小麦发育过程及生育期机理模型的研究I.建模的基本设想与模型的描述

将小麦发育的温度效应曲线化,以发育生理生态过程为基础,利用作物生理发育时间(Physiological Development Time,简称PDT)为尺度,提出系统地预测小麦顶端发育阶段和物候生育期的模拟模型.预测的顶端发育阶段包括单棱期、二棱期、小花原基分化期、雌雄蕊原基分化期、药隔期、四分体期、抽穗期.物候发育阶段包括种子萌发、出苗期、分蘖期、越冬期、返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期、成熟期.模型中用来描述特定品种发育遗传差异的参数有温度敏感性、生理春化时间、光周期敏感性和基本早熟性,分别体现了不同品种小麦在热效应、春化作用、光周期反应以及最早开花时间这四方面的遗传特性,共同决定了不同品种到达各发育阶段的生理发育时间     

暖冬条件下播期对不同类型小麦幼穗分化的影响

对3个不同类型小麦品种在不同播期下的幼穗分化进程及受冻情况进行了系统观察和研究。结果表明,在气候变暖,秋、冬温度较高的情况下,小麦幼穗分化进入各时期的时间早晚为强春性品种>春性品种>半冬性品种;播期对小麦幼穗分化的伸长期、单棱期和二棱期持续时间长短影响较大;在早播的情况下。春性越强的小麦品种,越冬前幼穗分化发育速度越快,达到的发育阶段越高,越冬期间越容易被冻死。据此,提出在河南气候变暖,秋、冬温度较高的情况下,首先在生产上要选用半冬性品种,适当搭配晚播早熟的春性品种;其次,无论半冬性品种或春性品种。播种期都不宜过早。     

基于生理生态过程的大麦顶端发育和物候期模拟模型

为改进已有的大麦生理发育时间模拟模型(YDmodel),以扬州地区5个品种春播条件下的顶端发育和物候发育观测资料和历史资料为依据,构建了基于生理发育时间的顶端发育和物候期机理模型.模型量化了热效应、光周期、春化效应对发育的影响,引入了7个遗传参数,分别为播种到出苗所需的有效积温、灌浆期发育基点温度、生理春化时间、临界日长、光周期反应起始点、最短苗穗期、最短灌浆期.本模型在YDmodel基础上的改进主要有3点:(1)将每日生理发育时间的增量乘以水肥丰缺因子,改为除以水肥丰缺因子表现水肥对大麦发育的影响,客观体现了大麦在水肥丰缺条件下的发育延迟或提早现象;(2)将三段线性函数改为非线性函数表达春化效应和相对热效应,确立了不同品种相对春化效应和相对热效应的曲线族;(3)将线性函数改为正弦函数表达不同品种光周期效应.经测算,各大麦品种到达单棱期、二棱期、雌雄蕊分化期、药隔形成期、雌蕊柱头二裂分叉期、雌蕊柱头毛状突起期等顶端发育阶段的生理发育时间分别为2.6、5.6、11.3、13.1、15.3、18.2、28.7d,到达出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期等主要物候期的生理发育时间为0、13.1、28.7、32.8、51.5d,形成了不同大麦品种在不同气候和栽培条件下统一的衡量发育的定量尺度.     

小麦不同蘖位叶片出生的两段线性模式及其品种、播期效应

叶片出生动态是小麦生长发育进程及其协调状况的重要表现,研究发现,小科叶片出生与播后累积ＧＤＤ（ｆｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ ｄｅｇｒｅｅ ｄａｙｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｓｏｗｉｎｇ）的关系遵循两段（阶段Ⅰ快于阶段Ⅱ）线性模式,护颖分化期为两段模式的分界点,这一规律在正常发育的冬性和春性品种的７主茎及分蘖中表现一致,冬性品种播期１（９月３０日）、播期３（３月２日）的主茎及冬、春性品种各播期的Ｔ３分蘖,因生长发育异常而”     

春化处理控制冬小麦的小穗发育

春化作用是决定冬性及二年草本植物成花和穗化的一个关键生理过程,通过用不同时间的前期低温处理,观察对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.)后期形态建成中穗分化启动,小花发育及结实率的影响,发现前期低温处理对穗启动分化的早晚具有决定作用,春化时间越长,穗分化启动越早,较长时间低温有利于促进穗分化,在实验室低温处理条件下,促进小花分化和提高结实率的最佳春化处理时间是45d左右,实验观察表明,春化处理促进小麦生长锥分化启动时间和分化速率,减少小穗退化,这一结果表明了春化处理不仅是冬小麦开花启动过程所必需的,而且是花序正常发育过程和顶部与基部小穗完全结实所不可缺少的。     

