太岳山典型阔叶乔木冠层叶片性状的分布格局

以太岳山4种阔叶乔木不同冠层高度的叶片为研究对象,用LI-3000A叶面积仪和Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统分别测定了这4种乔木不同冠层高度叶片的叶面积大小和单位面积的叶光饱和速率(Aarea);同时测定了其叶氮含量;计算了其比叶面积(SLA)、单位面积叶氮含量(Narea)、单位重量叶氮含量(Nmass)、单位重量的叶光饱和速率(Amass)和光合氮素利用效率(PNUE),对植株不同冠层高度叶片的SLA、叶氮和光合特性的空间分布格局进行了比较研究,结果表明:Aarea、Amass、Nmass、PNUE、SLA和Narea在树冠上层、中层和下层的差异均达到了极显著水平(P<0.001),表明树冠不同高度的叶片性状参数差异较大;在相同SLA下,Nmass和Narea在冠层中的分布均表现为中层>上层>下层,并出现平行位移现象;Aarea和Nmass都以中层值最大,表明冠层光合能力分布格局以中层相对较高。     

海南岛热带山地雨林幼苗幼树光合与叶氮、叶磷及比叶面积的关系

以海南岛吊罗山热带山地雨林101个物种的幼苗幼树为试验材料,测定其光合、叶片氮、磷含量及比叶面积;检验其相关关系,并按乔木,乔灌木(小乔木至大灌木)和灌木3个生活型组进行分组检验。研究结果表明,单位叶面积(Aarea)和单位叶重量的光合速率(Amass)均表现出灌木>乔木>乔灌木,方差分析表明,灌木和乔灌木之间Aarea差异显著;灌木和乔木以及灌木和乔灌木之间Amass差异显著(p<0.05)。Aarea与叶氮含量之间的相关性在不同生态型组和所有物种之间均达到极显著水平(p<0.0001);与叶磷之间的相关关系在灌木(p=0.0038),乔灌木(p=0.0002)以及所有物种(p<0.0001)之间达到极显著水平,但是在乔木中未达到显著水平(p>0.05);与SLA之间在灌木(p=0.0006)、乔木(p<0.0001)和所有物种(p<0.0001)之间达到极显著水平,但是在乔灌木中未达到显著水平(p>0.05)。Amass与叶片氮含量、SLA的相关关系在不同生活型组和所有物种中都达到极显著水平(p<0.0001);与叶磷含量之间的相关性在灌木(p=0.0004),乔灌木(p=0.0018)及所有物种(p<0.0001)中极显著,在乔木生活型组中也达显著水平(p=0.0377)。逐步回归表明,与Aarea相比,Amass估计结果更接近于实际测值。由此可见,海南岛热带山地雨林林下幼苗幼树的光合和叶氮、磷含量及SLA之间相关关系与基于成树的研究非常相似,并且A比A更能稳定体现这种相关性。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同生境植物的叶性状

研究不同生境和不同植被演替阶段的叶性状,将为区域植被建设提供重要科学指导。以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带的典型区——神木六道沟流域为研究地点,研究了不同生境植物叶性状的种间和种内差异、退耕地植被演替过程中叶性状的变化及其相互关系。结果表明:(1)不同生境植物的光合特征和叶片结构特征的种间差异较大,这可能是植物长期适应生态环境的结果,同时也与其本身固有的遗传特性有关。(2)在物种水平上,最大光合速率(Pmax)、光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和比叶面积(SLA)随退耕年限的增加呈显著下降趋势,而水分利用效率(WUE)、叶氮含量(Nmass)与退耕年限相关关系不显著。在群落水平上,除SLA与退耕年限的相关性不显著以外,其它指标皆与物种水平的变化趋势一致。(3)研究区32个物种的Pmax与WUE、PNUE、Nmass呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与SLA的相关关系不显著。PNUE与WUE、SLA呈显著正相关(P0.001),而与Nmass的相关性不显著;物种的Nmass与SLA呈显著正相关(P0.001)。同其它地区相比,研究区物种的Pmax、PNUE、SLA较低。具有较低Pmax、PNUE、SLA的物种可能更适宜研究区土壤贫瘠的生境。     

