若干植物分类学术语介绍及中译名商榷

为便于国内外植物分类学同行的交流,本文介绍了48个国内尚未收入的植物分类学术语,提出了建议的中译名,并对10个巳有术语的定义和中译名等问题进行了讨论。     

试论植物形态分类学与化学分类学的辩证关系

本文运用辩证唯物主义观点,从纵横两个方面比较了植物形态分类学与化学分类学的发展,论述了二者的辩证关系;认为这两个学科的产生和发展有着共同的哲学渊源;形态分类学是化学分类学的重要基础,今后仍将起着主导的、重要的作用,化学分类学是现代植物分类学研究中不可缺少的一个重要手段,但它不能取代形态分类学,而是作为后者的一个重要补充,与其他生物学科一起,共同促进现代植物分类学的进一步发展。     

植物分类学的历史回顾与展望

对植物分类学的研究历史进行了简要的回顾.讨论了不同历史时期植物分类学研究的特点以及该时期代表的分类学家和他们的专著,分析了植物分类学的发展趋势以及我国植物分类学工作者所面临的挑战.     

植物染色体数目变化和植物分类

过去几十年中对于植物分类学很有影响的一个方面。就是应用植物细胞形态到植物分类和演化的研究。由于这种影响,从而形成了一门植物分类学和植物细胞学结合在一起的边缘科学,称为植物细胞分类学。这一学科后来并与植物细胞遗传学交织在一起,利用杂交等实验手段,更丰富了它的内容。而现在的所谓实验分类学,也很多是在植物细胞分类学的基础上发展出来的。到了近年更出现了根据细胞内     

近代生物科学的成就与植物分类学的发展

植物分类学是一門古老的学科,它和其他有关的近代生物科学又互相联系、互相促进,仍然在不断发展着。植物分类学的发展和其他自然科学一样是和生产实践和科学实驗的发展紧密相联系的。各个历史时期社会生产力的巨大发展以及有关科学的任何巨大成就,促使植物分类学的发展,产生貭的飞跃。古代大量农业生产知識的积累与药用植物知識的不断增长,为植物分类学的实驗研究創造了条件,为近代植物分类学发展的第一个阶段——人为分类系統阶段打下丁基础。15、16世紀資本主义生产的迅速发展促进了近代自然科学的飞跃发展。植物形态学、解剖学、生理学等有关科学的成长为植物分类学提供了理論基础和科学技术的基础,更正确的描述、有較好的解剖技术,也积累了大量的标本,进行了分类系統的探索,使植物分类学获得很大进展。植物分类学逐步进入了自然分     

前言

中国科学院院士王文采,是我国著名的植物分类学家,长期从事有花植物分类学研究。王文采院士在毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)、苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、荨麻科(Urticaceae)等植物系统分类学研究中倾注了大量心血,修订了毛茛科翠雀花属(Delphinium)、唐松草属(Thalictrum)、铁线莲属(Clematis)等多个属的分类系统。2019年6月,王文采院士开始对中国银莲花属(Anemone)进行分类学修订,并于2020年7月完成了《中国银莲花属新分类》的整个编写工作。     

中国植物分类学发展之我见

<正>1中国植物分类学研究《中国植物志》和《中国树木志》两部巨著分别于2004和2013年全部完成。《中国植物志》全书共80卷126分册,包括我国维管植物301个科、3 408属、31 142种、9 000多个图版。经过4代人的不懈努力和312位植物分类学家的通力协作,历经50余年的漫长岁月艰辛编撰才得以2004年10月全部完成,实现了中国几代植物分类学家的夙愿。初步摸清了中国维管     

中国植物分类及标本采集史简述

植物分类学是一门古老的科学,其发展也受到了社会历史变革的深刻影响。该文通过对我国植物分类学研究和发展史进行简要回顾,根据人们对植物分类学科的认识程度以及社会重大历史事件等,将我国植物分类的发展史大体分为原始、古代、近代和现代4个阶段,并对各阶段进行了简要说明。植物标本是植物分类研究最基本和最重要的凭证材料,因此我国的植物标本采集史也见证了植物采集人员在我国植物分类学研究发展的历史过程中所付出的血汗、泪水甚至生命。植物资源的保护和种质资源的收集和保存正日益成为我国生态文明建设的主要内容,在新时代生物多样性保护的背景下,植物分类学和植物分类研究人员将会发挥更重要的作用,为我国的生物多样性保护提供更加有力的支撑。     

