三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶体外活性的影响

以人工栽培条件下三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实为试材,用80%乙醇分别提取果皮、果肉、种子中的有效成分,经离心过滤后,于旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸馏浓缩,再经真空干燥处理得到三叶木通乙醇提取物。以L-DOPA为底物,熊果苷作阳性对照,分析测定了该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制百分率。结果表明:不同部位的三叶木通果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶活性均有一定的抑制作用,其中果肉对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用最佳,中等浓度的果肉乙醇提取物(200μg/mL)与270μg/mL的熊果苷对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率相当。     

三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶体外活性的影响

以人工栽培条件下三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实为试材,用80%乙醇分别提取果皮、果肉、种子中的有效成分,经离心过滤后,于旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸馏浓缩,再经真空干燥处理得到三叶木通乙醇提取物.以L-DOPA为底物,熊果苷作阳性对照,分析测定了该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制百分率.结果表明:不同部位的三叶木通果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶活性均有一定的抑制作用,其中果肉对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用最佳,中等浓度的果肉乙醇提取物(200 μg/mL)与270 μg/mL的熊果苷对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率相当.     

西瓜种质资源主要植物学性状遗传多样性及相关性分析

以我国西瓜甜瓜种质资源中期库内1200份西瓜(Citrullus Lanatus (Thunb) Matsum&Nakai)种质为材料,对果实重量、果肉颜色、中心糖、种子千粒重等12项主要植物学性状进行遗传多样性和相关性分析。多样性分析结果表明：12项性状多样性指数平均值为1.71,种子千粒重多样性指数最大为2.37,果实形状多样性指数最小为1.02,其中果皮底色、果皮覆纹颜色、果肉颜色、果实重量、中心糖、种子千粒重性状数据分布较为分散。数量性状变异系数平均值为31.8,变异幅度均大于其平均值1-3倍。各性状主要分布为：果实圆形、浅绿色果皮、深绿色网条形覆纹、红色果肉、种子表面粗糙、果实重量（3.0-6.0kg）、果形指数（0.9-1.0）、果皮厚度（1.0-1.1cm）、果皮硬度（30.0-34.0 kg/cm2）、中心糖度（9.0-10.0%）、种子千粒重（40.0-60.0g）。表明我国西瓜种质资源存在较为广泛的多样性。相关性分析结果表明：果实形状和果形指数、果肉颜色和中心糖、果肉颜色和种子千粒重、果皮厚度和果皮硬度4对性状相关性系数分别为0.700、0.488、-0.214、0.353,在r0.01=0.115水平下,相关性极显著。种子千粒重和中心糖、果实重量和果皮厚度、果实重量和果皮硬度、覆纹颜色和覆纹形状4对性状相关性系数分别为-0.109、0.114、0.104、0.108,在r0.05=0.097水平下,相关性显著。     

树葡萄果实功能成分分析北大核心CSCD

为了解树葡萄果实中功能成分的含量,本实验分别采用分光光度法测定树葡萄果实黄酮和花青索含量,Folin．Ciocaileu比色法测定多酚含量。研究结果表明：树葡萄的果皮、果肉和种子中都含有花青素、多酚和黄酮,但花青素在整个果实中含量最低,而果肉的花青索、多酚和黄酮的含量都极显著低于果皮和种子。果实中果皮的花青素含量相对于其他两个部位较高,达1．2391u;种子总多酚含量最高达19．952mg／g,其次是果皮,果肉总多酚含量最低,仅0．1333mg／g;果皮总黄酮含量最高达6．2011mg/g,其次是种子,果肉总黄酮含量最低,仅0．5800mg/g。由此可见,树葡萄果实果肉的3种功能成分含量最低,花青素和总黄酮以果皮含量最高,总多酚以种子含量最高。     

归辛胶囊急性毒性实验研究

目的：进行归辛胶囊急性毒性实验,对小鼠和大鼠可能产生的毒性反应及严重程度,确定无毒反应剂量,为拟定人用安全剂量提供参考。方法：依据《中药、天然药物急性毒性研究技术指导原则》进行急性毒性实验。取小鼠、大鼠各40只,随机分为空白、归辛胶囊低、中、高剂量4个组,每组10只,分别对小鼠、大鼠灌胃给药,给药后连续地观察14天,于给药第1、7、14天称量动物体重,并观察动物饮食、外观、行为、分泌物、排泄物、死亡情况及中毒情况,测定半数致死量（LD50）;在药物毒性较低无法测出LD50时测定小鼠、大鼠的最大耐受量（MTD）。取小鼠、大鼠各40只,随机分为空白组和归辛胶囊高剂量组,每组20只,给药后连续观察14天测定最大耐受量（MTD）,观察指标同测定LD50结果：实验动物未出现死亡无法测出LD50,继而测定MTD,小鼠为24．0g／kg,大鼠为16．0g／kg,各组动物主要脏器均未发现明显病理学改变。结论：归辛胶囊推荐临床日用剂量为0．09g／kg,按此剂量用药具有安全性。     