玻璃温室与田间栽培小麦幼穗分化的比较

以河南省大面积种植的弱春性品种"郑麦9023"及半冬性品种"周麦18"为材料,开展了玻璃温室和田间栽培条件下小麦幼穗分化进程的比较研究。结果表明,在小麦全生育期,玻璃温室内平均温度高于田间环境,小麦幼穗分化所需时间极显著低于田间环境(P < 0.01)。温度和0 ℃以上积温升高,小麦幼穗分化进程加快。与田间种植小麦相比,玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化缩短的时期主要集中在分化前期(出苗-伸长期、单棱期、二棱期)。玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化持续时间和总积温均随播期推迟而降低,幼穗分化各阶段出现时间亦随播期的推迟而后延。小麦幼穗分化进程存在品种间差异,其中"郑麦9023"幼穗分化持续时间小于"周麦18",各阶段出现的时间亦早于"周麦18"。温度对幼穗分化各时期的影响存在品种间差异。温度升高对"郑麦9023"幼穗分化中期(二棱期、护颖分化期、小花分化期)影响较大,对"周麦18"幼穗分化前期和后期(单棱期、二棱期、药隔分化期)影响较大。积温对"郑麦9023"护颖分化期和"周麦18"药隔分化期、二棱期影响较大。     

一种非光敏特早熟小麦品种光温特性之初探

以强冬性小麦品种京冬8号为对照,采用分期播种试验,分析了非光敏特早熟小麦新品种冬早5号的生长发育进程和光温特性,并探讨了播期对两种小麦品种生育期和产量的影响.结果表明,冬早5号小麦品种比对照品种京冬8号早熟3～4 d,标准播期增产43.4%.冬早5号小麦品种在低温、短光照条件下也能完成正常的穗分化进程,其每经历一个穗分化期Z所用的天文日照时数、有效积温和光温积明显少于京冬8号.该品种在穗分化阶段对光照不敏感,无需经过严格的春化阶段和光照阶段,品种类型介于冬性和春性之间,冬前适播期较广,适合秋播也可以春播,这在小麦育种领域是个突破.     

小麦茎顶端原基分化的综合模式

研究了小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)茎顶端不同类型原基分化的动态过程 ,以明确原基分化的综合模式 ,并建立了不同原基分化之间的定量关系。结果表明 ,小麦叶原基和苞叶原基分化与播后累积生长度日 (GDD ,growingdegreedaysaftersowing)的关系呈S形曲线 ,而小穗原基和小花原基为上升段抛物曲线。从分化模式看 ,苞叶原基具备营养器官原基特征 ;小穗和小花原基的分化进程能较好地反映基因型和生态条件对顶端发育的影响。小麦茎顶端原基分化的综合模式为由三段子模式构成的近似S曲线。叶原基数由基因型和环境条件共同决定 ,而苞叶原基、小穗原基和小花原基数以环境因子的影响为主。以平均热间距来衡量 ,适期播种处理的叶片、苞叶和小穗原基分化速率最高 ;而小花原基数与小花分化持续期之间的数量关系最为密切。研究结果有助于揭示和理解小麦茎顶端发育的生物学规律。     

小麦茎顶端原基分化的综合模式

研究了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)茎顶端不同类型原基分化的动态过程,以明确原基分化的综合模式,并建立了不同原基分化之间的定量关系.结果表明,小麦叶原基和苞叶原基分化与播后累积生长度日(GDD, growing degree days after sowing)的关系呈S形曲线,而小穗原基和小花原基为上升段抛物曲线.从分化模式看,苞叶原基具备营养器官原基特征;小穗和小花原基的分化进程能较好地反映基因型和生态条件对顶端发育的影响.小麦茎顶端原基分化的综合模式为由三段子模式构成的近似S曲线.叶原基数由基因型和环境条件共同决定,而苞叶原基、小穗原基和小花原基数以环境因子的影响为主.以平均热间距来衡量,适期播种处理的叶片、苞叶和小穗原基分化速率最高;而小花原基数与小花分化持续期之间的数量关系最为密切.研究结果有助于揭示和理解小麦茎顶端发育的生物学规律.     

4个春性基因型小麦品种与‘京841’杂交F_1代的表型分析

选用4个具有不同显性春化基因型的小麦品种与冬性小麦品种‘京841’进行杂交实验,通过显性春化基因特异性PCR分析技术鉴定杂交F1代植株,并分析4个杂交组合的正反交F1代植株表型特性。结果显示,各显性春化基因已经导入到各杂交F1代植株中,且其苗穗期受显性春化基因的控制而有效缩短;3个杂交组合的F1代穗粒数在正反交之间存在显著差异,推测穗粒数受细胞质遗传因素的影响较大,其中以‘新春2号’和‘豫麦18’分别为母本和父本与‘京841’杂交后F1代的穗粒数表现出较强的杂种优势,4个杂交组合的F1代千粒重均表现出较强的杂种优势。     

基于生理生态过程的大麦顶端发育和物候期模拟模型检验

为测试研究I 模型BarleyGrow,采用4个生态区(南京、扬州、武汉、昆明)、10个大麦品种在不同播期下的顶端发育和物候期资料,对BarleyGrow、YDmodel和SUCROS模型进行对比检验和评价.利用遗传-模拟退火算法确定各品种的遗传参数,提高了应用程序求算参数的精度.从模型的整体预测效果来看,BarleyGrow对不同地区、不同播期、不同品种的各顶端发育和物候期预测准确而稳定,均方差RMSE在1.06～7.94d之间,而YDmodel为6.26～13.35d,SUCROS为11.22～20.28d.各参试品种对BarleyGrow中灌浆期基点温度、生理春化时间、临界日长、最短苗穗期4参数反应敏感.经改进的生理发育时间(PDT)模拟模型(BarleyGrow)对中国广大地区不同温光条件下的大麦顶端发育和物候发育均具有较好的预测效果,尤其对药隔期、二裂期、毛状期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期的模拟精度高而稳定,表现出较强的机理性以及较好的预测性.     