2006年第17届国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛实验考试(1)

实验测试的总体要求和计分规则:实验测试包括4个部分,分别在4个不同的实验室进行。1)植物解剖学,系统分类学和植物生理学。2)动物解剖学,系统分类学和生态学。3)生物化学。     

近年来中国国产豆科的属级分类学变动

豆科是被子植物中仅次于菊科和兰科的第三大科, 包含约791属, 19,325-19,560种, 其中许多分类群具有重要的经济价值。自《中国植物志》出版以来, 随着分子系统学的不断发展, 不少豆科属的范畴发生了变动。本文结合国内外的多项研究成果, 以1998年完整出版的《中国植物志》豆科相关卷册中的属为基准, 对近年来国产豆科植物的属的分类学变动进行了整理和总结, 包括32个分类学处理以及4个新记录属, 以期为未来国产豆科植物的分类学研究工作提供参考。     

Reevaluating Harris lines--a comparison between Harris lines and enamel hypoplasia

This study examines the association between Harris lines and enamel hypoplasia. This association is analyzed in terms of: 1) presence/absence of these markers in each individual, and 2) age of the individuals at the time of Harris lines and enamel hypoplasias formation. Data from two archaeological groups (Azapa-71 and Azapa-140) from northern Chile were analyzed. The results indicate Harris lines and enamel hypoplasias are not associated in terms of presence/absence. Moreover, the estimated age of the individuals at the time of Harris lines and enamel hypoplasia formation shows that these two markers have a very different distribution. While enamel hypoplasias clustered between ages 3 and 5, Harris lines were more commonly formed during the first year of life, as well as during adolescence, which are the periods of most accelerated growth. We propose that Harris lines are a result of a normal, rather than abnormal, saltatory growth process.     

中国中部及北部地区奥陶系─三叠系的牙形刺色变指标（CAI）图

本文采用ＡｎｉｔａＨａｒｒｉｓ建立的统一标准,编制了中国中部和北部地区奥陶系─三叠系的１５幅牙形刺ＣＡＩ图,并作了说明,这对找油找气具有十分重要的意义。     

A simple predictive density based on the p*-formula

The predictive density proposed by Harris (1989) is based onintegrating the density for a new observation with respect tothe estimated sampling distribution of the maximum likelihoodestimator of the unknown parameter. This has good properties,but is rather complicated to compute even for simple models.An approximation to the Harris proposal is considered whichconsists of approximating the sampling distribution of the maximumlikelihood estimator of the unknown parameter by Barndorff-Nielsen's(1983) p*-formula, and then using a Laplace approximation withO(n^–1) correction terms for integrating out the parameter.The result can generally be expressed in terms of standard likelihoodderivatives, and takes a quite simple form for exponential familiesand for location models.     

酒醅来源酵母菌合成异戊醇能力与途径解析

【背景】异戊醇是酵母菌在白酒发酵过程中通过氨基酸合成代谢途径和氨基酸分解代谢途径合成的主要高级醇,其含量影响白酒饮用的舒适度。【目的】分析和比较分离自浓香型白酒酒醅中的酵母菌合成异戊醇的能力,揭示酵母菌合成异戊醇的途径。【方法】从酒醅中分离具有异戊醇合成能力的酵母菌株,比较不同生长时期酵母菌合成异戊醇的能力,通过前体物代谢分析它们合成异戊醇的途径。【结果】分离自酒醅的5株酵母的异戊醇合成能力从强到弱依次为Naumovozyma castellii JP3-1、Saccharomyces cerevisiae JP3、Pichia fermentans JP22、Pichia kudriavzevii JP1和Naumovozyma dairenensis CBS421。这些酵母合成异戊醇的时期主要在对数生长期,N. castellii JP3-1、P. fermentans JP22和N. dairenensis CBS421在稳定生长期也合成异戊醇。S. cerevisiae JP3、N. castellii JP3-1和N. dairenensis CBS421在整个生长时期主要通过Harris途径合成异戊醇;P. kudriavzevii JP1在整个时期主要通过Ehrlich途径合成异戊醇;P. fermentans JP22在对数生长期通过Harris途径和Ehrlich途径合成异戊醇的能力接近,在稳定生长期主要通过Harris途径合成异戊醇。【结论】本研究揭示了酒醅来源5个属种酵母合成异戊醇的途径、能力与其生长时期的关系,研究结果可为解析浓香型白酒发酵过程异戊醇合成、积累机制及实施白酒发酵过程异戊醇合成的精准调控提供理论依据。     

