SNP分子标记及其在木本植物遗传育种的应用

木本植物因其生命周期长、基因组杂合度高、基因组较大、遗传背景不清晰等特性,制约了其研究进程。随着现代生物技术的发展,DNA分子标记技术在木本植物研究领域的应用越来越多,其中单核苷酸多态性(SNP)作为第三代分子标记技术以其高效、快速、稳定、可靠等诸多优点得到广泛应用。本文简述SNP标记的特点、开发方法、检测方法及其在木本植物遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析、品种鉴定、连锁图谱构建和辅助育种等方面的研究进展,为更好地应用SNP技术开展木本植物研究提供参考。     

单核苷酸多态性检测技术研究进展

单核苷酸多态性(SNP)是个体中最普遍的遗传变异,主要是指在基因组水平上由单个核苷酸的变异所引起的DNA序列多态性。SNP作为第三代遗传标记,具有遗传稳定性强、数量多、分布广等特点,被广泛应用于群体遗传学、疾病相关基因定位研究中,并在疾病的早期诊断、预防、治疗,研究遗传因素对药物代谢的影响,指导药物临床使用等方面发挥重要的作用。鉴于此,建立适合各级平台应用的准确、高效、稳定的SNP分型技术十分必要。目前SNP检测与分析技术众多,在原理上差别很大,适用范围也不尽相同。本文综述了目前临床应用较广的SNP分型方法,简要介绍了各种技术的检测原理和优缺点,并对SNP分型技术前景进行了展望。     

人类基因组SNPs的研究现状及应用前景

基因组DNA是生物体各种生理、病理性状的物质基础,人类DNA序列变异约90%表现为单核苷酸多态性(singlenucleotidepolymorphisms,SNPs),这是一种常见的遗传变异类型,在人类基因组中广泛存在,被认为是人类疾病易感性和药物反应的决定性因素。本文主要介绍了SNPs的分类及特点、人类基因组SNPs的研究现状、SNPs在实践中的应用,以及SNPs在遗传作图、医药、遗传易感性、个体化医疗等方面的研究前景,并探讨了当前SNPs研究中存在的问题。     

大规模单核苷酸多态性分析与肿瘤易感性

单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)是人类基因组中最常见的变异形式。作为第三代遗传标记,SNP在基因定位、克隆、遗传多态性方面具有广泛应用,特别是作为基因诊断标记在预防医学中具有十分重要的作用。近年来,随着人类基因组计划的发展,数以百万计的SNP被陆续发现,并可在公共数据库中免费获得。SNP数量的快速增加和SNP检测方法的发展,为其在肿瘤易感性领城的应用提供了可能。在本综述中,我们介绍了几种高通量检测SNP的分析方法,总结了大规模SNP分析技术在肿瘤易感性中的应用,介绍了目前人们对于不同人群中的SNP分析、肿瘤易感基因、个体肿瘤易感性的理解,以及研究SNP标记与肿瘤易感性关系时存在的难点。     

SNPs分子标记技术在昆虫学研究中的应用

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)主要是指在染色体基因组水平上由于单个核苷酸的变异而引起的DNA序列多态性,包括单碱基的转换或颠换引起的点突变,其中最少出现1种等位基因频率不小于1%,常以双等位基因的形式出现,稳定而可靠。在目前的昆虫基因组研究中,SNPs标记的研究主要集中在果蝇、蚊媒、家蚕等一些模式生物。本文对SNPs标记在昆虫的种类鉴定、遗传图谱构建、种群遗传学、抗药性分子机理等方面进行了综述,最后展望了SNPs在种群遗传、标记辅助选择和生物进化等研究领域中的应用前景。     

山羊基因组与遗传变异图谱研究进展

高通量测序技术和生物信息学的发展极大的促进了山羊分子生物学研究。山羊参考基因组的不断完善以及基因组重测序技术的应用,在全基因组水平上发现了大量的遗传变异信息(SNP、Indel和CNV),丰富了山羊分子群体遗传学研究利用的分子标记。综述了山羊参考基因组组装和全基因组变异图谱的构建及其在山羊上的研究进展,以期为进一步利用分子遗传标记进行山羊的各种性状的遗传基础研究和遗传资源保护利用提供科学依据和参考。     

微卫星遗传标记及其在昆虫种群遗传学中的应用

微卫星是一类短串联重复的寡核苷酸序列,广泛地分散于各类真核生物基因组中,它具有多态性高、检测结果稳定可靠等特点,是目前较为理想的群体遗传研究的分子标记之一。该文阐述了微卫星DNA构成及特点,多态性形成机制、位点获得途径,列举了微卫星遗传标记在昆虫种群遗传学研究中的应用实例,并展望了该技术的应用前景。     

