消息报导与学术动态

贵州省发现旧石器中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所贵州野外队,在贵州省博物馆协同下,于1964年冬在贵州省毕节专区黔西县沙井公社观音洞,发现了旧石器。观音洞是一个发育在下三迭系中厚层石灰岩中的溶洞。主洞洞口向南偏西70°左右,延长80余米。主洞内部有两个支洞:其一向北延伸,长约35米,有小出口;另一个向南延伸,长约20米,无出口。主洞内一般宽约2米,高3米到6米。洞底全部充填以砂砾、砂质土、粘土及石钟乳等组成的堆积物,厚4米以上,略有层次,均有不同程度的胶结。顶部由石钟乳和角砾凝结成一个硬板,由洞口向里微微倾斜。     

广东封开黄岩洞古人类文化遗址简讯

<正> 概况黄岩洞位于广东封开县渔涝公社河儿口大队狮子岩山麓,洞向240°,距当地河水面高15米。黄岩洞是由于垂直水流循环及水平水流循环相互作用形成的两层水平洞,上层为廊道型,洞口宽5米、高6米、长18米,此处由于夹层盖板坍塌造成悬崖峭壁,右侧石壁有一曲径可通往较平坦的洞厅。洞厅南北斜长约30米,东西宽8至15米,通高15米,地表覆盖薄层(0.005—0.01米)石     

苏联境内发现旧石器时代壁画

滴嗒洞是现今苏联境内唯一的有旧石器时代壁画的遗址,它也是南乌拉尔最大的山洞之一,位于布什契里亚自治共和国的布尔兹区;在白河的右岸,洞口高山河面7.5米。该遗址在1959年被动物学家刘明发现。     

贵州省白蛉的新纪录及一新种的记述

贵州省仅在毕节和贵阳有过中华白蛉的记载(王菊生,1959),其他种类尚无报道。1963年7月2日至8月8日,我们在黔东南苗族侗族自治州从江县贯洞区新安公社的四个石灰岩山洞中捕得白蛉。同年8月10日,在贯洞区龙图的一个山洞和人房内找到白蛉,并在毗邻的黎平县下皮林一个类似的山洞中也采得标本。采集的白蛉标本部分经过鉴定,计有4种,其中有一种为新种。兹将这几种白蛉的名称、采集纪录报告于后,并对新种的形态予以描述。 1.江苏白蛉 Phlebotomus(Euphlebotomus)kiangsuensis Yao ef Wu 该蛉为贵州省首次纪录,曾在叮咬人时捕获。     

广西都安九■山人类化石与共生动物群及其在岩溶发育史上的意义

<正> 概况九■山属广西都安县地苏公社东风大队,位于县城西北约12公里处(图1)。1977年11月,成都地质学院水文地质二队在九(?)山的R5013洞内发现了四枚人类牙齿化石和一些脊椎动物化石。1978年1月,广西博物馆在同一洞穴内进行发掘,又获得不少化石。九(?)山位于东风坡立谷内,R5013洞(图2)的洞口底部高出谷底9.5米,海拔约166.5米高。洞口朝向正东。溶洞全长约55米,包含一大一小两个洞室,略呈葫芦形。该     

燕山山麓新发现的几处洞穴及堆积简报

<正> 北京昌平县龙骨洞 1976年冬,我们在北京郊区的昌平县作了一次洞穴调查,并对该县水泥厂采石场龙骨洞进行了发掘。 1.洞穴与堆积龙骨洞位于昌平县北约2.5公里。洞口及洞的两壁已被开采,从保存的部分洞穴形态看,属落水洞管道型(图1),管道深(从顶到底)约40米,均由黄棕色角砾及砂质粘土填充,在新开的剖面     

峨眉山短嘴金丝燕观察略记

短嘴金丝燕(Collocaliabrevirostrisinnominata)在峨眉山的三霄洞(海拔1750米)数量较多。洞为石灰岩溶洞,宽约3—7米,高约2—6米,深约100米。经统计,洞内的3/5有金丝燕巢的分布,约有燕1900只。在洞中随机选8个点测量鸟粪厚,其平均厚度为16.25厘米(10—22匣米),尤其是在洞内宽敞处金丝燕的巢较多,鸟粪亦较厚(18—22厘米)。金丝燕每天开始出洞和归巢的时间,据8月28日和8月29日的观察,早晨6时30分左右便有零星的金丝燕开始飞出;6时35分开始大量出洞,并在7时10分全部飞出完。出洞后,有部分金丝燕要在洞外上空穿飞一阵才离去。傍晚,18时左右,金…     

