蜜环菌侵染后猪苓菌核防御结构的发生及功能

蜜环菌通过猪苓菌核表皮侵染菌核时,菌核表皮下层的菌丝具特异的拮抗反应,如细胞中有结晶颗粒出现,厚壁菌丝形成,部分薄壁菌丝有质壁分离现象。蜜环菌的侵染诱导了菌核防御结构的发生:离侵染点一定距离的部位出现由少量木质化菌丝和厚壁菌丝形成的疏松带状;蜜环菌侵入后,上述菌丝增多并紧密排列形成菌核的初级隔离腔,入侵的蜜环菌和部分菌核被隔离在腔中;在初级隔离腔形成的同时,外围的次级隔离腔开始发育。蜜环菌菌索和皮层菌丝分枝可突破初、次级隔离腔的壁,再以菌索产生的侵染带侵染菌核较外部的最后防线即三级隔离腔。本文较系统的阐述了蜜环菌侵染后菌核各防御结构的发生特点及功能。     

蜜环菌菌索分化的差异蛋白质组学研究

菌索是蜜环菌与宿主互作的组织结构,蜜环菌菌丝形成菌索的分子机制尚不清楚。本研究采用SWATH-MS^ALL非标记定量蛋白质组学技术,首次对Armillaria mellea菌丝形成菌索过程的蛋白质组学进行了系统研究。在蜜环菌菌丝和菌索中共鉴定蛋白1 724个（global FDR 1%）,定量蛋白1 179个。与菌丝相比,蜜环菌菌索差异表达蛋白640个（上调表达256个,下调表达384个）。差异表达蛋白GO注释结果表明,蜜环菌菌索分化的生物学过程较复杂,差异蛋白参与的主要生物学过程包括有机含氮化合物代谢、有机物生物合成、小分子代谢、氧化还原反应等。分子功能富集结果提示,电子转运活性的富集因子最高,而氧化还原反应的富集P值最显著,这与KEGG注释的氧化磷酸化代谢活跃的结果一致。进一步的推测分析表明,蜜环菌菌丝形成菌索可能是受到氧化应激所致,菌索的形成可能促使诸如硫氧还蛋白样等毒力蛋白和富马酸的合成和释放增多,抑制宿主免疫而有利于蜜环菌侵染和定植于宿主。因此,对差异蛋白质组的进一步研究和深入解析不仅有利于揭示蜜环菌菌索形成的蛋白分子机制,同时也具有较强的理论和现实意义。     

猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌共培养的形态学研究

本文对猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌两两共培养及三者共培养进行了宏观形态观察及细胞学水平上的研究。结果表明,猪苓与伴生菌共培养时,在二者之间形成一致密拮抗线,猪苓菌落表面菌丝分化产生大量菌丝束;猪苓与蜜环菌共培养时,猪苓能阻止蜜环菌菌索对其自身的进一步侵袭,互作区中的双方菌丝及菌索均停止生长;蜜环菌与伴生菌共培养时,蜜环菌能穿透整个伴生菌菌落,在伴生菌菌落下方产生大量分枝;三者共培养后,猪苓对蜜环菌的防御能力有所下降,伴生菌对蜜环菌的耐受力有所提高,蜜环菌产生的新分枝均向伴生菌一侧生长,猪苓与伴生菌之间并不形成致密拮抗线,只可见双方菌丝的白色交融区。 猪苓与伴生菌均能在蜜环菌菌索皮层上形成侵入位点。     

猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌共培养的形态学研究*

本文对猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌两两共培养及三者共培养进行了宏观形态观察及细胞学水平上的研究。结果表明,猪苓与伴生菌共培养时,在二者之间形成一致密拮抗线,猪苓菌落表面菌丝分化产生大量菌丝束;猪苓与蜜环菌共培养时,猪苓能阻止蜜环菌菌索对其自身的进一步侵袭,互作区中的双方菌丝及菌索均停止生长;蜜环菌与伴生菌共培养时,蜜环菌能穿透整个伴生菌菌落,在伴生菌菌落下方产生大量分枝;三者共培养后,猪苓对蜜环菌的防御能力有所下降,伴生菌对蜜环菌的耐受力有所提高,蜜环菌产生的新分枝均向伴生菌一侧生长,猪苓与伴生菌之间并不形成致密拮抗线,只可见双方菌丝的白色交融区。 猪苓与伴生菌均能在蜜环菌菌索皮层上形成侵入位点。     

猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌共培养的形态学研究

本文对猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌两两共培养及三者共培养进行了宏观形态观察及细胞学水平上的研究。结果表明,猪苓与伴生菌共培养时,在二者之间形成一致密拮抗线,猪苓菌落表面菌丝分化产生大量菌丝束;猪苓与蜜环菌共培养时,猪苓能阻止蜜环菌菌索对其自身的进一步侵袭,互作区中的双方菌丝及菌索均停止生长;蜜环菌与伴生菌共培养时,蜜环菌能穿透整个伴生菌菌落,在伴生菌菌落下方产生大量分枝;三者共培养后,猪苓对蜜环菌的防御能力有所下降,伴生菌对蜜环菌的耐受力有所提高,蜜环菌产生的新分枝均向伴生菌一侧生长,猪苓与伴生菌之间并不形成致密拮抗线,只可见双方菌丝的白色交融区。猪苓与伴生菌均能在蜜环茵菌索皮层上形成侵入位点。     

蜜环菌对镁的耐性和富集特性

研究了镁对蜜环菌生长的影响, 蜜环菌对于镁的耐性和富集规律, 以及高浓度镁胁迫下蜜环菌的抗氧化酶的变化情况。3?15 g/L的Mg浓度对于蜜环菌菌体的生长有促进作用。Mg浓度19 g/L以上时, 蜜环菌菌体的生长受到抑制。蜜环菌的子实体形成和子实体生物量在Mg的浓度为11 g/L以下时不受影响, 超过11 g/L则子实体不能萌发。皮壳状菌丝和菌索中Mg的含量随培养基中Mg浓度的增大而增大, 培养基Mg浓度达到16 g/L后, 菌丝、菌索中Mg的含量都不再上升。子实体对Mg的富集量比菌丝体小的多, 在培养基Mg浓度在9、10 g/L时, 子实体中Mg的含量与对照组有显著差异。随着培养基中Mg浓度的提高, 菌丝和菌索POD、CAT、SOD活性都有增加, 而且菌丝与菌索之间抗氧化酶活力的差异随着培养基中Mg浓度的提高而增大。     

蜜环菌菌索形成及分支过程中钙离子流的非损伤微测

为研究蜜环菌Armillaria mellea菌索形成及分支与钙离子的关系,以菌株Armillaria mellea 541为试验材料,采用离子非损伤微测技术,对在马铃薯琼脂糖培养基(PDA)、含0.2 g/L CaCl_2的PDA和NADPH氧化酶抑制剂200μmol/L氯化二亚苯基碘鎓(Diphenyleneiodonium chloride,DPI) PDA上培养的蜜环菌菌丝及菌索顶点、菌索分支点和成熟菌索与微环境间钙离子流进行测试。结果表明:菌株A. mellea 541菌丝和菌索的生长及菌索分支均与钙离子相关。添加0.02%CaCl_2或200μmol/L DPI后,菌丝及菌索生长速度均加快,菌丝及菌索顶端钙离子内流; 0.2 g/L CaCl_2能够促进菌株A. mellea 541菌索的形成和侧向分支,菌索数量和分支数量均显著增加,成熟菌索及菌索分支处均外排钙离子; 200μmol/L DPI则抑制菌索形成及侧向分支过程。推测钙离子与活性氧可能协同调节菌索分支。试验结果为深入揭示蜜环菌菌索形成及分支的机制提供了数据支持和研究方向。     