KM小鼠呼吸器官参数及气管注射耐受量的测定

目的了解小鼠呼吸器官参数和对气管内注射的耐受性.方法将230只不同体重段的KM小鼠分组,分别气管内注射不同容量的生理氯化钠溶液,急性观察动物的反应,24 h内未死亡判为存活,测定不同体重段小鼠气管内注射容量的LD50和呼吸器官参数.结果体重段为18.0～22.0 g、22.1～26.0 g 、26.1～30.0 g和30.1～34.0 g的KM小鼠LD50分别为2.449 mL/kg、3.811 mL/kg、4.556 mL/kg和4.333 mL/kg.结论 KM小鼠的体重越小,单位体重对气管内注射的耐受量越小,体重26.0 g以上的小鼠对气管内注射的耐受量趋于稳定.     

三叶木通茎藤及果实性状评价研究

根据湖南、湖北两省野生三叶木通9个茎藤及果实性状的广义方差及主成分分析结果,探讨了三叶木通种源质量及优良品种茎藤、果实性状的选择重点。广义方差分析结果表明：湖北省鹤峰产地的野生三叶木通,9个茎藤及果实性状综合评价为最好,其次是湖北省宜昌、湖南省石门、永定、慈利产地的三叶木通。主成分分析结果表明：在三叶木通优良品种茎藤及果实性状选择中,果皮厚度、单果重、籽重、果皮重及茎藤纹理为第一主成分要素,为首选性状;果实容重、茎藤容重、茎藤色泽及果皮率为第二主成分要素,为比较重要的选择性状;适当注重较深茎藤色泽性状的选择,有可能尽量减少果实容重下降。所以,三叶木通茎藤及果实性状的选择,可以考虑3个主选性状：茎藤纹理及单果重为主体的果实性状、茎藤色泽性状和茎藤容重性状。     

西瓜种质资源主要植物学性状的遗传多样性及相关性分析

以我国西瓜、甜瓜种质资源中期库内1200份西瓜种质为材料,对果实重量、果肉颜色、中心糖、种子千粒重等12项主要植物学性状进行遗传多样性和相关性分析。多样性分析结果表明:我国西瓜资源12项植物学性状多样性指数平均值为1.70,种子千粒重多样性指数最大为2.37,果实形状多样性指数最小为1.02,其中果皮底色、果皮覆纹颜色、果肉颜色、果实重量、果实中心糖、种子千粒重性状数据分布较为分散。数量性状变异系数平均值为31.8,变异幅度均比其平均值大1～3倍。相关性分析结果表明:果实形状和果形指数、果肉颜色和果实中心糖、果肉颜色和种子千粒重、果皮厚度和硬度4对性状相关性极显著。种子千粒重和果实中心糖、果实重量和果皮厚度、果实重量和果皮硬度、覆纹颜色和形状4对性状相关性显著。     

柑橘果实生长发育过程中果实不同部位的4种内源激素含量变化的研究

以单性结实的国庆1号温州蜜柑和自花结实的华农本地早橘为材料,研究了果实生长发育过程中果实不同部位的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA1/3)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量的变化。结果表明:(1)国庆1号果皮IAA、GA1/3和ZR含量在幼果阶段均相对较高,随后果皮和果肉IAA含量均趋下降,而在果实膨大期内果肉ABA和果皮、果肉GA1/3、ZR含量均出现上升峰值,果实成熟采收时果皮和果肉ABA含量均明显回升。(2)华农本地早种子、果皮和果肉IAA及其种子ABA含量均在果实膨大期内出现明显峰值,在幼果阶段至果实膨大初期内种子GA1/3和ZR含量均居较高并出现明显上升,对应的果皮、果肉4种内源激素水平均相对较低且变幅小。还就两结实类型柑橘果实生长发育与其内源IAA、ABA、GA1/3和ZR含量动态的关系进行了讨论。     

薏米黄酒的急性毒性研究

目的：研究薏米黄酒的急性毒性,评价该酒的食用安全性。方法：以ICR小鼠为受试对象,一次性给予最大剂量,观察薏米黄酒对小鼠的急性毒性反应,测定薏米黄酒的LD50和最大耐受剂量。结果：小鼠无一只死亡,无法测出LD50,最大耐受量大于20400 mg/kg。结论：实验检测表明,该黄酒无毒,为薏米黄酒的应用提供了毒理学依据。     

