糖尿病组、正常妊娠组(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠女性阴道感染以白色假丝酵母菌、大肠埃希菌、无乳链球菌、阴道加德纳菌为主,且先兆早产、胎膜早破女性阴道致病菌感染率较高,妊娠期糖尿病女性阴道白色假丝酵母菌的感染率较高。     

乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合甲硝唑栓对妊娠晚期BV患者阴道乳酸菌及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨乳酸菌阴道胶囊联合甲硝唑栓对妊娠晚期细菌性阴道病(BV)患者阴道乳酸菌数量及妊娠结局的影响。方法选取产科门诊治疗的妊娠晚期BV妇女110例,随机分为观察组和对照组各55例。观察组予以乳酸菌阴道胶囊(1粒/晨,1次/d)联合甲硝唑栓(1粒/晚,1次/d)阴道给药,对照组予以单纯甲硝唑栓阴道给药治疗,用法与用量同观察组,两组疗程均为10d。治疗结束后1周复诊观察阴道乳酸菌数量,并比较其临床疗效、妊娠结局及阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)的发生率。结果 1周后复诊,观察组患者阴道乳酸菌数量多于对照组(χ2=24.44,P0.01);临床总有效率较对照组高(χ2=4.27,P0.05);早产发生率较对照组低(χ2=4.95,P0.05)。两组胎膜早破、新生儿黄疸、产褥感染和低体重儿等方面比较,差异不具有统计学意义(Ps0.05)。观察组和对照组分别诱发VVC2例(3.64%)和8例(14.55%),观察组VVC发生率低于对照组(χ2=3.96,P0.05)。结论妊娠晚期BV患者予以乳酸菌阴道胶囊和甲硝唑栓联合治疗的疗效确切,能增加阴道乳酸菌数量,纠正阴道菌群紊乱,减少VVC的发生率,从而减少早产发生率,改善妊娠结局。     

妊娠中晚期阴道微生态失调及乳酸菌胶囊干预对不良妊娠结局的作用

目的观察妊娠中晚期妇女阴道微生态状况,探讨应用乳杆菌活菌胶囊纠正阴道微生态失调对不良妊娠结局的预防价值。方法选择孕13~36周单胎妊娠期妇女560例,取其阴道分泌物,经革兰染色后油镜下观察,进行阴道微生态(阴道菌群的密集度、多样性、优势菌、炎症反应等)状况评价,检测阴道分泌物成分、阴道病原菌类型。对阴道微生态失调孕妇,根据是否接受乳杆菌活菌胶囊治疗分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予乳杆菌活菌胶囊,对照组不采用药物干预。追踪随访所有孕妇的妊娠情况,比较阴道微生态正常组、微生态失调治疗组及微生态失调对照组的不良妊娠结局。结果 560例研究对象中,阴道微生态正常335例(59.82%),微生态失调225例(40.18%)。225例微生态失调孕妇中,细菌性阴道病(bacterial vaginosis,BV)32例(14.22%),阴道假丝酵母菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC)56例(24.89%),滴虫性阴道炎(triehomonal vaginitis,TV)11例(4.89%),BV和VVC混合感染4例(1.78%),BV和TV混合感染3例(1.33%),菌群增殖过度75例(33.33%),菌群抑制44例(19.56%)。微生态失调组pH值4.5、过氧化氢、白细胞酯酶、唾液酸苷酶、脯氨酸氨基肽酶、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶阳性比例均明显高于微生态正常组(χ2=55.59~340.06,Ps0.05)。微生态失调孕妇中,治疗组135例,对照组90例,对照组胎膜早破、早产、产褥感染、新生儿感染及低出生体重儿发生率均明显高于微生态正常组(χ2=12.63~32.42,Ps0.05)和微生态失调治疗组(χ2=5.16~12.28,Ps0.05),微生态正常组与微生态失调治疗组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论妊娠中晚期容易导致阴道微生态失调,造成不良妊娠结局,乳杆菌活菌胶囊纠正阴道微生态失调对于改善不良妊娠结局有较好的预防作用。     