猪苓与蜜环菌的关系

蜜环菌Armilla riella mcllea(Vahl：Ff．)Kgtst·侵入猪苓Gri[ola umbe』zd‘4(PetsFr．)PilOt)菌核,激活了猪苓菌抵御异体侵染免疫反应的本能,猪苓菌丝细胞木质化,形成与菌核表皮结构相似的隔离腔,将蜜环菌素和部分猪苓菌丝包围。在隔离腔中蜜环菌消化分隔在腔中的猪苓菌丝,另外猪苓菌丝也可侵入或附着在蜜环菌索及侵染带细胞间隙吸收其代谢产物,猪苓菌核即可萌发出新苓正常生长。当隔离腔中的猪苓菌丝被消化后,蛮环菌生活力也减弱,解体后被猪苓菌吸收利用,隔离腔变成空腔。从广义角度看,仍可把蜜环菌与猪苓菌寄生与反寄生的营养关系概括为共生关系。     

蜜环菌菌索生物学特性的研究

为提高榛蘑人工栽培中出菇的稳定性,对蜜环菌菌索的生物学特性进行了研究,通过在不同生长时间、环境温度、培养基质的条件下对蜜环菌菌索进行培养。试验发现,菌索会由具有活性的黄色菌索逐渐角质化变成黑色丝状菌索,为保持蜜环菌菌索的活性状态,最佳培养条件:培养时间应控制在15²3 d,最佳培养温度为恒温25℃,最佳培养基配方为PDA+麦麸+锯末。     

蜜环菌对锌的耐性和富集特性

研究了锌对蜜环菌Armillaria mellea生长的影响,蜜环菌对于锌的耐性和富集特性,以及锌胁迫下蜜环菌的抗氧化酶的变化情况。结果表明,锌浓度45mg/L下对于蜜环菌菌体的生长有显著促进作用（p＜0.05）,锌浓度90mg/L以上时,蜜环菌菌体的生长受到抑制（p＜0.05）。蜜环菌的子实体萌发和子实体生物量在锌的浓度为45mg/L以下时与对照组无显著性差异（p＞0.05）,锌的浓度超过90mg/L后子实体不能萌发。培养基锌含量在270mg/L以下时,皮壳状菌丝中锌的含量随培养基中锌浓度的增大而增大。培养基锌含量在135mg /L以下时,菌索中锌的含量随培养基中锌浓度的增大而增大。随着培养基中锌浓度的提高,菌丝和菌索POD、CAT、SOD活性都有增加,PPO的活性则是先升高后降低,而且菌丝与菌索之间抗氧化酶活力有显著差异（p＜0.05）。     

蜜环菌索发育的研究

利用光学和电子显徽镜对蜜环菌索的发育及其结构分化进行了较系统研究。菌索的顶端有保持细胞不断分裂的分生组织区。由此衍生的菌丝细胞组成菌索的初生结构,包括分化不明显的表皮、皮层及初生髓;初生髓细胞体积大,核同步分裂产生多核体细胞,以一个或几个核为单位在爵体细胞中分化出细长的菌丝后,可以出芽方式自母体细胞中伸出,并且一开始就有薄壁与厚壁之分,同一母体细胞中可同时产生这两类菌丝。发育后期母体细胞破裂形成菌索的髓,两类疏松菌丝分布在其中。观察了成熟菌索的结构和侧枝的形成过程。菌索侧枝起源于皮层细胞,该细胞横向分裂首先形成分枝原基,之后突破菌索壳而分化出新的菌索顶端。讨论了蜜环菌索在不同寄主中的侵染方式。     

Fine Structure of Germinating Botrytis fabae Sardina Conidia

The fine structure of germinating Botrytis fabae conidia wasstudied using both chemically stained sections and freeze-etchedreplicas. Germinating conidia have fewer organelles than restingconidia, glycogen is absent, and prevacuoles have disappeared.Endoplasmic reticulum which occurs as small strands close tothe cell wall of resting conidia becomes, on germination, multiplesheets surrounding the nuclei. A cross wall is formed at thebase of the germ tube soon after germination commences. Thenew wall material which appears to be continuous with this septalwall is produced, at least partly, from a new wall layer laiddown in the centre of the old conidial wall. An apical corpuscleis present at the apex of young germ tubes. Freeze-etched preparationsshow the formation of lomasomes by the passage of vesicles throughthe plasmalemma of conidia and germ tubes. In young hyphae lomasomescontain a complex arrangement of branching tubules. Some ofthe particles on the outer plasmalemma of young hyphae are arrangedin a geometrical pattern.     