夏玉米植株及叶片生长发育热量需求的试验与模拟研究

通过比较国内多种积温计算方法造成的结果差异,推荐一种有较强生物学意义和普适性的职温计算方法,并以此计算了不同播期,不同品种,不同密度以及不同水肥管理条件下夏玉米各生育阶段,从出苗到各叶片完全展开以及各叶片生期的积温,讨论了影响植株及叶片生长发育期积温稳定性的主要因子,并模拟了单株出速度与出苗后温度累积及叶片生活期积温需求与叶龄的定量关系。     

Developmental regulation of metabolites and low temperature tolerance in lines of crosses between spring and winter wheat

Low temperature (LT) tolerance in cereals needs developmental regulation of metabolites, a process which is associated with vernalization requirement. This study was initiated to investigate the relationships among stage of phenological development, final leaf number (FLN), the activities superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, the contents of proline, photosynthetic pigments, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) during vernalization and LT acclimation in spring and winter wheat. Six genotypes with different vernalization requirements were grown under greenhouse and field conditions. The spring-habit parent, “Pishtaz” and line 4021, rapidly entered the reproductive phase and had a limited capacities to LT acclimate. They also had the lowest antioxidative activities and accumulation of proline among genotypes. Lines 4002 and 4014, with a short vernalization requirement and higher FLN, remained in the early stages of phenological development longer and developed a higher level of LT tolerance and metabolites compared to spring habit genotypes. In contrast, the winter habit “Norstar” and line 4023 spent a longer time in the vegetative stage and accumulated higher levels of metabolites. Maximum LT tolerance and metabolite accumulations occurred near the vegetative/reproductive transition in all genotypes. The longer periods of vernalization and increased FLN that happened along with increased defense mechanisms and decreased damage indices (H₂O₂ content and LT₅₀) ensured LT tolerance in wheat. These results demonstrate that both genetic and environmental factors via developmental regulation of metabolites play important roles in creating LT tolerance in long mild winters of Iran. Significant correlations coefficients for many of the metabolites considered in this study and Lethal temperature 50 (LT₅₀) also suggest that they could be useful as indirect measures of plant LT tolerance potential in wheat breeding programs.     

Improving the use of aerobiological and phenoclimatological data to forecast the risk of late blight in a potato crop

The paper describes phenological and aerobiological monitoring conducted during 6 years on a potato crop. The progression of the phenological stages in relation with thermal time [growing degree-days (GDD) and physiological days (P-days)] was analyzed. The growing cycle for Kennebec variety required less than 120 days and mean values of 1700 GDD and 720 P-days to complete the phenological development. The presence of Phytophthora infestans in the environment was common in each crop cycle, but the maximum peaks of sporangia were detected a few days after the emergence of the plants. The growing cycles with lower maximum temperature had the highest presence of sporangia. Thus, significant negative correlations between mean temperature, maximum temperature, accumulated growing degree-days, accumulated physiological days and the concentration of P. infestans in the environment were found. Maximum temperature and accumulated growing degree-days of 5 previous days were the parameters that best estimated the P. Infestans concentration in the regression model applied, with an explained variance of the data of 33 and 34%.     

Influence of thermal requirement in the aerobiological and phenological behavior of two grapevine varieties

Knowledge about the timing of the aerobiological and phenological processes in plants with economic interest results of great agronomical importance, mainly for the establishment of the adaptive capacity of different varieties to various environmental conditions and the optimization of cultural practices. An agrometeorological study in two authorized varieties (Treixadura and Godello) of the Designation of Origin Ribeiro (North-western Spain) was conducted during the years 2008–2011. As consequence of the studied area bioclimatic conditions, the grapevine cycle exceed than 190 days and the varieties cultivated are considered as “late varieties.” The presence of Vitis pollen grains in the vineyard atmosphere was mainly registered during the stages 5 (inflorescence emerge) and 6 (flowering) which benefit a successful fertilization process. The variations in airborne pollen concentrations are related to temperature and humidity. Phenological models proposed in this paper offer a high accuracy as the standard deviation of error between estimated and observed values was low. The prediction variability ranges around 2 phenological scales in 2008 and 1 phenological scale in 2009, 2010 and 2011. These results indicate that the models developed to predict the phenology, in terms of degree days accumulated (GDD) using as a threshold temperature 10 °C, can be a useful tool to forecast the successive phenological events in the Designation of Origin Ribeiro area. During the stage 8 (ripening of berries), the GDD and the Brix Index were particularly correlated, so far as the differences between plants of the same variety are minimal.