辽宁本溪发现更新世晚期哺乳动物化石

<正> 一九七九年,辽宁本溪市博物馆刘兴林等人在溪湖区三道岗洞穴堆积物中发现了一批哺乳动物化石.最近,笔者同高尚华、许振宏等同志对这个化石地点(E123°45′21″、N41°20′24″)进行了试掘.该地点的堆积物赋存于中奥陶统马家沟组石灰岩洞中.洞内堆积面积约15平方米,我们仅在距洞口约4米处挖了一个1米宽、2米长深达洞底仅1米的探沟.堆积物为褐黄     

扬子洞——植物新种荟萃的秘境

在广西西北部凤山县莽莽的石灰岩群山中,有一个神秘的岩洞,当地人把它叫做“扬子洞”。从外表看它似乎与其它的石灰岩山洞没有什么太大的区别,然而近20年来这里却吸引了许多植物学家前来考察,先后在这个山洞中发现了8个植物新种。节毛耳蕨(Polystichumarticulati-pilosum),鳞毛蕨科草本,植株高6—12厘米,其叶柄、叶轴及羽片两面密生棕色长节毛,在耳蕨属中极为罕见。密叶蛛毛苣苔(Paraboea velutina),苦苣苔科矮小亚灌木。茎高约7厘米,从基部分枝,叶螺旋状排列,密集,聚伞花序成对腋生,具2—4花,花冠白色,长约5毫米。蒴果直,不弯曲。该种在蛛…     

广东罗定饭甑山岩、下山洞洞穴遗址发掘报告

饭甑山岩与下山洞的石制品与蚌制品和珠江西江下游其他洞穴出土的同类遗物基本相似,但也存在一定的差异,其时代可能早于广东已报道的阳春独石仔、封开县黄岩洞等洞穴遗址,属旧石器时代晚期。     

广西柳城巨猿洞早更新世爪兽化石(奇蹄目,哺乳动物纲)

广西柳城巨猿洞是迄今我国所发现的含爪兽化石最丰富的第四纪化石点。该化石点的爪兽上颊齿原尖强壮,呈圆锥状;次尖发育,呈新月形;原脊完全退失;m3齿带更发育;可归入我国第四纪较常见的中国黄昏爪兽(Hesperotherium sinense)。但柳城巨猿洞的标本明显比我国其他第四纪地点的爪兽较小,尤其是比早更新世晚期的代表小很多。在形态特征方面,柳城巨猿洞的爪兽与重庆巫山的最为接近,而与安徽繁昌及湖北建始的差异较大;但在牙齿的宽／长比值方面,却与安徽繁昌的最为接近。我国已发现的爪兽化石以单个牙齿为主,在分类鉴定方面存在诸多问题,通过牙齿测量的点散布图,可以有效地检验对零散爪兽牙齿齿序的鉴别是否正确。     

Ancient mitochondrial genomes from Chinese cave hyenas provide insights into the evolutionary history of the genus Crocuta