广西猫儿山不同海拔常绿树种和落叶树种光合速率与氮的关系

分析广西猫儿山不同海拔常绿和落叶树种的光合作用-氮关系,探讨光合氮利用效率(PNUE)是否受到叶片习性和海拔的影响。落叶树种的PNUE都显著高于常绿树种,这与前者有较低的比叶重(LMA)和较高的单位叶重光合速率(Amass)、氮含量和气孔导度(gs)有密切关系。高海拔树种的PNUE显著低于中低海拔树种的PNUE,这与前者较高的LMA和较低的Amass和gs相关。PNUE和相关的叶片特征的主成分分析表明常绿-落叶树种和低海拔-中海拔-高海拔树种的分布是一个自然过渡的过程。此外,PNUE与土壤碳:氮比没有显著相关性,但与年均温正相关,这表明温度气候是调节PNUE沿海拔变化的主要环境因素。因此,这种叶片习性和温度气候调节的PNUE变化可能是调节猫儿山常绿树种沿海拔形成双峰分布的一种机制。     

干旱和湿润生境中主要优势树种叶片功能性状的比较

以云南南部的沟谷雨林(湿润生境)和干热河谷萨瓦纳(savanna)稀树灌丛(干旱生境)中共31种主要优势木本植物为材料,研究了叶片主要功能性状单位面积叶干重(LMA)、单位干重氮含量(Nmass)和单位干重最大净光合速率(Amass)在2个生境中的差异及各性状间的关系。结果表明:在物种水平上,干旱和湿润生境中各树种的LMA值分别为46.88～178.63和45.35～93.16g·m-2;Amass值分别为48.12～176.65和71.38～265.76nmol·g-1·s-1;Nmass值分别为11.8～36.71和12.98～31.78mg·g-1;在群落水平上,干旱生境中LMA显著高于湿润生境,而Amass显著低于湿润生境,Nmass在2个生境中差异不显著;在群落尺度上,干旱生境中LMA与Nmass和Amass均呈显著负相关;在2生境中Nmass与Amass均呈显著正相关。同一生境下不同植物对环境的适应策略有差异,但各性状间的相关关系具有趋同性;从湿润到干旱生境,植物由快速生长转向以提高资源利用效率为主的适应策略。     

山西霍山不同功能型植物叶性特征的比较研究

选取山西霍山地区30种主要植物（乔木7种、灌木10种、草本植物13种）,分别测定了其比叶面积（SLA）,单位重量叶氮含量（Nmass）及单位面积叶氮含量（Narea）,初步探讨了3种功能型植物的部分叶性特征,并进行了比较分析。结果表明：在霍山地区这个特定的环境下,草本植物的SLA最大,灌木次之,乔木最小;对于Nmass,同样是草本植物最高,灌木次之,乔木最低;而Narea乔木最高,灌木次之,草本最低,表现出在相同环境下,不同功能型植物的叶性特征的差异性。不同功能型植物的SLA与Nmass呈正相关关系,与Narea呈负相关关系,表现出在相同环境下,不同功能型植物叶性关系的相似性。     

不同组成群落3种共有植物光合生理特征研究

为研究物种在不同群落中光合生理特征的变化,以亚高寒草甸围封恢复地为研究对象,对样地内3个不同组成群落进行样方调查,测定了物种高度及各群落垂直方向上光照强度以及群落中3个共有种披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、刺儿菜(Cirsium setosum)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的净光合速率(Aarea)、叶片氮含量(Nmass)、比叶重(LMA)及光合氮利用效率(PNUE)。结果表明:(1)3个样地的群落组成有明显的差异,豆科植物的增多可以一定程度上改善群落氮养分状况,但植物叶片Nmass还受到群落优势种竞争的影响。(2)同一物种在不同群落的高度不同,不同群落垂直方向上光照强度也不相同,导致同一物种在不同群落中能够获得的光照强度有一定差异。(3)在养分、光照强度有差异的情况下,不同植物的Aarea、LMA及PNUE在不同群落中的变化趋势不尽相同,而Narea与Aarea的关系在总体上、群落间及物种间变化不大,基本上显示了较强的正相关关系。由此可见,群落组成、结构引起的光照及氮素差异是导致同一物种光合生理特征在不同群落中变化的重要因素,但不同物种光合生理特征对光照及氮素变化的响应不同。     

