中国刺背三节叶蜂属一新种暨分种检索表（膜翅目：三节叶蜂科）

记述中国浙江丽水市九龙国家湿地公园分布的刺背三节叶蜂属1新种:丽水刺背三节叶蜂Spinarge lishui Liu,Li&Wei sp.nov..给出了刺背三节叶蜂属世界分种团和中国种类检索表.     

中国异三节叶蜂属研究（膜翅目：三节叶蜂科）

记述中国三节叶蜂科异三节叶蜂属1新种：环腹异三节叶蜂Alloscenia tricincta,sp.nov.,编制了异三节叶蜂属中国种类检索表,新种模式标本保存在中南林学院资源与环境学院模式昆虫标本室。     

中国三节叶蜂科分类研究I.扁胫三节叶蜂亚科一新属二新种(膜翅目)(英文)

东亚地区三节叶蜂科已经记载１０属约８０种,本文是中国三节叶蜂科系统分类研究之一,报道扁胫叶蜂亚科一新属：刺背叶蜂属Ｓｐｉｎａｒｇｅ,ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．以四川刺背叶蜂Ｓｐｉｎａｒｇｅｓｉｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．为模式种,另外还包括刘氏刺背叶蜂Ｓｐｉｎａｒｇｅｌｉｕｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种的模式标本保存于中南林学院环境与资源系昆虫标本室。新属与中华三节叶蜂属ＳｉｎａｒｇｅＦｏｒｓｉｕｓ和似三节叶蜂属ＣｉｂｄｅｌａＫｏｎｏｗ近似,但新属中足胫节具亚端距,雄虫腹部第５背板具性沟和长突,与此二属以及扁胫叶蜂亚科已知各属均不同;此外,新属的胫节端距尖锐,后翅近基部无Ｃｕ－ａ脉,锯鞘背面具洼区,体金属兰色等与中华三节叶蜂属不同;雌虫触角仅等长于头宽,末端最宽,复眼小,内缘直,间距宽于眼高,后头膨大,前翅Ｒ＋Ｍ脉短于Ｓｃ脉等不同于似三节叶蜂属。此新属所包括的２新种的区别参见检索表。     

中国平颜三节叶蜂属分类研究（膜翅目∶三节叶蜂科）

记述了膜翅目三节叶蜂科平颜三节叶蜂属Ａｐｒｏｓｔｈｅｎａ Ｋｏｎｏｗ３新种：双斑平颜三节叶蜂Ａｐｒｏｓｔｈｅｍａ ｂｉｍａｃｕｌａｔａ Ｗｅｉ ｅｔ Ｗｅｎ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,黑背平颜三节叶蜂Ａｐｒｏｓｔｈｅｎａ ｎｉｇｒｏｓｃｕｔｉｓ Ｗｅｉ ｅｔ Ｗｅｎ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和天目平颜三节叶蜂Ａｐｒｏｓｔｈｅｍａ ｔｉａｎｍｕｎｉｃａ Ｗｅｉ ｅｔ Ｗｅｎ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种模式标本均保存在中南林学     

中国平颜三节叶蜂属分类研究(膜翅目: 三节叶蜂科)

记述了膜翅目三节叶蜂科平颜三节叶蜂属Aprosthema Konow 3新种: 双斑平颜三节叶蜂Aprosthema bimaculata Wei et Wen sp. Nov., 黑背平颜三节叶蜂Aprosthema nigroscutis Wei et Wen sp. Nov. 和天目平颜三节叶蜂Aprosthema tianmunica Wei et Wen sp. Nov..新种模式标本均保存在中南林学院资源与环境学院模式昆虫标本室.     