Cave hyenas (genus Crocuta) are extinct bone-cracking carnivores from the family Hyaenidae and are generally split into two taxa that correspond to a European/Eurasian and an (East) Asian lineage. They are close relatives of the extant African spotted hyenas, the only extant member of the genus Crocuta. Cave hyenas inhabited a wide range across Eurasia during the Pleistocene, but became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene. Using genetic and genomic datasets, previous studies have proposed different scenarios about the evolutionary history of Crocuta. However, causes of the extinction of cave hyenas are widely speculative and samples from China are severely understudied. In this study, we assembled near-complete mitochondrial genomes from two cave hyenas from northeastern China dating to 20 240 and 20 253 calBP, representing the youngest directly dated fossils of Crocuta in Asia. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a monophyletic clade of these two samples within a deeply diverging mitochondrial haplogroup of Crocuta. Bayesian analyses suggest that the split of this Asian cave hyena mitochondrial lineage from their European and African relatives occurred approximately 1.85 Ma (95% CI 1.62–2.09 Ma), which is broadly concordant with the earliest Eurasian Crocuta fossil dating to approximately 2 Ma. Comparisons of mean genetic distance indicate that cave hyenas harboured higher genetic diversity than extant spotted hyenas, brown hyenas and aardwolves, but this is probably at least partially due to the fact that their mitochondrial lineages do not represent a monophyletic group, although this is also true for extant spotted hyenas. Moreover, the joint female effective population size of Crocuta (both cave hyenas and extant spotted hyenas) has sustained two declines during the Late Pleistocene. Combining this mitochondrial phylogeny, previous nuclear findings and fossil records, we discuss the possible relationship of fossil Crocuta in China and the extinction of cave hyenas.     

湖北郧西黄龙洞古人类遗址2006年发掘报告

2004—2005年,在湖北省郧西县境内的黄龙洞的两次发掘中,发现了5枚人类牙齿化石、20余件石制品及大量的动物化石。初步分析显示这是一处重要的更新世晚期的人类遗址。我们在2006年对该遗址进行了第三次发掘,又发现了2枚人类牙齿化石、11件古人类打制的石制品与6件骨制工具、1500余件动物化石以及其它古人类活动证据。野外工作期间我们还对黄龙洞洞穴堆积及山体地貌的考察,在此基础上对该洞穴发育及古人类在洞穴内的生活状况进行了初步推测。本文介绍了2006年的野外工作情况。     

广西崇左泊岳山巨猿洞早更新世的鼠科化石

最近在广西崇左泊岳山巨猿洞采集到大量步氏巨猿、猩猩、长臂猿等高等灵长类及伴生的属种丰富的哺乳动物化石。本文系统记述了该化石点小哺乳动物群中的优势群体——鼠科化石:似锡金小鼠(Mus cf.M.pahari)、似大林姬鼠(Apodemus cf.A.peninsulae)、细狨鼠(Hapalomys gracilis)、狭齿狨鼠(Hapalomys angustidens)、先社鼠(Niviventer preconfucianus)、安氏白腹鼠(Niviventer andersoni)、拟爱氏巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardsioides)和似始家鼠(Rattus cf.R.pristinus)共6属8种,其中包括了5个绝灭种。研究表明,泊岳山巨猿洞鼠类主要属种的形态特征显然要比同地区的三合大洞显得原始,而较相似于重庆巫山龙骨坡的相关鼠类,因此推测其时代为早更新世早期,这与古地磁的测年结果(距今约180万年)相吻合。泊岳山巨猿洞的鼠类大部分均为东洋界成员以及树栖、半树栖及林地生活的种类,反映当时的自然景观为热带-亚热带的森林-林灌环境。泊岳山巨猿洞鼠科化石的研究丰富了我国南方早更新世巨猿-中华乳齿象动物群中小哺乳动物化石的记录,这对于探讨我国南方第四纪生物地层的划分将提供重要的信息。     

Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the Middle to Late Pleistocene sequence of Scladina Cave (Namur,Belgium) using the small-mammal assemblages

The habitat weighting, the bioclimatic model methods and the Simpson diversity index are applied to the small-mammals assemblage of Scladina Cave (border between High and Middle Belgium) in order to reconstruct the environmental and climatic fluctuations that are reflected on the Middle to Late Pleistocene sequence of the cave. The small-mammal data analyzed come from two surveys carried out at the entrance of the cave and allow us to identify within the section one cold episode: a dry, cool phase in the upper part of the sequence (probably associated with the MIS 3). The environmental and climatic data show an alternation of open meadows and woodland formations through both sequences, punctuated by peaks in local watery environments together with lower temperatures and higher precipitations rates than at present. Finally, a comparison of the small-mammal fossil assemblage from the studied surveys with the small-mammals assemblage from the Holocene deposits of Scladina Cave shows that layers related with MIS 5 temperate sub-stages (MIS 5c and MIS 5a) present environmental characteristics similar to those prevailing nowadays (a landscape dominated by woodland formations and water streams) in the area surrounding the cave. This is coherent with the available chronostratigraphic datasets on this part of the sequence, suggesting the record of the humid and temperate phases at the beginning of the Late Pleistocene.     