分子标记在猕猴遗传多样性研究中的应用

分子标记目前已成为研究遗传多样性的主要工具,为此,简要综述了几种常用的分子标记(RFLPs、RAPD、mtDNA、微卫星DNA、SNPs)的检测方法及其在猕猴种群遗传多样性研究中的应用,为国内猕猴遗传多样性的研究提供参考。     

SNaPshot技术检测滩羊双羔群体中与多胎性状相关SNP研究

对我国地方品种滩羊双羔群体进行SNP检测和多胎性状相关性研究,促进SNPs在双羔家系分子育种中的应用。从实验前期SNP筛选的基础上,利用候选基因飞行质谱法最终确定3种基因13个SNP位点作为候选位点,对滩羊双羔群体的多胎位点进行多态性检测,分析群体差异性,筛选多羔候选基因。关联分析表明:13个位点中有5个位点与多胎性能有关,3种遗传模型也被证实,但BMPR1B基因构建的单倍型却与多胎性能无关。本研究旨在为滩羊双羔分子标记本品种选种选配等分子辅助育种技术提供参考,保护与可持续利用地方家养动物稀有种质遗传资源,加快优质多胎肉羊的发展。     

连续性纯合片段在畜禽基因组研究中的应用

随着高通量SNP芯片技术的快速发展和测序成本的大幅降低,SNP基因芯片和基因组重测序等技术被广泛地应用于畜禽基因组研究中。在基因组某一段区域内,当一定数量和一定密度的SNPs表现为纯合时,可以判定该区域存在连续性纯合片段(runs of homozygosity, ROH)。目前,连续性纯合片段已经逐渐成为分析畜禽群体近交程度、遗传结构等方面的重要指标之一。但是,ROH计算应用的评价标准还相对匮乏。本文系统介绍了连续性纯合片段的发展历史、原理、鉴定方法以及在畜禽群体结构解析、基因组功能分析和种畜禽品质检测等方面的应用情况,以期为畜禽遗传资源保种区和保种场在遗传多样性等动态监测方面提供参考。     

Developing genomic resources for the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): isolation and characterization of 153 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 53 genotyping assays

Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are commonly used in human genetics, they have only recently been incorporated into genetic studies of non‐model organisms, including cetaceans. SNPs have several advantages over other molecular markers for studies of population genetics: they are quicker and more straightforward to score, cross‐laboratory comparisons of data are less complicated, and they can be used successfully with low‐quality DNA. We screened portions of the genome of one of the most abundant cetaceans in U.S. waters, the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), and identified 153 SNPs resulting in an overall average of one SNP every 463 base pairs. Custom TaqMan^® Assays were designed for 53 of these SNPs, and their performance was tested by genotyping a set of bottlenose dolphin samples, including some with low‐quality DNA. We found that in 19% of the loci examined, the minor allele frequency (MAF) estimated during initial SNP ascertainment using a DNA pool of 10 individuals differed significantly from the final MAF after genotyping over 100 individuals, suggesting caution when making inferences about MAF values based on small data sets. For two assays, we also characterized the basis for unusual clustering patterns to determine whether their data could still be utilized for further genetic studies. Overall results support the use of these SNPs for accurate analysis of both poor and good‐quality DNA. We report the first SNP markers and genotyping assays for use in population and conservation genetic studies of bottlenose dolphins.     

Application of SNPs for population genetics of nonmodel organisms: new opportunities and challenges

Recent improvements in the speed, cost and accuracy of next generation sequencing are revolutionizing the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are increasingly being used as an addition to the molecular ecology toolkit in nonmodel organisms, but their efficient use remains challenging. Here, we discuss common issues when employing SNP markers, including the high numbers of markers typically employed, the effects of ascertainment bias and the inclusion of nonneutral loci in a marker panel. We provide a critique of considerations specifically associated with the application and population genetic analysis of SNPs in nonmodel taxa, focusing specifically on some of the most commonly applied methods.     

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in mammals: a targeted-gene approach

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have rarely been exploited in nonhuman and nonmodel organism genetic studies. This is due partly to difficulties in finding SNPs in species where little DNA sequence data exist, as well as to a lack of robust and inexpensive genotyping methods. We have explored one SNP discovery method for molecular ecology, evolution, and conservation studies to evaluate the method and its limitations for population genetics in mammals. We made use of 'CATS' (or 'EPIC') primers to screen for novel SNPs in mammals. Most of these primer sets were designed from primates and/or rodents, for amplifying intron regions from conserved genes. We have screened 202 loci in 16 representatives of the major mammalian clades. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) success correlated with phylogenetic distance from the human and mouse sequences used to design most primers; for example, specific PCR products from primates and the mouse amplified the most consistently and the marsupial and armadillo amplifications were least successful. Approximately 24% (opossum) to 65% (chimpanzee) of primers produced usable PCR product(s) in the mammals tested. Products produced generally high but variable levels of readable sequence and similarity to the expected genes. In a preliminary screen of chimpanzee DNA, 12 SNPs were identified from six (of 11) sequenced regions, yielding a SNP on average every 400 base pairs (bp). Given the progress in genome sequencing, and the large numbers of CATS-like primers published to date, this approach may yield sufficient SNPs per species for population and conservation genetic studies in nonmodel mammals and other organisms.     