中国三节叶蜂属六新种记述（膜翅目：三节叶蜂科）

本文是中国三节叶蜂科三节叶蜂属新种记述之一,共记述６新种：江氏淡毛三李叶蜂Ａｒｇｅ ｊｉａｎｇｉ Ｗｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,凌氏淡毛三节叶蜂Ａ．ｌｉｎｇｉ Ｗｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,大环腹三节叶蜂Ａ．ｍｅｇａｃｉｎｃｔａ Ｗｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,裂板淡毛三叶蜂Ａ．ｔｈａｕｍａｔｏｐｙｇｉａＷｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,黑肩黑头三节叶蜂Ａ．ｎｉｇｒｏｃｏｌｌｉｎｉａＷｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,关氏黑头三节叶蜂Ａ．     

近脉三节叶蜂属中国一新记录种

报道采自中国甘肃天水的三节叶蜂科近脉三节叶蜂属AprocerosMalaise1新记录种:榆近脉三节叶蜂AprocerosleucopodaTakeuchi,1939,记述了雌成虫形态特征,摄制了形态特征图。     

中国三节叶蜂属三新种(膜翅目,三节叶蜂科)

记述中国三节叶蜂属3新种:显著斑钳三节叶蜂Arge distincta Wei et Zhang,sp.nov.,红胫斑钳三节叶蜂Arge rufotibiella Wei et Zhang,sp.nov.和细角斑钳三节叶蜂drge tenuicornis Wei et Zhang,sp.nov..3新种与Argemarginellia Wei,2002以及Arge basifusca Malaise,1947构成三节叶蜂属1新种团marginellia种团.编制了marginellia种团已知种类检索表.新种模式标本保存于中南林业科技大学昆虫模式标本室.     

中国三节叶蜂科分类研究IV中国小头三节叶蜂族研究附及二新种记述(膜翅目)

本文记述扁胫三节叶蜂亚科小头三节叶蜂族２属５种,包括２个新种和２个中国新记录种。新种隆盾小头三节叶蜂Ｐａｍｐｓｉｌｏｔａｓｃｕｔｅｌｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．与锤角小头三节叶蜂ＰａｍｐｓｉｌｏｔａｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｉｔｉａｌｉｓＣａｍｅｒｏｎ近似,但触角细长,端部不明显膨大,小盾片强烈隆起,雄虫阳茎瓣颈部窄长等可资鉴别;小膜小头三节叶蜂Ｐａｍｐｓｉｌｏｔａｃｅｎｃｈｒａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．小盾片隆起与隆盾小头三节叶蜂相似,但触角长,亚端部膨大与之不同,此种后胸淡漠区很小,ＣＤ等于１,与小头三节叶蜂族东南亚已知种类均不相同,易与同属种类鉴别。长角尖鞘三节叶蜂ＴａｎｙｐｈａｔｎｉｄｅａｎｕａｌｓｒｉａｅＴｏｇａｓｈｉ和锤角小头三节叶蜂ＰａｍｐｓｉｌｏｔａｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｉｔｉａｌｉｓＣａｍｅｒｏｎ是中国新记录种,小头三节叶蜂属ＰａｍｐｓｉｌｏｔａＫｏｎｏｗ是中国新记录属。建立１个新组合：中华尖鞘三节叶蜂Ｔａｎｙｐｈａｔｎｉｄｅａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｋｉｒｂｙ）ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．。     

平颜三节叶蜂属一新种暨中国种类检索表(膜翅目:三节叶蜂科)

记述采自浙江的膜翅目三节叶蜂科平颜三节叶蜂属1新种:短顶平颜三节叶蜂Aprosthema brevivertexis Wei sp.nov..该种与同域分布的天目平颜三节叶蜂A.tianmunicum Wei& Wen,2000近似,但前翅翅痣下方具明显烟褐色横斑,1Rs显著长于2Rs室,Rs脉第2段1.3倍于Rs脉第3段长;单眼后区宽长比等于2.2,后部不高于单眼面;颚眼距稍窄于单眼直径;中胸背板前叶无中纵沟,具细纵脊;背面观锯鞘互相远离,侧面观锯鞘端部急尖等,与后者不同.     