贵州毕节发现古人类化石与哺乳动物群

2008年12月在贵州毕节团结乡首次发现麻窝口洞化石点,经2009年、2012年和2013年3次发掘,在麻窝口洞上部砂质黏土地层中共发现了四千余件哺乳动物牙齿化石。2013年7月发现的3枚古人类牙齿,分别为左上犬齿、左上第一臼齿和右上第二臼齿。人类牙齿尺寸偏小,臼齿咬合面沟纹简单,没有复杂的咬合面皱纹和附尖齿带结构,牙根短而不显粗壮,上述特点有别于我国已经发现的直立人和早期智人,可归入解剖学上的现代人。与人类相伴的哺乳动物化石,经初步鉴定共计8目20科43属53种,动物群组合反映出亚热带森林生态环境。根据动物群的时代特点,地貌地层及堆积物的光释光年代测定,指示毕节麻窝口洞古人类的时代可能为中更新世晚期,或者晚更新世早期,毕节古人类牙齿的发现为东亚地区现代人的起源及演化增添了新的证据。     

The Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823) population and its prey from the Late Pleistocene Teufelskammer Cave hyena den besides the famous Paleolithic Neandertal Cave (NRW,NW Germany)

Remains from at least seven individuals of the Late Pleistocene Ice Age spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) from the Teufelskammer Cave in the Neandertal valley (North Rhine-Westphalia, northwest Germany) are described. The small cave was a well-frequented hyena den of the Early to Middle Late Pleistocene which was only 100 m from the famous small Feldhofer Cave, where the first Neandertal human skeleton was found. The high amount of hyena bone material (37%) and its strongly chewed and incomplete prey remains of the mixed mammoth steppe and boreal forest megafauna prove one more of 11 recently known hyena den caves in the Rhenish Massif. Hyenas and cave bears have used the cave, but Neandertal humans lived possibly not at the same time in the same valley. Although hyenas occupied mainly the smaller caves such as the Teufelskammer Cave, humans preferred large portal cave entrances such as in the Neandertal valley with the Small Feldhofer Cave.     

北京房山十渡西太平洞晚更新世哺乳动物化石

北京市房山区十渡镇西太平村发现的动物化石是首次在该镇辖区发现的更新世化石。动物群由6目、15科、22属的22种组成,以岩羊、香麝及鼯鼠等为主,为典型的北方山区动物群。该动物群的时代为晚更新世晚期,~(14)C年代为距今29335～37350年,与山顶洞及田园洞动物群基本同期。西太平洞动物群中有76%的种曾出现于周口店田园洞动物群,而只有38%的种曾出现于山顶洞。目前在此发现的可鉴定到种的化石材料均可归入现生种,但其中有23%的种已经在北京地区消失,消失属种以大中型动物为主。在该地点发现的西伯利亚飞鼠和复齿鼯鼠材料是首次在华北地区发现的此类化石记录。该地点是我国北方地区已报道的第四纪化石点中含香麝和岩羊材料最丰富的地点之一。在国内有关文献中,岩羊化石的分类命名一直没有得到统一,这次发现的新材料,有利于澄清该类化石的分类命名问题。     

A Mass Burial of Fossil Lions (Carnivora,Felidae, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panthera</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leo</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">ex gr. fossilis-spelaea</Emphasis>) from Eurasia

The vertebrate fauna from the cave deposits in Imanai Cave in the Southern Urals (53°02′ N, 56°26′E) has been studied. It contains 715 bones that belonged to at least 11 individuals of fossil lion (Panthera (Leo) ex gr. fossilis-spelaea). It has been established that this is one of the largest Eurasian burial sites of fossil lions. The bones were accumulated due to the natural death of animals inside the cave. The age and sex estimations have shown that at least six adult males and five adult females died there. According to the accompanying fauna, radiocarbon, geochemical, and mineralogical analyses and archaeological finds, the interval of the lion bone accumulation is determined as the first half to middle of Late Pleistocene (OIS 5–3).