调整阴道菌群失调在预防妊娠晚期未足月胎膜早破中的价值

目的探讨调整阴道菌群失调在预防妊娠晚期未足月胎膜早破(PPROM)中的价值。方法选取产科门诊进行产前检查无症状单胎妊娠晚期孕妇450例。根据检查结果将其分为菌群失常组138例和菌群正常组312例。菌群失常组根据患者的自愿行乳酸菌阴道胶囊治疗112例(治疗组),未行乳酸菌阴道胶囊治疗26例(对照组)。观察并比较菌群正常组和菌群失常组、治疗组与对照组PPROM发生率。结果菌群失常组孕妇138例中发生PPROM 8例(5.80%),菌群正常组孕妇312例中发生PPROM 3例(0.96%),菌群失常组孕妇PPROM发生率明显高于菌群正常组(χ2=7.46,P0.05)。治疗组孕妇112例中发生PPROM 3例(2.68%),对照组孕妇26例中发生PPROM 5例(19.23%),治疗组孕妇PPROM发生率明显低于对照组(χ2=7.77,P0.05)。结论妊娠晚期孕妇阴道菌群失调与PPROM发生关系密切,予以乳酸菌阴道胶囊调整阴道菌群失调可有利于预防和治疗妊娠妇女发生生殖道感染,降低PPROM发生率,减少其对母婴造成的不良结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病产妇妊娠晚期阴道微生态改变与围产结局的相关性分析

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)产妇妊娠晚期阴道微生态的改变与围产结局的关系。方法选择2017年1月至2019年6月期间在我院门诊进行产检并于我院产科分娩的150例GDM孕妇组成GDM组,并选择同期于我院产检及分娩的150例健康孕妇作为对照组(NC组),孕检时所有研究对象进行阴道分泌物标本采集,并行白带常规检查。检查内容包括阴道分泌物的清洁度、pH值等,采用革兰染色法检测唾液酸苷酶(NA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)及白细胞酯酶(LE)水平,根据分泌物培养结果判定阴道菌群密集度及多样性,并对围产结局进行随访。比较GDM组与NC组阴道微生态情况及围产结局。结果 GDM组孕妇妊娠晚期阴道微生态异常的发生率高于NC组(χ~2=14.064,P0.05)。GDM微生态异常组早产、胎膜早破、绒毛膜羊膜炎、产后出血、新生儿窒息、新生儿感染、新生儿黄疸发生率明显高于GDM微生态正常组(P0.05),产褥感染及剖宫产、低出生体重率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。NC微生态异常组早产、绒毛膜羊膜炎、产后出血、新生儿感染发生率均明显高于NC微生态正常组(P0.05),胎膜早破、产褥感染及剖宫产、新生儿窒息、新生儿黄疸、低出生体重发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 GDM孕妇妊娠晚期阴道微生态异常发生率高,显著增加不良围产结局的发生率,影响孕产妇及新生儿的健康,临床上应动态监测、合理干预以减少围产期不良结局的发生。     

妊娠感染对产妇和新生儿的影响CSCD

目的探讨妊娠感染和阴道微生态失调对产妇和新生儿的影响。方法选取2019年7月至2021年7月在我院妇产科产检并行分娩的300例妊娠期妇女作为研究对象。根据是否发生妊娠感染,分为感染组(86例)和对照组(241例)。对所有孕妇行阴道分泌物镜检和生化指标检测。其中,生化指标包括pH值、过氧化氢、N−乙酰基−β−氨基半乳糖苷酶、白细胞酯酶和唾液酸苷酶。根据检测结果确定患者的感染类型。比较两组产妇的不良妊娠结局和新生儿的不良事件发生率。结果感染组患者的胎膜早破发生率(5.81%)、剖宫产率(11.63%)、产褥期感染发生率(5.81%)均高于对照组(P<0.05),且感染组的新生儿发生黄疸发生率(4.65%)、新生儿感染发生率(5.81%)也高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论妊娠感染和阴道微生物失调会导致不良妊娠结局,产妇出现胎膜早破、产褥期感染、新生儿发生黄疸和感染的风险更大。     

妊娠晚期阴道B族链球菌的感染对肠道菌群和妊娠结局的影响

目的探究妊娠晚期阴道B族链球菌(group B Streptococcus,GBS)的感染对肠道菌群和妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2018年3月至2019年11月大连市中心医院孕检并分娩的妊娠妇女744人为对象,调查并统计B族链球菌的感染率;筛选有和没有B族链球菌感染妊娠妇女各47人,调查不良妊娠结局的发生率;选取信息匹配的妊娠晚期阴道B族链球菌感染和未感染的妊娠妇女,采集粪便样本,提取菌群DNA,用16S rDNA方法分析菌群变化。结果744名妊娠妇女中B族链球菌检出49例,感染率为6.59%;B族链球菌感染组总的不良妊娠发生比例为76.6%,正常组发生比例为27.7%(χ^2=5.491,P<0.05)。B族链球菌感染组妊娠妇女胎膜早破(χ^2=16.177,P<0.01)、难产(χ^2=21.134,P<0.01)和羊水异常(χ^2=22.989,P<0.05)的发生率与未感染组比较显著增高。B族链球菌感染组妊娠妇女肠道菌群发生显著变化。结论妊娠晚期阴道B族链球菌的感染可能引起肠道菌群紊乱,增加不良妊娠结局。     