华南地区固氮与非固氮豆科树种叶片养分利用策略的对比研究

为探究富氮环境中固氮(nitrogen-fixing leguminous trees,NLT)与非固氮豆科树种(non-nitrogen-fixing leguminous trees,n-NLT)的叶片养分利用策略差异,以华南地区5种NLT植物[水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)、大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)、朱樱花(Calliandra haematocephala)、海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)、台湾相思(Acacia confusa)]和3种n-NLT植物[油楠(Sindora glabra)、中国无忧花(Saraca dives)、银珠(Peltophorum tonkinense)]为对象,测定其单位质量叶片碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量及其比值、单位面积叶片最大净光合速率(Aarea)和叶片光合氮、磷利用效率(PNUE、PPUE)等功能性状。结果表明,NLT的单位质量叶片N、P含量和Aarea均显著高于n-NLT,而两者PNUE和PPUE无显著差异;尽管两类植物单位质量叶片C含量无显著差异,但NLT的叶片C:N和C:P显...     

两种生境常绿和落叶树种叶片氮素分配及与光合能力的关系

以天童国家森林公园太白山顶旷地生境和木荷林林下生境18 种主要常绿与落叶树种为对象, 研究了单位面积叶干重(LMA)、单位叶干重氮含量(Nmass)、叶细胞壁氮素分配比率(Ncw/Nm)和单位叶干重最大净光合速率(Amass)在2个生境中的差异及各指标间的关系。结果表明: 1)旷地生境各树种间的LMA 显著高于林下生境, Amass 则显著低于林下生境, Nmass、Ncw/Nm 在两种生境中差异不显著; 落叶树种具有较小的LMA、较小的Ncw/Nm 及较高的Amass, 未受到光抑制; 常绿种具有较大的LMA 和Ncw/Nm, 在旷地受到显著光抑制。2)2 种生境中LMA 与Nmass、Amass 呈显著负相关, 与Ncw/Nm 呈显著正相关, Nm 与Amass 呈显著正相关。3)从林下生境到旷地生境, 常绿树种表现为维持生长、延长叶寿命为主的适应策略, 而落叶树种表现为以提高资源利用效率为主的适应策略。     

氮添加对长白山阔叶红松林2种树木幼苗光合生理生态特征的影响

植物的光合作用是评估全球变化背景下碳循环的重要环节。目前,氮沉降增加日益明显,作为植物生长关键因子的可利用氮将对植物的光合生理生态过程产生影响。以长白山阔叶红松林主要树种红松和紫椴的幼苗为例,通过模拟氮沉降增加(氮添加量分别为0、23、46和69 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))的方法,利用Li-6400光合测定系统分别测算了两个树种的最大净光合速率(A_(max))、气孔导度(G_(smax))和水分利用效率(WUE)的值,并测算了叶氮含量、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)的值。通过分析A_(max)随不同施氮量的变化规律,同时结合其他叶片特征参数的变化,进一步探讨植物光合随氮添加的变化原因。研究结果显示:两个树种的A_(max)值在0—46 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)的氮添加范围内随施氮量的增加而增大,继续增加施氮量至69 kg Nhm~(-2)a~(-1)则出现下降。叶绿素含量、G_(smax)、PNUE和比叶面积在不同的氮添加水平下的变化规律与A_(max)的一致,且均与A_(max)呈显著正相关关系。叶氮含量与A_(max)的值仅在0—46 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)氮添加范围内呈显著正相关。A_(max)与WUE的相关关系不显著。相同氮添加水平下,氮添加对阔叶树种紫椴各生理生态参数(A_(max)、G_(smax)、叶氮含量、比叶面积、PNUE和WUE)的促进程度高于对针叶树种红松各生理生态参数的促进程度。研究结果可为评估氮沉降增加背景下我国东北地区的碳循环提供依据。     