InterTan 髓内钉治疗老年骨质疏松患者股骨转子间骨折

目的:随访Inter Tan髓内钉治疗老年(年龄≥60)骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的中远期疗效,并比较各AO分组的差异等。方法:收集西京医院2010年1月至2015年1月收治的病例,共59例。随访其术后骨折恢复情况并做髋关节功能Harris评分,然后将这些病例按照AO分型,分为A1、A2组,比较两组在手术时间、出血量和术后功能恢复方面有无差异。结果:患者出现实质性影响功能的损害病例为髋关节疼痛8例,肢体短缩3例,大腿疼痛伴肌肉萎缩1例,股骨干因跌坐骨折1例。Harris评分标准评定优:40例,良:12例,可:3例,差:2例。A1、A2分型组在手术时间及术后功能恢复方面没有显著性差异;术中失血量A2组较A1组多,有统计学意义(P=0.022)。结论:Inter Tan治疗老年骨质疏松患者股骨转子间骨折,效果较好,术后Harris评分优良率为91.2%;A2组较A1组术中出血较多,手术时间及术后恢复无显著差异。     

The Occurrence and Age Distribution of Harris Lines in Turkey

Harris lines are widely accepted as indicators of physiological stress and provide valuable data for determining the extent and nature of the physiological stress factors acting on a human community. Traditionally, Harris lines are studied in skeletal populations. In the study reported here, data were collected on living children to eventually clarify if stress is basically chronic or acute in nature, if it has a greater impact on children or adults, and if it is correlated with increased rates of mortality. The existence of Harris lines was determined in a sample of 400 children, 210 males and 190 females, randomly selected from those under examination in the radiology services of hospitals. Radiological analysis was used to analyze Harris lines. The age of Harris line formation and variations in the number of lines with age were established to determine at which age the densest line population was present. For this sample, the formation of Harris lines is around 2–3 years of age, in agreement with published literature. It should be taken into consideration that Harris lines are the end result of multiple factors, rather than a single stress factor, and are influenced by an individual’s immune system and resistance to stress.     

Harris lines and ethanol consumption during growth period

Harris lines represent episodes of growth arrest followed by recovery, thus reflecting episodes of mismatched imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Consumption of ethanol during the growth period — formerly extended in our wine-producing rural areas- may lead to such a situation, due at least in part to the energy-wasteful MEOS-linked ethanol metabolism. Based on these facts, in the present study we have analysed the relationship between ethanol intake during growth period and the presence of Harris lines in the right tibia in 100 consecutive adult patients admitted to our hospitalization unit. Early ethanol consumption was strongly related with the presence of two or more, and three or more Harris lines, so that ethanol consumption should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Harris lines, and conversely, the presence of Harris lines point to ethanol consumption during growth period. This association was independent from coexisting starvation and/or illness.     

Brazilian Racial Terms: Some Aspects of Meaning and Learning

Harris notes that the New Ethnography has been characterized by a lack of quantitative methods. In a study of racial vocabulary in a Brazilian village, quantitative procedures are employed to show that, despite considerable ambiquity, a small portion of the corpus of 116 terms forms the cognitive map of most informants and organizes the bulk of the domain. Data on how children acquire the vocabulary is used to demonstrate that skin color and hair form are the primary variables .     

A re‐evaluation of the impact of radiographic orientation on the identification and interpretation of Harris lines

The identification of Harris lines through radiographic analysis has been well‐established since their discovery in the late nineteenth century. Most commonly associated with stress, the study of Harris lines has been fraught with inconsistent identification standards, high levels of intra‐ and interobserver error, and the inevitability of skeletal remodelling. Despite these methodological challenges, the use of Harris lines remains an important contributor to studies of health in archaeological populations. This research explores the radiographic process, specifically orientation and how Harris lines are initially captured for study. Using the Black Friars (13th–mid 17th centuries) skeletal sample from Denmark, 157 individuals (134 adults; 23 subadults) were radiographically analyzed in both an anterior–posterior (A–P) and medial–lateral (M–L) view for the left and right radii and tibiae. Based on the current methodological standards within the literature, it was hypothesized that the A–P view would provide the best resolution and visualization of Harris lines. The results, however, show that the number of lines visible in the M–L view were significantly higher than those visible in the A–P view; inferring that the M–L view is superior for the study of Harris lines. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:141–147, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.