Dominant species maintain ecosystem function with non-random species loss

Loss of species caused by widespread stressors, such as drought and fragmentation, is likely to be non‐random depending on species abundance in the community. We experimentally reduced the number of rare and uncommon plant species while independently reducing only the abundance of dominant grass species in intact, native grassland. This allowed us to simulate a non‐random pattern of species loss, based on species abundances, from communities shaped by natural ecological interactions and characterized by uneven species abundance distributions. Over two growing seasons, total above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) declined with reductions in abundance of the dominant species but was unaffected by a threefold decline in richness of less common species. In contrast, productivity of the remaining rare and uncommon species decreased with declining richness, in part due to loss of complementary interactions among these species. However, increased production of the dominant grasses offset the negative effects of species loss. We conclude that the dominant species, as controllers of ecosystem function, can provide short‐term resistance to reductions in ecosystem function when species loss is nonrandom. However, the concurrent loss of complementary interactions among rare and uncommon species, the most diverse component of communities, may contribute to additional species loss and portends erosion of ecosystem function in the long term.     

Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi

The operational species concept, i.e., the one used to recognize species, is contrasted to the theoretical species concept. A phylogenetic approach to recognize fungal species based on concordance of multiple gene genealogies is compared to those based on morphology and reproductive behavior. Examples where Phylogenetic Species Recognition has been applied to fungi are reviewed and concerns regarding Phylogenetic Species Recognition are discussed.     

Testing for local species saturation with nonindependent regional species pools

Identifying the factors controlling local community structure is a central problem in ecology. Ecologists frequently use regression to test for a nonlinear saturating relationship between local community richness and regional species pool richness, suggesting that species interactions limit the number of locally coexisting species. However, communities in different regions are not independent if regions share species. We present a Monte Carlo test for whether an observed local-regional richness relationship is significantly different from that expected when regions are nonindependent and species interactions do not limit community membership. We illustrate this test with data from experimental microcosm communities. A conventional F -test suggests a significant saturating relationship between realized community richness and species pool richness. However, the Monte Carlo test fails to reject the null hypothesis that species interactions do not affect community richness. Strong species interactions do not necessarily set an absolute upper limit to the number of locally coexisting species.     

甘南亚高寒草甸稀有种对物种多样性和物种多度分布格局的贡献

稀有种不仅影响群落的物种多度分布格局, 同时也是α多样性的重要贡献者。本研究主要通过加性分配和Fortran软件的RAD程序包拟合的方法, 研究了甘南亚高寒草甸不同坡向物种多样性及多度分布格局的变化, 分析了物种多度分布格局及其α多样性的变化特征, 确定了稀有种在物种多度分布格局中的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)在南坡到北坡的变化中, 环境因子差异比较明显, 其中, 土壤全磷、有机碳、速效磷、碳氮比及含水量呈递增趋势; 土壤氮磷比和pH值呈递减趋势; 土壤全氮在西坡显著低于其他坡向, 而速效氮在所有坡向上差异不显著。(2)稀有种对群落物种多样性的影响在南-北坡向梯度上依次增大, 去除稀有种的影响在各坡向均高于去除非稀有种, 可见, 稀有种在甘南亚高寒草甸物种多样性中的相对贡献高于非稀有种。(3)各坡向的稀有种资源获取模式以随机分配占领模式(random fraction模型)为主, 而非稀有种则以生态位优先占领模式(geometric series模型)为主。由于稀有种有较大的扩散率, 在物种多样性较高的生态系统中, 物种之间的生态位重叠会更加明显, 从而抑制物种多样性的增加, 因此能达到维持原有物种多样性的目的。     

Helminth species diversity of mammals: parasite species richness is a host species attribute

Studies investigating parasite diversity have shown substantial geographical variation in parasite species richness. Most of these studies have, however, adopted a local scale approach, which may have masked more general patterns. Recent studies have shown that ectoparasite species richness in mammals seems highly repeatable among populations of the same mammal host species at a regional scale. In light of these new studies we have reinvestigated the case of parasitic helminths by using a large data set of parasites from mammal populations in 3 continents. We collected homogeneous data and demonstrated that helminth species richness is highly repeatable in mammals at a regional scale. Our results highlight the strong influence of host identity in parasite species richness and call for future research linking helminth species found in a given host to its ecology, immune defences and potential energetic trade-offs.     