不同功能型植物叶氮含量与光合特性的关系研究

在山西南部的霍山七里峪林场,确定乔木、灌木和草本物种共26个,用Li-3000A叶面积测定仪测量了叶面积的大小、用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统测定了叶光饱和速率（A_area）,计算了比叶重（LMA）、单位重量的光饱和光合速率（A_mass）、单位面积叶氮含量(Narea)、单位重量叶氮含量(N_mass)及光合氮利用效率(PNUE),研究了它们之间的不同和相互作用关系。结果表明：不同功能型植物的N_mass、A_area、A_mass、N_area和PNUE差异显著(p<0.05),植物叶片氮含量与植物光合生理特性具有显著相关关系,N_mass与A_area、A_mass和PNUE呈线性显著的正相关(p<0.05);N_area与A_area、A_mass、PNUE之间呈极显著的负相关(p<0.01)。     

翅果油树及其群落中7种优势木本种类的叶性特征比较

Taking Elaeagnus mollis Diels and seven dominant woody species in its community from Yicheng County of Shanxi Province as research objects, leaf traits including specific leaf area (SLA), nitrogen content in leaf per unit area ( Narea ) , leaf dry matter content ( LDMC ) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency ( PNUE ) were compared, and correlations of SLA value with LDMC and PNUE values were analyzed. The results show that there are different degree variations in four indexes of leaf traits of E. mollis, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla ( Franch.) Rehd., Broussonetia papyrifera ( Linn.) L' Hér. ex Vent., Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., Caragana microphylla Lam., Rosa xanthina Lindl., Amygdalus davidiana ( Carrière) de Vos ex Henry and Periploca sepium Bunge, in which, SLA value with the largest coefficient of variation ( 404%) , and LDMC value with the lowest coefficient of variation ( 103%) . Compared with other tested species, SLA and PNUE values of E. mollis are the lowest ( 103 cm-2 · g-1 and 108 μmol · mol-1 · s-1 , respectively) , while its Narea value is the highest ( 0243 g · m-2 ) , and its LDMC value is also relatively high ( 0380 g·g-1 ) . SLA value of eight tested species show an extremely significant positive correlation ( P<001) with PNUE value, and a significant negative correlation ( P<005 ) with LDMC value, correlation coefficient are 0923 and -0718, respectively, indicating that SLA value is an important parameter of leaf photosynthetic capacity and resource utilization ability. It is suggested that compared with other dominant woody species, E. mollis is more sensitive to environmental change, and has a poor environmental adaptability.     

Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency of species that differ inherently in specific leaf area

Factors that contribute to interspecific variation in photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE, the ratio of CO₂ assimilation rate to leaf organic nitrogen content) were investigated, comparing ten dicotyledonous species that differ inherently in specific leaf area (SLA, leaf area:leaf dry mass). Plants were grown hydroponically in controlled environment cabinets at two irradiances (200 and 1000 μmol m^–2 s^–1). CO₂ and irradiance response curves of photosynthesis were measured followed by analysis of the chlorophyll, Rubisco, nitrate and total nitrogen contents of the leaves. At both irradiances, SLA ranged more than twofold across species. High-SLA species had higher in situ rates of photosynthesis per unit leaf mass, but similar rates on an area basis. The organic N content per unit leaf area was lower for the high-SLA species and consequently PNUE at ambient light conditions (PNUE_amb) was higher in those plants. Differences were somewhat smaller, but still present, when PNUE was determined at saturating irradiances (PNUE_max). An assessment was made of the relative importance of the various factors that underlay interspecific variation in PNUE. For plants grown under low irradiance, PNUE_amb of high-SLA species was higher primarily due to their lower N content per unit leaf area. Low-SLA species clearly had an overinvestment in photosynthetic N under these conditions. In addition, high SLA-species allocated a larger fraction of organic nitrogen to thylakoids and Rubisco, which further increased PNUE_amb. High-SLA species grown under high irradiance showed higher PNUE_amb mainly due to a higher Rubisco specific activity. Other factors that contributed were again their lower contents of N_org per unit leaf area and a higher fraction of photosynthetic N in electron transport and Rubisco. For PNUE_max, differences between species in organic leaf nitrogen content per se were no longer important and higher PNUE_max of the high SLA species was due to a higher fraction of N in␣photosynthetic compounds (for low-light plants) and a higher Rubisco specific activity (for high-light grown plants). Received: 11 October 1997 / Accepted: 9 April 1998     