咪康唑栓联合乳酸菌阴道胶囊对妊娠期外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者阴道微生态的影响

目的探讨咪康唑栓联合乳酸菌阴道胶囊对妊娠期外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)患者阴道微生态的影响及疗效观察。方法选取产科门诊就诊的妊娠期VVC患者120例,随机分为观察组和对照组各60例。对照组患者予以咪康唑栓400mg/晚,1次/d,阴道给药。观察组在对照组基础上加用乳酸菌阴道胶囊0.25g/晨,1次/d,阴道给药,两组疗程均为10d。治疗结束后2周复诊观察并记录两组治疗后的疗效及阴道乳酸菌数量的变化,并比较其母婴结局。结果 2周后复诊,观察组临床总有效率较对照组高(χ2=4.23,P0.05);观察组乳酸菌数量明显多于对照组(χ2=59.66,P0.05)。观察组早产、胎膜早破和产褥感染发生率低于对照组(P0.05),两组胎儿窘迫和新生儿黄疸发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论咪康唑栓联合乳酸菌阴道胶囊治疗妊娠期VVC患者的效果好,能增加阴道乳酸菌数量,恢复阴道微生态平衡,并可改善母婴结局,降低其早产、胎膜早破和产褥感染发生率。     

高龄孕妇妊娠晚期心电图与妊娠结局的关系

目的：观察妊娠晚期孕妇的异常心电图变化和妊娠结局。方法：妊娠晚期孕妇按年龄分为35岁以上组和35岁以下组,行心电图检查,统计各型异常心电图发生率,记录妊娠、分娩结局及是否出生低体重儿。结果：妊娠晚期35岁以上组孕妇异常心电图发生率显著高于35岁以下组（P〈0．05）;其中,卵段改变、心律失常发生率前者显著高于后者（P〈0．05）;各型心律失常中,前者窦性心动过缓、室性早搏的发生率显著高于后者（P〈0．05）,而窦性心动过速的发生率明显低于后者（P〈0．05）。心电图异常者35岁以上组妊娠丢失率明显高于35岁以下心电图正常和异常组（P〈0．05）;35岁以上孕妇心电图异常组早产发生率高于心电图正常组（P〈0．05）;心电图异常35岁以上组新生儿低体重发生率显著高于心电图正常35岁以下组（P〈0．05）。结论：高龄孕妇妊娠晚期易发生心律失常、心肌缺血等异常心电图,异常心电图高龄孕妇易发生妊娠丢失、早产及分娩低体重婴儿。     

Modifications of the G6G timed-AI protocol improved pregnancy per AI and reduced pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows

In dairy cows, subjected to a G6G protocol, objectives were to determine effects of (1) extending the interval from prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during presynchronization; and (2) adding a second PGF2α treatment before artificial insemination (AI), on ovarian response, plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations and pregnancy per AI (P/AI). In a 2×2 factorial design, lactating cows were randomly assigned to one of four timed AI (TAI) protocols: (1) G6G (n=149), one injection of PGF2α, GnRH 2 days later and a 7-day Ovsynch (GnRH, 7 days, PGF2α, 56 h, GnRH, 16 h, TAI) was initiated 6 days later; (2) G6GP (n=144), an additional PGF2α treatment (24 h after the first) during Ovsynch of the G6G protocol; (3) MG6G, one injection of PGF2α, GnRH 4 days later before initiation of the G6G protocol; and (4) MG6GP, an additional PGF2α treatment (24 h after the first) during Ovsynch of the MG6G protocol. Blood samples were collected (subset of 200 cows) at first GnRH and PGF2α of the Ovsynch, and at TAI to measure P4. Ultrasound examinations were performed in a subset of 406 cows to evaluate ovarian response at various times of Ovsynch, and in all cattle to determine pregnancy status at 32 and 60 days after TAI. Extending the interval by 2 days between PGF2α and GnRH during presynchronization increased (P<0.01) ovulatory response to first GnRH of Ovsynch, circulating P4 during Ovsynch, and P/AI at 32 and 60 days after TAI. Adding a second PGF2α treatment before AI increased the proportion of cows with luteal regression (P=0.04), improved P/AI at 60 days after TAI (P=0.05), and reduced pregnancy loss between 30 and 60 days after TAI (P=0.04). In summary, extending the interval from PGF2α to GnRH during presynchronization increased response to first GnRH of Ovsynch and P4 concentrations during Ovsynch, whereas adding a second PGF2α treatment before AI enhanced luteal regression. Both modifications of the G6G protocol improved fertility in lactating dairy cows.     