Exotic species richness and native species endemism increase the impact of exotic species on islands

Aim Exotic species pose one of the most significant threats to biodiversity, especially on islands. The impacts of exotic species vary in severity among islands, yet little is known about what makes some islands more susceptible than others. Here we determine which characteristics of an island influence how severely exotic species affect its native biota. Location We studied 65 islands and archipelagos from around the world, ranging from latitude 65° N to 54° S. Methods We compiled a global database of 10 island characteristics for 65 islands and determined the relative importance of each characteristic in predicting the impact of exotic species using multivariate modelling and hierarchical partitioning. We defined the impact of exotic species as the number of bird, amphibian and mammal (BAM) species listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened by exotics, relative to the total number of BAM species on that island. Results We found that the impact of exotic species is more severe on islands with more exotic species and a greater proportion of native species that are endemic. Unexpectedly, the level of anthropogenic disturbance did not influence an island's susceptibility to the impacts of exotic species. Main conclusions By coupling our results with studies on the introduction and establishment of exotic species, we conclude that colonization pressure, or invasion opportunities, influences all stages of the invasion process. However, species endemism, the other important factor determining the impact of exotic species, is not known to contribute to introduction and establishment success on islands. This demonstrates that different factors correlate with the initial stages of the invasion process and the subsequent impacts of those invaders, highlighting the importance of studying the impacts of exotic species directly. Our study helps identify islands that are at risk of impact by exotics and where investment should focus on preventing further invasions.     

On the measurement of species diversity incorporating species differences

When pairwise differences (relatedness) between species are numerically given, the average of the species differences weighted by relative frequencies can be used as a species diversity index. This paper first theoretically develops the indices of this type, then applies them to forestry data. As examples of diversity indices, this paper explores the taxonomic diversity and the newly introduced amino acid diversity, which is a modification of the nucleotide diversity in genetics. The first, mathematical part shows that both indices can be decomposed into three inner factors; evenness of relative frequencies (=the Simpson index), the simple average over species differences regardless of relative frequencies, and the taxonomic or genetic balance in relative frequencies. The taxonomic diversity has another decomposition: the sum over the Simpson indices at all the taxonomic levels. The second part examines the effects of different forest management techniques on diversity. It is shown that a thinning operation for promoting survival of specific desirable species also contributed to increasing the taxonomic diversity. If we calculated only conventional indices that do not incorporate species relatedness, we would simply conclude that the thinning did not significantly affect the diversity. The theoretical developments of the first part complement the result, leading us to a better interpretation about contrasting vegetation structures. The mathematical results also reveal that the amino acid diversity involves redundant species, which is undesirable when measuring diversity; hence, this index is used to demonstrates crucial points when we introduce species relatedness. The results suggest further possibilities of applying diversity indices incorporating species differences to a variety of ecological studies.     

物种概念及其界定

半世纪以来,物种概念的定义备受关注,不同研究方向的生物学家提出24种不同或至少有分歧的物种概念,根据其不同的物种概念,物种的界定和物种的数量会出现很大的差异。人们普遍认同:物种是进化分离的微居群谱系,但把谱系分离过程中获得的特征如生殖隔离、可鉴定性、单系统发生等视为鉴定物种次级特征却有不同的声音。该文提出统一的物种概念,把谱系进化分离作为物种界定的唯一而又必要的特征,把谱系分离过程中获得的次级特征作为界定谱系分离的证据。鉴于此,物种概念间的分歧就会化解。其一,物种概念化与物种界定明显分开,不再混淆;其二,谱系的次级特征只与物种界定有关,在某种程度上为谱系分离提供证据;第三,若能把合理解释的任何一个特征作为某物种客观存在的证据,这样更多的特征更能确定谱系分离;最后最重要的是,统一物种概念使我们解放思想,扬弃传统的物种界定标准,探求物种界定的新思路。