Relationships between photosynthetic activity and silica accumulation with ages of leaf in Sasa veitchii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bamboos have long-lived, evergreen leaves that continue to accumulate silica throughout their life. Silica accumulation has been suggested to suppress their photosynthetic activity. However, nitrogen content per unit leaf area (N(area)), an important determinant of maximum photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area (P(max)), decreases as leaves age and senescence. In many species, P(max) decreases in parallel with the leaf nitrogen content. It is hypothesized that if silica accumulation affects photosynthesis, then P(max) would decrease faster than N(area), leading to a decrease in photosynthetic rate per unit leaf nitrogen (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, PNUE) with increasing silica content in leaves. METHODS: The hypothesis was tested in leaves of Sasa veitchii, which have a life span of 2 years and accumulate silica up to 41 % of dry mass. Seasonal changes in P(max), stomatal conductance, N(area) and silica content were measured for leaves of different ages. KEY RESULTS: Although P(max) and PNUE were negatively related with silica content across leaves of different ages, the relationship between PNUE and silica differed depending on leaf age. In second-year leaves, PNUE was almost constant although there was a large increase in silica content, suggesting that leaf nitrogen was a primary factor determining the variation in P(max) and that silica accumulation did not affect photosynthesis. PNUE was strongly and negatively correlated with silica content in third-year leaves, suggesting that silica accumulation affected photosynthesis of older leaves. CONCLUSIONS: Silica accumulation in long-lived leaves of bamboo did not affect photosynthesis when the silica concentration of a leaf was less than 25 % of dry mass. Silica may be actively transported to epidermal cells rather than chlorenchyma cells, avoiding inhibition of CO2 diffusion from the intercellular space to chloroplasts. However, in older leaves with a larger silica content, silica was also deposited in chlorenchyma cells, which may relate to the decrease in PNUE.     

A test of the generality of leaf trait relationships on the Tibetan Plateau

Leaf mass per area (LMA), nitrogen concentration (on mass and area bases, N(mass) and N(area), respectively), photosynthetic capacity (A(mass) and A(area)) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) are key foliar traits, but few data are available from cold, high-altitude environments. Here, we systematically measured these leaf traits in 74 species at 49 research sites on the Tibetan Plateau to examine how these traits, measured near the extremes of plant tolerance, compare with global patterns. Overall, Tibetan species had higher leaf nitrogen concentrations and photosynthetic capacities compared with a global dataset, but they had a slightly lower A(mass) at a given N(mass). These leaf trait relationships were consistent with those reported from the global dataset, with slopes of the standardized major axes A(mass)-LMA, N(mass)-LMA and A(mass)-N(mass) identical to those from the global dataset. Climate only weakly modulated leaf traits. Our data indicate that covarying sets of leaf traits are consistent across environments and biogeographic regions. Our results demonstrate functional convergence of leaf trait relationships in an extreme environment.     

