中国尺蛾科新记录属——泽尺蛾属及其一新记录种记述（鳞翅目：尺蛾科：灰尺蛾亚科）

系统修订了中国绮夜蛾属的种类,将中国记录的11种订正为10种。其中,原记录的白缘绮夜蛾A.nivipicta经鉴定为大理石绮夜蛾A.marmoralis的误订名,迭绮夜蛾A.disrupta被鉴定为斑绮夜蛾A.sexpunctata的同物异名。检视标本均存放于中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。     

中国异三节叶蜂属研究（膜翅目：三节叶蜂科）

记述中国三节叶蜂科异三节叶蜂属1新种：环腹异三节叶蜂Alloscenia tricincta,sp.nov.,编制了异三节叶蜂属中国种类检索表,新种模式标本保存在中南林学院资源与环境学院模式昆虫标本室。     

中国异皮夜蛾属一新种记述（鳞翅目：夜蛾科：瘤蛾亚科）

在整理采自云南省的蛾类标本时,发现中国瘤蛾亚科异皮夜蛾属Etanna Walker1新种:云南异皮夜蛾Etanna yunnanensis sp.nov.。对异皮夜蛾属作了简单介绍,编制了该属中国已知种类检索表,对新种的外部形态和雌性生殖器特征做了详细描述,模式标本保存在东北林业大学昆虫标本室。     

中国奥胸须夜蛾属Oxaenanus Swinhoe研究并记一新种（鳞翅目：裳蛾科：长须夜蛾亚科）

通过解剖Oxaenanus scopigeralis正模标本和同种雌雄外生殖器,发现O.scopigeralis(Moore,1867),sp.rev.&comb.nov.,(模式产地:印度)命名有效,其曾被认为是O.brontesalis(Walker,1858)(模式产地:婆罗洲)的同物异名.张,韩二人2019年发表的云南奥胸须夜蛾O.yunnana(模式产地:云南)应为O.scopigeralis的同物异名.作者在海南省采集到了奥胸须夜蛾属Oxaenanus 1新种海南奥胸须夜蛾Oxaenanus hainana sp.nov.,其与O.scopigeralis近似,但海南奥胸须夜蛾的前后翅亚外缘线更加模糊,抱器端骨化突起更短更细,阳茎端膜也更加复杂多变.     

中国刺背三节叶蜂属一新种暨分种检索表（膜翅目：三节叶蜂科）

记述中国浙江丽水市九龙国家湿地公园分布的刺背三节叶蜂属1新种:丽水刺背三节叶蜂Spinarge lishui Liu,Li&Wei sp.nov..给出了刺背三节叶蜂属世界分种团和中国种类检索表.     

中国刺背三节叶蜂属一新种暨分种检索表(膜翅目:三节叶蜂科)

记述中国浙江丽水市九龙国家湿地公园分布的刺背三节叶蜂属1新种:丽水刺背三节叶蜂Spinarge lishui Liu,Li&Wei sp.nov..给出了刺背三节叶蜂属世界分种团和中国种类检索表.     

中国水螨一新记录科及其一新种(蜱螨亚纲:水螨束:雄尾螨总科)

本文报道采自北京的中国水螨一新记录科——平盔螨科Mideopsidae,该科新记录属——平盔螨属Mideopsis,并记述此属一新种中华平盔螨Mideopsis (Mideopsis)sinensis sp.nov.。新种以背板色斑、眼后毛位置、生殖毛和足游泳毛数目等与本属已知种相区别。     

中国三节叶蜂科系统分类研究──脊颜三节叶蜂亚科—新属五新种(膜翅目:三节叶蜂科)(英文)

本文记述中国脊颜三节叶蜂亚科—新属五新种：显脉三节叶蜂属,Ortasicerosgen.nov·新属,郑氏显脉三节叶蜂O.zhengisp．nov．（模式种）,黑头显脉三节叶蜂O.nigricepssp．nov,短角显脉三节叶蜂O．brevicornissp．nov,曲瓣显脉三节叶蜂O.curvatasp．nov．和隆额显脉三节叶蜂O．ele－vatasp．nov。新属与淡脉三节叶蜂属CopidocerusForsius最近似,但后翅2A＋3A脉极短,臀室开放,前翅Sc脉显著并接近R＋M脉端部,可与之区别。新属及淡脉三节叶蜂属前翅具Sc脉,口器退化,下颚须5节,下唇须3节,右上颚无基齿等,与脊颜三节叶蜂亚科其它已知属不同,而类似新北亚界的Atomacerinae和新热带界的其它亚科的某些属,故此建立新族,显脉三节叶蜂族Ortasicerinitribenov。文中还编制了东方界和古北亚界三节叶蜂科已知属检索表。模式标本均保存于中南林学院昆虫标本室。     

中国盔叶蜂属一新种(膜翅目,叶蜂科)(英文)

记述中国叶蜂科盔叶蜂属1新种:光额盔叶蜂Corymbas glabrifrons sp.nov..该种与日本分布的C.aperta Takeuchi,1919相似,但上唇和后足转节白色,单眼后区宽长比为3:2,雌虫腹部第3、4节黑色,两侧具白斑,触角第3节短于第4节2倍长(40:27),腹部第1节背板大部光滑,其余各节背板均具显著细横刻纹,雄虫各足股节浅褐色,雌虫锯腹片具29个锯刃,锯刃稍倾斜.     