PEAS V1.0: a package for elementary analysis of SNP data

We have developed a software package named PEAS to facilitate analyses of large data sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for population genetics and molecular phylogenetics studies. PEAS reads SNP data in various formats as input and is versatile in data formatting; using PEAS, it is easy to create input files for many popular packages, such as STRUCTURE, frappe, Arlequin, Haploview, LDhat, PLINK, EIGENSOFT, PHASE, fastPHASE, MEGA and PHYLIP. In addition, PEAS fills up several analysis gaps in currently available computer programs in population genetics and molecular phylogenetics. Notably, (i) It calculates genetic distance matrices with bootstrapping for both individuals and populations from genome-wide high-density SNP data, and the output can be streamlined to MEGA and PHYLIP programs for further processing; (ii) It calculates genetic distances from STRUCTURE output and generates MEGA file to reconstruct component trees; (iii) It provides tools to conduct haplotype sharing analysis for phylogenetic studies based on high-density SNP data. To our knowledge, these analyses are not available in any other computer program. PEAS for Windows is freely available for academic users from http://www.picb.ac.cn/~xushua/index.files/Download_PEAS.htm.     

单核苷酸多态性检测分析技术

单核苷酸多态性(SNP)作为第三代遗传标记已经广泛用于基因作图、疾病相关性分析、群体遗传学及药物研究等领域。 文中系统地介绍了目前国内外主要的SNP检测技术,任何一种SNP的检测方法都可将之看成由两部分组成,即区分SNP位点的原理方法和数据的检测分析手段,文章对这两部分做了较详细的介绍,并对SNP检测技术的发展进行了展望。 Abstract :As the third generation of genetic markers SNPs（single nucleotide polymorphisms）has been used extentively in gene mapping,disease-correlativity analysis ,population genetics and drug research.Here methods for detection are reviewed.Most SNP genotyping are a combination of method for interrogating SNPs and analysis tecnique.It described both parts and give a outlook for detection.     

DEco‐TILLING: an inexpensive method for single nucleotide polymorphism discovery that reduces ascertainment bias

Genetic markers that measure DNA variation are important for population genetics research, resource management and other applications. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are becoming a popular marker because they are abundant and because rapid and efficient assays can be developed to detect them. However, with the exception of a few organisms, most species have little DNA sequence information available and relatively few SNPs have been developed for species that lack sequence data. Methods to find SNPs can be expensive and incorporate substantial ascertainment bias, which may result in failure to discover SNPs that are useful or efficient for addressing specific questions. We have developed a system to detect SNPs that we call DEco‐TILLING, which is derived from Eco‐TILLING (targeting induced local lesions in genomes). The DEco‐TILLING method facilitates the development of useful genotyping assays rapidly and inexpensively and can reduce ascertainment bias.     

SNP Discovery with EST and NextGen Sequencing in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)

Although yield trials for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a potentially high value biofuel feedstock crop, are currently underway throughout North America, the genetic tools for crop improvement in this species are still in the early stages of development. Identification of high-density molecular markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that are amenable to high-throughput genotyping approaches, is the first step in a quantitative genetics study of this model biofuel crop species. We generated and sequenced expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from thirteen diverse switchgrass cultivars representing both upland and lowland ecotypes, as well as tetraploid and octoploid genomes. We followed this with reduced genomic library preparation and massively parallel sequencing of the same samples using the Illumina Genome Analyzer technology platform. EST libraries were used to generate unigene clusters and establish a gene-space reference sequence, thus providing a framework for assembly of the short sequence reads. SNPs were identified utilizing these scaffolds. We used a custom software program for alignment and SNP detection and identified over 149,000 SNPs across the 13 short-read sequencing libraries (SRSLs). Approximately 25,000 additional SNPs were identified from the entire EST collection available for the species. This sequencing effort generated data that are suitable for marker development and for estimation of population genetic parameters, such as nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium. Based on these data, we assessed the feasibility of genome wide association mapping and genomic selection applications in switchgrass. Overall, the SNP markers discovered in this study will help facilitate quantitative genetics experiments and greatly enhance breeding efforts that target improvement of key biofuel traits and development of new switchgrass cultivars.