三种木通属植物的地理分布与资源调查

木通属（AkebiaDecaisne）植物为我国传统药用植物,有着2000多年的药用历史,具有很高的药用价值;叶、花、果观赏性强,果肉营养丰富,可鲜食或加工,开发潜力巨大。作者对3种具有经济价值的木通属植物（五叶木通Akebia quinata（Houttuyn）Decaisne、三叶木通A.trifoliatassp.trifoliata和白木通A.trifoliatassp.austra-lis）的地理分布、形态学和农艺学特征以及资源现状进行了调查。结果发现,五叶木通主要分布于中国东南部及长江流域,由于长期的过度采收使野生资源遭到严重破坏;三叶木通广泛分布于华中及黄河流域,秦岭沿线分布较多,野生资源蕴藏量匮乏,目前已相继建立GAP栽培基地并作为保健水果进行开发;白木通分布于华南及长江流域各省区,资源丰富,但目前开发利用较少。为保证野生资源的可持续利用,应控制木通属植物的过度采收,加强白木通的合理开发利用,进行更广泛的资源调查、收集和评价,同时建立栽培驯化基地,推广优质、高产栽培技术,培育出品质优良,经济价值高,适合药用、观赏、食用或加工等不同需要的品种,促进木通产业的健康发展。     

Developmental toxicity of carbon black oil in mice

BACKGROUND: Carbon black oil (CBO) is a refinery side-stream product used to produce asphalt and other commercial products. CBO contains several classes of hydrocarbons, several of which are known to exhibit systemic and gestational toxicities, making this mixture a candidate for causing reproductive toxicity. METHODS: Swiss-Webster mice were administered CBO (300, 350, 400 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage in a dosage volume of 10 microl/g body weight on gestation days (GD) 6-15. Uterine contents were evaluated on GD 18. RESULTS: Treatment with CBO at all dosage levels resulted in a high frequency of maternal clinical symptoms and a decrease in maternal weight gain. Decreased fetal viability was observed, manifested as a decrease in viable implants and, in a high percentage of treated dams, as early resorption of the entire litter. A significant reduction in fetal weight was also observed. However, neither structural malformations nor developmental delays in ossification were observed in any of the living offspring. To minimize maternal toxicity, the dosage range was lowered (100, 200, 300 mg/kg/day), and the concentration was adjusted such that the volume administered to each dam was decreased by 20%. In this trial, the only maternal effect observed was an increase in maternal liver weight at 200 and 300 mg/kg. The fetal lethality effects observed previously were reduced substantially. Nevertheless, the frequency of resorption among all treatment groups was higher statistically than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that CBO is reproductively toxic in Swiss-Webster mice at oral doses of >/=100 mg/kg/day.     

猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法提取木通科植物猫儿屎和三叶木通种子的脂溶性成分,甲酯化处理后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分离和鉴定其组成和含量。从猫儿屎种子油中鉴定出9种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的94.67%(其中饱和脂肪酸占12.63%,不饱和脂肪酸占82.04%),主要成分为9-十六烯酸(47.22%)、9-油酸(27.13%)、棕榈酸(10.75%)、亚油酸(7.47%)和硬脂酸(1.61%)。从三叶木通种子油中鉴定出10种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的99.75%(其中饱和脂肪酸占23.39%,不饱和脂肪酸占76.36%),主要成分为11-油酸(47.63%)、亚油酸(27.05%)、棕榈酸(20.14%)、16-甲基-十七烷酸(3.03%)和8-油酸(1.07%)。结果表明,猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸含量丰富,在食用、医疗保健等方面具有较高的应用潜力和综合开发前景。     

湘西地区木通果实微量元素的测定

采用马弗炉干法灰化消化样品,火馅原子吸收法连续测定白木通Akebia trifoliata var.australis (Cieli._Kehd、三叶木通A.trifoliata(Thumb.)Koidz、木通A.quinata Decne.果实中微量金属元素,检测出K,Ca,Na,Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn,Cu等8种元素含量。3种植物果实中K,Ca,Mg含量较高(＞0．1000mg/g),其中K元素远高于其他元素,Na,Cu含量较低(＜0．0100mg/g)。Fe,Zn,Mn的含量处于中等水平。白木通果实中K,Me,Zn,Mn 4种矿质元素高于三叶木通和木通。木通果实中Ca,Fe两种元素稍高于白木通、三叶木通。Na,Cu两种微量元素在3种果实中含量基本相拟。     