中国夜蛾科三新记录种

在整理长白山生物调查所得标本时,发现夜蛾科3中国新记录种:长白拟毛眼夜蛾Mniotype bathensis(Lutzau,1900),尘梦尼夜蛾Orthosia coniortota(Filipjev,1927)和真鲁夜蛾Xestia sincera(Herrich-Schaffer,1851),并对此3种的外部形态和雄性外生殖器特征做了简要描述。同时修正了毛眼夜蛾属(Blepharita Hampson,1907)和拟毛眼夜蛾属(Mniotype Franclemont,1941)在国内混淆的关系。     

Population dynamics of species with gynogenetic sibling species

Models are formulated for the population dynamics of a monoecious or dioecious species with an all-female parthenogenetic sibling species which is also gynogenetic. Continuous, deterministic reproduction and mortality, a stationary age distribution, random mating, and limited sexual competence for all individuals are posited. It is also supposed that in the dioecious case males do not distinguish between true and gynogenetic females. Similarly, hermaphrodites do not differentiate hermaphrodites and gynogens. The model implies that extinction is highly likely in the dioecious situation, but much less so in the monoecious one. Empirical evidence is reviewed and related to the assumptions and conclusions.     

Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi

The operational species concept, i.e., the one used to recognize species, is contrasted to the theoretical species concept. A phylogenetic approach to recognize fungal species based on concordance of multiple gene genealogies is compared to those based on morphology and reproductive behavior. Examples where Phylogenetic Species Recognition has been applied to fungi are reviewed and concerns regarding Phylogenetic Species Recognition are discussed.     

Distinguishing species

Given two organisms, how can one distinguish whether they belong to the same species or not? This might be straightforward for two divergent organisms, but can be extremely difficult and laborious for closely related ones. A molecular marker giving a clear distinction would therefore be of immense benefit. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) has been widely used for low-level phylogenetic analyses. Case studies revealed that a compensatory base change (CBC) in the helix II or helix III ITS2 secondary structure between two organisms correlated with sexual incompatibility. We analyzed more than 1300 closely related species to test whether this correlation is generally applicable. In 93%, where a CBC was found between organisms classified within the same genus, they belong to different species. Thus, a CBC in an ITS2 sequence-structure alignment is a sufficient condition to distinguish even closely related species.     

The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic-phylogenetic species concept

The number of species of Bacteria and Archaea (ca 5000) is surprisingly small considering their early evolution, genetic diversity and residence in all ecosystems. The bacterial species definition accounts in part for the small number of named species. The primary procedures required to identify new species of Bacteria and Archaea are DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotypic characterization. Recently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been applied to bacterial taxonomy. Although 16S phylogeny is arguably excellent for classification of Bacteria and Archaea from the Domain level down to the family or genus, it lacks resolution below that level. Newer approaches, including multilocus sequence analysis, and genome sequence and microarray analyses, promise to provide necessary information to better understand bacterial speciation. Indeed, recent data using these approaches, while meagre, support the view that speciation processes may occur at the subspecies level within ecological niches (ecovars) and owing to biogeography (geovars). A major dilemma for bacterial taxonomists is how to incorporate this new information into the present hierarchical system for classification of Bacteria and Archaea without causing undesirable confusion and contention. This author proposes the genomic-phylogenetic species concept (GPSC) for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. The aim is twofold. First, the GPSC would provide a conceptual and testable framework for bacterial taxonomy. Second, the GPSC would replace the burdensome requirement for DNA hybridization presently needed to describe new species. Furthermore, the GPSC is consistent with the present treatment at higher taxonomic levels.     

Exotic species richness and native species endemism increase the impact of exotic species on islands

Aim Exotic species pose one of the most significant threats to biodiversity, especially on islands. The impacts of exotic species vary in severity among islands, yet little is known about what makes some islands more susceptible than others. Here we determine which characteristics of an island influence how severely exotic species affect its native biota. Location We studied 65 islands and archipelagos from around the world, ranging from latitude 65° N to 54° S. Methods We compiled a global database of 10 island characteristics for 65 islands and determined the relative importance of each characteristic in predicting the impact of exotic species using multivariate modelling and hierarchical partitioning. We defined the impact of exotic species as the number of bird, amphibian and mammal (BAM) species listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened by exotics, relative to the total number of BAM species on that island. Results We found that the impact of exotic species is more severe on islands with more exotic species and a greater proportion of native species that are endemic. Unexpectedly, the level of anthropogenic disturbance did not influence an island's susceptibility to the impacts of exotic species. Main conclusions By coupling our results with studies on the introduction and establishment of exotic species, we conclude that colonization pressure, or invasion opportunities, influences all stages of the invasion process. However, species endemism, the other important factor determining the impact of exotic species, is not known to contribute to introduction and establishment success on islands. This demonstrates that different factors correlate with the initial stages of the invasion process and the subsequent impacts of those invaders, highlighting the importance of studying the impacts of exotic species directly. Our study helps identify islands that are at risk of impact by exotics and where investment should focus on preventing further invasions.     