Photosynthesis or persistence: nitrogen allocation in leaves of evergreen and deciduous Quercus species

Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE, photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf nitrogen) is one of the most important factors for the interspecific variation in photosynthetic capacity. PNUE was analysed in two evergreen and two deciduous species of the genus Quercus. PNUE was lower in evergreen than in deciduous species, which was primarily ascribed to a smaller fraction of nitrogen allocated to the photosynthetic apparatus in evergreen species. Leaf nitrogen was further analysed into proteins in the water‐soluble, the detergent‐soluble, and the detergent‐insoluble fractions. It was assumed that the detergent‐insoluble protein represented the cell wall proteins. The fraction of nitrogen allocated to the detergent‐insoluble protein was greater in evergreen than in deciduous leaves. Thus the smaller allocation of nitrogen to the photosynthetic apparatus in evergreen species was associated with the greater allocation to cell walls. Across species, the fraction of nitrogen in detergent‐insoluble proteins was positively correlated with leaf mass per area, whereas that in the photosynthetic proteins was negatively correlated. There may be a trade‐off in nitrogen partitioning between components pertaining to productivity (photosynthetic proteins) and those pertaining to persistence (structural proteins). This trade‐off may result in the convergence of leaf traits, where species with a longer leaf life‐span have a greater leaf mass per area, lower photosynthetic capacity, and lower PNUE regardless of life form, phyllogeny, and biome.     

Plant biodiversity in a larch plantation from the view point of photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency in northeast China

Forest floor of larch species often provides growth habitat for many kinds of understory species because of relatively sparse structure in a larch canopy. A rich flora of forest understory species may play an essential role in maintaining fertility of a larch stand. An attempt was made to evaluate photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of many understory and overstory species according to their Raunkiaer lifeform. By studying 72 perennial deciduous species in a larch plantation in northeast China, marked photosynthetic differences between phanerophytes (Ph) and other three lifeforms of chamaephytes (Ch), hemicryptophytes (He), and cryptophytes (Cr) were found, with marginal differences found among Ch, He, and Cr. Ph species had much lower PNUE, and much lower values of rate of nitrogen allocation to chlorophyll (Chl./N) and nitrogen allocation to carboxylation processes (V _cmax/N) were concurrently observed in Ph compared with the other three lifeforms. Ph had much lower leaf nitrogen per unit of projection area (N _area) and specific leaf area (SLA, cm² g^–1). At lower SLA, for Ph species the change of PNUE with SLA was small, but these changes became very large at higher SLA for Ch, He, and Cr species. Our findings indicate that leaf morphological change is important for clarifying photosynthesis differences among species with different lifeform.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of invasive and noninvasive species of Rubus (Rosaceae)

The prolific amount of growth and reproduction in invasive plants may be achieved by greater net photosynthesis and/or resource-use efficiency. I tested the hypotheses that leaf-level photosynthetic capacity and resource-use efficiency were greater in two invasive species of Rubus as compared with two noninvasive species that have overlapping distributions in the Pacific Northwest. The invasive species had significantly higher photosynthetic capacity and maintained net photosynthesis (A) over a longer period of the year than the noninvasive species. The construction cost (CC) of leaf tissue per unit leaf mass was comparable among the four species, but the invasive species allocated less nitrogen (N) per unit leaf mass. On a leaf area basis, both leaf CC and N were higher for the invasive species. The specific leaf area (SLA) was also lower in the invasive species, indicating less photosynthetic area per gram leaf tissue. The invasive species achieved high A at lower resource investments than the noninvasive species, including having higher maximum photosynthetic rate (A(max)) per unit dark respiration (R(d)), greater A(max) per unit leaf N (photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency), and greater water-use efficiency as measured by instantaneous rates of A per unit transpiration (A/E) and by integrated A/E inferred from stable carbon isotope ratios (δ(13)C). Using discriminant analysis, these photosynthetic characteristics were found to be powerful in distinguishing between the invasive and noninvasive Rubus. A(max) and A/E were identified as the most useful variables for distinguishing between the species, and therefore, may be important factors contributing to the success of these invasive species.