Hyphal tip organization inAllomyces arbuscula

Summary Light and electron microscopic observations on vegetative hyphae ofAllomyces arbuscula revealed the specialized organization of the tip. There were some minor differences related to culture conditions, but the main ultrastructural features common to all hyphal tips disclosed a special type of organization distinct from that of other fungi. A crescent-shaped apical zone consisted of vesicles and membrane cisternae embedded in a granular matrix. Vesicles fused with the apical plasmalemma and presumably contributed to its expansion and to wall growth. The apical zone contained few ribosomes and generally no other organelles. Mitochondria were concentrated in the immediate subapical zone and scattered through the remainder of the hyphae, as were microbodies. Microtubules formed an asterlike structure with its center in the apical zone. Proximally of the apex, microtubules were axially oriented. Nuclei occurred only a certain distance from the tip. The elements of the apex may maintain the polarity of the hyphae via a gradient and hold it in a state of vegetative growth.     

Cytological Studies on the Process of Armillaria Mellea Infection Through the Sclerotia of Grifola Umbellata

Adhering to the sclerotium of Grifola umbellata, Armillaria mellea could invade the sclerotium in a manner of rhizomorph without capsule, after which the sclerotium formed a deep coloured stereoscopic septate cavity outside of the rhizomorph. At the early stage of infection, segmentation was visualized either in the cortex or the apex of A. mellea rhizomorph to form a new rhizomorph which penetrated another parts of G. umbellata sclerotium. At the late stage of infection, the cortical hyphae of A. mellea rhizomorph produced a branch to invade the wall of the septate cavity of G. umbellata sclerotium and, in a manner of hyphae, it could further form new rhizomorph after its penetration through that wall. An alternate way of expanding A. mellea infection in sclerotium was to form a invading band which was composed of a few rolls of round ceils derived from cortical hyphae of A. mellea rhizomorph. The band could invade sclerotia to a farther distance and then could connect with each other.     

CYTOLOGY AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE RHIZOMORPH OF ARMILLARIA MELLEA

Aided by the techniques of thin sectioning and electron microscopy, the apical region of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea has been examined. This region is composed of concentric zones of morphologically distinct tissues derived from a subapical meristematic zone designated the apical center. Meristematic activity is of two types: (1) primary, localized in the apical center, in which new hyphal elements are formed from apical initials, and (2) secondary, localized in the lateral regions of the apex, in which elaboration of the hyphal elements by means of elongation and secondary crosswall formation takes place. From these meristematic zones the tissues of the mature rhizomorph are derived and include: (a) peripheral hyphae, (b) cortex, (c) subcortex, and (d) primary and secondary medulla. The manner of differentiation of an apical initial appears unique and involves synchronous nuclear divisions accompanied by segmentation in many planes. The result of this activity is the formation of multinucleate hyphae. Apical initials are usually highly cytoplasmic and possess peculiar non-membrane-bound fibrous bundles, but in all other respects they resemble the hyphae of most Basidiomycetes thus far examined with the electron microscope.     