Effects of aspirin consumption during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: We assessed the effects and safety of aspirin treatment during pregnancy on fetal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (1966–2001), EMBASE (1980–2000), TOXLINE (1994–2000), EBM Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1991–2000), Reproductive Toxicology (2001), teratology texts, and bibliographies of all the included studies. We looked for published randomized controlled studies reporting aspirin treatment to improve outcomes of moderate‐ and high‐risk pregnancies. The key words used to search for articles about exposure to aspirin were salicylic acid, pregnancy, and pregnancy complications; key words used to search for outcome were neonatal diseases and abnormalities. Based on our search strategy, 1904 citations were identified; their titles and abstracts were reviewed by one reviewer. Of these citations, 182 papers were selected for detailed review. Two reviewers independently determined whether a study should be included in the final analysis. In cases of disagreement, the decision was based on the assessment of a third reviewer. RESULTS: Data were extracted independently by each reviewer. We calculated the pooled relative risk (RR) or weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals (CI), assuming a random‐effect model. Thirty‐eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The risk for miscarriage did not differ between women treated with aspirin and placebo (seven studies; RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.71–119). Women who took aspirin had a significantly lower risk of preterm delivery than did those treated with placebo (22 studies; RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86–0.98). There was no significant difference in perinatal mortality (20 studies; RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.81–1.05) and in the rate of small‐for‐gestational‐age infants (12 studies; RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.87–1.07) among offspring of mothers treated with aspirin and those of mothers treated with a placebo. CONCLUSION: For women with moderate‐ and high‐risk pregnancies, aspirin treatment seemed to have a small but significant effect on reducing the rate of preterm deliveries, but did not reduce the rate of perinatal death. Birth Defects Research (Part B) 68:70–84, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Sibutramine use in pregnancy: report of two cases

BACKGROUND: Sibutramine is a drug used for the medical treatment of obesity. No data are available on sibutramine use in pregnancy. We report the fetal outcomes of two pregnant women exposed to sibutramine. CASES: The first woman was exposed to 10 mg/day of sibutramine during gestational weeks 4-6. The second woman was exposed to 10 mg/day of sibutramine during gestational weeks 5-8. At weeks 37 and 39, they delivered healthy infants. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of sibutramine exposure in pregnancy. These cases may contribute to the knowledge about sibutramine use during pregnancy.     

Transition from overweight to obesity worsens pregnancy outcome in a BMI-dependent manner

Objective: To assess pregnancy outcomes in different BMI groups. Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed 25, 601 singleton pregnancies from January 1989 to December 2001. Overweight women (prepregnancy BMI = 26 to 29 kg/m²) represented 13.2% (3388) of the cases, and 7.3% (1880) were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²). The data were obtained from self‐administered questionnaires at 20 weeks of pregnancy, complemented by nurse interviews and clinical records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding factors. Results: Overweight and obese women had more previous deliveries, pregnancy terminations, miscarriages, and stillbirths, to have more diabetes and hypertension, and to smoke more often than normal weight women. The pregnancies were more often complicated by preeclampsia or chorioamnionitis (p < 0.001). Pregnancy outcomes were impaired in overweight and obese pregnant women, with respective odds ratios (95% confidence index) as follows: low Apgar score at 5 minutes, 1.54 (1.20 to 1.98) and 1.64 (1.22 to 2.28); newborn admission to a neonatal unit, 1.20 (1.06 to 1.37) and 1.38 (1.17 to 1.61); cesarean delivery, 1.22 (1.10 to 1.35) and 1.68 (1.48 to 1.91); fetal death, 1.54 (0.88 to 2.68) and 2.35 (1.28 to 4.32); perinatal death, 1.54 (0.98 to 2.42) and 2.19 (1.33 to 3.62). Discussion: Obesity, in particular during pregnancy, should be considered as an abnormal situation. An overweight condition increases obstetric risks in a BMI‐dependent manner. The risk of perinatal death more than doubles in the transition from an overweight to an obese condition. Modest weight loss could bring substantial advantages to obstetric outcome.     