RAPID PROCEDURE FOR DETECTING CIGUATOXINS IN FISH

Flesh and viscera/gill tissues of six amberjacks (Seriola dumerilii), suspected positive for ciguatoxins, were each extracted and the toxins partially purified. Both flesh and viscera/gill of only five fish were toxic to mice exhibiting ciguatoxins (CTX) symptoms. The methanol extracts of the five fish were pooled and concentrated, the volume of flesh extract was 50.0 mL (129.4 mg toxins/mL) and viscera/gill had 25.0 mL (25.5 mg toxins/mL). Pooled extracts exhibited CTX symptoms in mice but only flesh killed mice in 6 h and the LD₅₀ was 1.72 mg toxins. The lethal potencies of the pooled flesh killed mice in 6 h and the LD₅₀ was 1.72 mg toxins. The lethal potencies of the pooled flesh was 198.17 g fish, equivalent to 58.3 mouse unit. An efficient fractionation and purification procedure was developed for the extracts using an HPTLC and silica gel 60 plate with a chromatographic solvent mixture of chloroform:methanol:water (60:35:8, v/v). The system yielded 10 fractions for flesh and 9 for viscera/gill. Scanned plates were subdivided into three equal zones, each scraped, methanol extracted and tested in mice. The 2nd zone (R_f fractions between 0.40 and 0.66) was very toxic to mice compared to 1st or 3rd zones and the mice had CTX symptoms. The scanner for this 2nd zone had a cluster of minor peaks on both sides of the major one with a sum total area of 62.47% indicating multiplicity of CTX in amber-jack fish. The major peak, at retention time of 1.48 s and a single area of 43.28%, is believed to be the main ciguatoxins present. The HPTLC is a rapid and sensitive procedure for ciguatoxins in fish flesh extracts with a detection limit of 40.0 ± 1.9 picogram toxins.     

三叶木通促分裂原活化蛋白激酶基因mapk3的克隆及表达分析

植物MAPK信号途径在植物生长发育以及多种逆境胁迫响应和激素调控过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文利用RACE-PCR技术克隆三叶木通促分裂原活化蛋白激酶基因mapk3的全长c DNA序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析和时空表达分析。克隆所得的Aktmapk3基因的ORF全长序列为1 164 bp,编码387个氨基酸,其编码的蛋白具有ATP结合位点,MAPK激酶保守结构和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶激活位点,推测其可能通过被磷酸化而激活以及通过磷酸化下游蛋白而执行生理功能。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,Aktmapk3基因在三叶木通各组织器官均有表达,在芽成熟叶片以及花中表达量比较高,在茎、幼叶和果肉中的表达量最低,暗示该基因可能参与了三叶木通芽的形成和花的发育。     

三叶木通花粉前纤维蛋白基因的克隆与表达

以三叶木通花蕾为材料,采用RT-PCR、3-′RACE方法克隆了三叶木通花粉前纤维蛋白基因,命名为Atf-Pro(GenBank登录号GQ478584)。结果表明:AtfPro的cDNA全长735 bp、阅读框393 bp、编码131个氨基酸,有1个342 bp的3′端非翻译区。预测分子量约为14.081 kD,等电点4.74。氨基酸和核苷酸序列的同源性分析发现,AtfPro基因属于植物花粉profilin基因家族的新成员。RT-PCR定性分析表明,AtfPro基因在三叶木通花蕾、花药、雌花花瓣和柱头组织中均有表达,但在幼叶、茎尖、根尖组织中低水平表达或不表达,生殖器官中的表达时期从花序分化发育开始到开花散粉结束。     

槲寄生、杜仲的降血压作用和急性毒性的实验研究

研究了槲寄生和杜仲的降血压作用和急性毒性。用肾动脉结扎法制备高血压大鼠模型,灌胃给予中药水提取液,考察降血压作用。用小鼠灌胃考察急性毒性。结果表明,槲寄生水提液、杜仲水提液及其混合液均具有降血压作用,以混合液的效果最为显著。槲寄生、杜仲混合液对小鼠按照最大耐受量灌胃,未见急性毒性反应。     

Toxicity of Microcystis species isolated from natural blooms and purification of the toxin.

Microcystis strains (2 toxic and 18 nontoxic to mice) were isolated from toxic waterblooms that had been collected from Lake Kasumigaura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, in August 1985. Thirteen of the strains (2 toxic and 11 nontoxic) were Microcystis aeruginosa, 2 (nontoxic) were Microcystis wesenbergii, and the other 5 were difficult to identify. Six (1 toxic and 4 nontoxic M. aeruginosa and 1 M. wesenbergii) of these 20 strains were established as axenic cultures. A toxic and axenic strain of M. aeruginosa, K-139, was used to study the relationship between growth conditions and toxicity. Cells in early-to-mid-log phase showed the highest toxicity (50% lethal dose, 7.5 mg of cells per kg of mouse), and maximum toxicity was not affected by growth temperatures between 22 and 30 degrees C. Purification and characterization of the toxins from K-139 cells were also conducted, and at least two toxins were detected. One of the toxins (molecular mass, 980 daltons) has not been reported previously. The main target of the toxin in mice was the liver. Marked congestion and necrosis in the parenchymal cells around the central veins of the liver were observed microscopically in specimens that had been prepared from the mice with acute toxicity after injection with the toxin.