天麻大型细胞消化蜜环菌过程中溶酶体小泡的作用

蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea Fr.)菌丝由天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)皮层细胞经纹孔侵入大型细胞。初期大型细胞的原生质膜凹陷,同时细胞壁产生乳突状加厚阻止菌丝侵入。当菌丝侵入大型细胞以后,凹陷的质膜将菌丝紧密包围,大量由单位膜围成的小泡聚集在其周围。随后这些小泡的膜与质膜融合并将其内含物释放到菌丝周围的空间中,凹陷质膜逐渐膨大成为一个包围菌丝的消化泡。小泡和消化泡中均具酸性磷酸酶活性反应产物,证实其分别相当于植物溶酶体系统中的初级和次级溶酶体。菌丝在消化泡中被彻底消化。     

Studies on the Changes of Cell Ultrastructure in the Course of Seed Germination of Bletilla striata Under Fungus Infection Conditions

Aided by the techniques of ultrathin section and electron microscopy, the changes of cell ultrastructure of seed germination of Bletilla striata was investigated. It was found that the seeds of B. striata were germinated easily among Orchidaceae, the large thin-wall cells of embryo contained a great amount of starch and lipid materials which were nutrients of seed germination. The differentiation and growth of the nutritive organ of B. striata would be accelerated after fungus infection. Fungus could penetrate seed coat in cell interstice, invaded, embryo through suspensor, and interspersed in several layers of embryonic ceils. Cytoplasm and organelles of embryo would disappear after the cells infected by fungus, and then endocytic plasmalemma produces some sacs enclosing and digesting hyphae. The hyphae with its tip inflation, relying on expansion-pressure of its cytoplasm, could penetrate cell wall of embryo. In addition, after invasion hyphae wall was significantly thickened by the deposition of the embryonic cytoplasm. In the end, the hyphae would be wholly collapsed and its degradated materials were used as nutrient for germination. The cells without penetration' by hyphae show vigrous metabolism activity in protocorms.     

银耳（Tremella fuciformis）原基分化前期双核菌丝细胞和分生孢子的边缘体与质膜体

本文报道银耳（Ｔｒｅｍｅｌｌａｆｕｃｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）原基分化前期．在双核菌丝的幼细胞、成熟细胞和分生孢子中,与质膜相关联的两类膜结构──边缘体和质膜体的形成与功能。根据相似结构的存在．支持小泡或多泡体排出质膜之外附在细胞壁上成为边缘体和参于细胞壁合成的假定。银耳原基分化前期．双核菌丝迅速分裂的幼细胞．其质膜内陷产生泡状质膜体,内含数个小泡,或产生膜状质膜体;在成熟细胞中．质膜内陷通常形成回旋的膜结构──膜状质膜体．内含１—２个电子致密小泡．当这两类质膜体脱离质膜进入细胞质后,有的膜层和小泡局部被消化．因此,推断质膜体具有内吞和输送养料的作用。另外．在桶孔隔膜闭塞一侧电子致密度高的细胞质中．还观察到一种罕见的只有单个膜层的质膜体．其内充满３个电子致密小泡．估计它的形成与功能同膜状质膜体相似。作者认为．桶孔闭塞和质膜体的出现是与银耳原基细胞分化有关联的两个重要特征。最后,在成熟细胞中,尚可以观察到质膜体的膜层能够散开形成内质网．因此．内质网也可以来源于质膜体。     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF SIEVE ELEMENTS OF NEREOCYSTIS LÜTKEANA

The sieve elements of Nereocystis from the base of phylloids contain numerous small vesicles, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and the usual organelles and membrane systems, including nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, dictyosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. They have a thick secondary wall layer which is deposited along the longitudinal walls and at the sieve plate excluding the sieve pores. The sieve pores range in diameter from 100 to 400 nm and are lined by plasmalemma. The sieve elements from the hollow basal parts of the pneumatocyst show essentially the same features but have larger and fewer vesicles, relatively little cytoplasm, larger sieve pores, 400–900 nm in diameter, and may lack a nucleus. In old sieve elements there are large deposits of callose on the sieve plate and along the longitudinal wall; the vesicles seem to break down, and the protoplast appears necrotic. It is concluded that the trumpet hyphae and sieve tubes are basically the same type of cell, and that the trumpet-shape of the sieve elements is due to their passive stretching during extension growth of the organ in which they occur. There are minor but significant differences among the sieve elements from different regions of the thallus which may reflect possible levels of structural specialization of the sieve elements within the same plant.