Early pregnancy azathioprine use and pregnancy outcomes

BACKGROUND: Azathioprine (AZA) is used during pregnancy by women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), other autoimmune disorders, malignancy, and organ transplantation. Previous studies have demonstrated potential risks. METHODS: The Swedish Medical Birth Register was used to identify 476 women who reported the use of AZA in early pregnancy. The effect of AZA exposure on pregnancy outcomes was studied after adjustment for maternal characteristics that could act as confounders. RESULTS: The most common indication for AZA use was IBD. The rate of congenital malformations was 6.2% in the AZA group and 4.7% among all infants born (adjusted OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 0.98–2.04). An association between early pregnancy AZA exposure and ventricular/atrial septal defects was found (adjusted OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.45–6.04). Exposed infants were also more likely to be preterm, to weigh <2500 gm, and to be small for gestational age compared to all infants born. This effect remained for preterm birth and low birth weight when infants of women with IBD but without AZA exposure were used as a comparison group. A trend toward an increased risk of congenital malformations was found among infants of women with IBD using AZA compared to women with IBD not using AZA (adjusted OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 0.93–2.18). CONCLUSIONS: Infants exposed to AZA in early pregnancy may be at a moderately increased risk of congenital malformations, specifically ventricular/atrial septal defects. There is also an increased risk of growth restriction and preterm delivery. These associations may be confounded by the severity of maternal illness. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Better data needed from pregnancy registries

This article is a consensus position statement from the Research Committee of the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS). The Committee believes that more specific information on the timing and dose of drug exposures from pregnancy birth defect registries sponsored by pharmaceutical companies (herein called pregnancy registries) would improve the estimation of risk for developmental toxicity (i.e., growth alteration, structural anomalies, functional/neurobehavioral deficits, or death). Specifically, the Committee believes that the exposure timing should be stated in gestational weeks and days rather than simply weeks. In addition, the Committee believes that the exposure dose should be stated in patient‐specific terms, such as body weight (mg/kg) or body surface area (mg/m²) rather than simply dose strength. Although the focus of this position is pregnancy registries, it also is applicable to any source of medication‐induced embryo‐fetal toxicity. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

重复异位妊娠28例临床分析

目的 :分析重复异位妊娠的发病因素、治疗及结局。方法 :回顾性调查 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 2年12月我院 2 8例重复异位妊娠的诊治 ,分析前次异位妊娠的治疗方法 ,所见盆腔炎情况等与本次重复异位妊娠之间的关系。结果 :重复异位妊娠 2 8例占同期 5 76例异位妊娠中的 4 86 %。首次行患侧输卵管切除术者的重复异位妊娠发生对侧占 93 3% ,而保守性手术及药物保守治疗者重复异位妊娠发生在原患侧占84 6 %。两者间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :输卵管炎症与保守治疗是重复异位妊娠的高危因素     

Normal early pregnancy

The objective of this study was to analyze genome-wide differential methylation patterns in maternal leukocyte DNA in early pregnant and non-pregnant states. This is an age and body mass index matched case-control study comparing the methylation patterns of 27,578 cytosine-guanine (CpG) sites in 14,495 genes in maternal leukocyte DNA in early pregnancy (n = 14), in the same women postpartum (n = 14), and in nulligravid women (n = 14) on a BeadChip platform. Transient widespread hypomethylation was found in early pregnancy as compared with the non-pregnant states. Methylation of nine genes was significantly different in early pregnancy compared with both postpartum and nulligravid states (< 10% False Discovery Rate). Early pregnancy may be characterized by widespread hypomethylation compared with non-pregnant states; there is no apparent permanent methylation imprint after a normal term gestation. Nine potential candidate genes were identified as differentially methylated in early pregnancy and may play a role in the maternal adaptation to pregnancy.     

Diagnosis and management of thrombosis in pregnancy

Pregnancy‐related thrombosis is a major cause of maternal mortality. Pregnancy and the puerperium are associated with a fourfold to fivefold increased risk of thrombosis when compared with the nonpregnant state. The greatest time of risk is in the postpartum period. Diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy can be challenging as many of the symptoms can be associated with normal pregnancy. Almost all deep venous thrombosis occurs in the left leg or iliac veins. Diagnostic procedures for pulmonary embolism carry some exposure to radiation, although risks are low when compared with risks associated with an undiagnosed maternal PE. The anticoagulant of choice during pregnancy is low‐molecular‐weight heparin. Certain medical conditions require alternative approaches as management around the time of delivery. In women with VTE during pregnancy, anticoagulation should continue for at least 3 months and until at least 6 weeks postpartum. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:185–189, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.