Helminth species diversity of mammals: parasite species richness is a host species attribute

Studies investigating parasite diversity have shown substantial geographical variation in parasite species richness. Most of these studies have, however, adopted a local scale approach, which may have masked more general patterns. Recent studies have shown that ectoparasite species richness in mammals seems highly repeatable among populations of the same mammal host species at a regional scale. In light of these new studies we have reinvestigated the case of parasitic helminths by using a large data set of parasites from mammal populations in 3 continents. We collected homogeneous data and demonstrated that helminth species richness is highly repeatable in mammals at a regional scale. Our results highlight the strong influence of host identity in parasite species richness and call for future research linking helminth species found in a given host to its ecology, immune defences and potential energetic trade-offs.     

On the measurement of species diversity incorporating species differences

When pairwise differences (relatedness) between species are numerically given, the average of the species differences weighted by relative frequencies can be used as a species diversity index. This paper first theoretically develops the indices of this type, then applies them to forestry data. As examples of diversity indices, this paper explores the taxonomic diversity and the newly introduced amino acid diversity, which is a modification of the nucleotide diversity in genetics. The first, mathematical part shows that both indices can be decomposed into three inner factors; evenness of relative frequencies (=the Simpson index), the simple average over species differences regardless of relative frequencies, and the taxonomic or genetic balance in relative frequencies. The taxonomic diversity has another decomposition: the sum over the Simpson indices at all the taxonomic levels. The second part examines the effects of different forest management techniques on diversity. It is shown that a thinning operation for promoting survival of specific desirable species also contributed to increasing the taxonomic diversity. If we calculated only conventional indices that do not incorporate species relatedness, we would simply conclude that the thinning did not significantly affect the diversity. The theoretical developments of the first part complement the result, leading us to a better interpretation about contrasting vegetation structures. The mathematical results also reveal that the amino acid diversity involves redundant species, which is undesirable when measuring diversity; hence, this index is used to demonstrates crucial points when we introduce species relatedness. The results suggest further possibilities of applying diversity indices incorporating species differences to a variety of ecological studies.     

Dominant species maintain ecosystem function with non-random species loss

Loss of species caused by widespread stressors, such as drought and fragmentation, is likely to be non‐random depending on species abundance in the community. We experimentally reduced the number of rare and uncommon plant species while independently reducing only the abundance of dominant grass species in intact, native grassland. This allowed us to simulate a non‐random pattern of species loss, based on species abundances, from communities shaped by natural ecological interactions and characterized by uneven species abundance distributions. Over two growing seasons, total above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) declined with reductions in abundance of the dominant species but was unaffected by a threefold decline in richness of less common species. In contrast, productivity of the remaining rare and uncommon species decreased with declining richness, in part due to loss of complementary interactions among these species. However, increased production of the dominant grasses offset the negative effects of species loss. We conclude that the dominant species, as controllers of ecosystem function, can provide short‐term resistance to reductions in ecosystem function when species loss is nonrandom. However, the concurrent loss of complementary interactions among rare and uncommon species, the most diverse component of communities, may contribute to additional species loss and portends erosion of ecosystem function in the long term.     

Multiple species effects and spatial autocorrelation in detecting species associations

Abstract. The traditional approach to the analysis of species association within a community, based upon co-occurrence in sampling units such as quadrats, has been to test all pairs of species, using a 2 × 2 contingency table for each pair. It has long been recognised that all these tests are not independent of each other, but there is an additional problem in that the association between any particular pair may depend on the combination of the other species that are present or on the environmental factors that determine that combination. We use a 2^k contingency table to examine this problem and find that pairwise associations are not independent of the other species. The second problem that we consider is the effect of spatial autocorrelation in the data which makes the statistical tests too liberal. In the absence of a derived solution for a deflation factor to correct the test statistic calculated from a 2^k table, we describe a Monte Carlo approach that provides an approximate solution to this problem. In our data the amount of deflation that is necessary for a 2^k table is small compared to the amount required for the 2 × 2 tables used to test pairwise association.     

Protein-protein interactions more conserved within species than across species

Experimental high-throughput studies of protein-protein interactions are beginning to provide enough data for comprehensive computational studies. Today, about ten large data sets, each with thousands of interacting pairs, coarsely sample the interactions in fly, human, worm, and yeast. Another about 55,000 pairs of interacting proteins have been identified by more careful, detailed biochemical experiments. Most interactions are experimentally observed in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes; very few interactions are observed in higher eukaryotes such as mammals. It is commonly assumed that pathways in mammals can be inferred through homology to model organisms, e.g. the experimental observation that two yeast proteins interact is transferred to infer that the two corresponding proteins in human also interact. Two pairs for which the interaction is conserved are often described as interologs. The goal of this investigation was a large-scale comprehensive analysis of such inferences, i.e. of the evolutionary conservation of interologs. Here, we introduced a novel score for measuring the overlap between protein-protein interaction data sets. This measure appeared to reflect the overall quality of the data and was the basis for our two surprising results from our large-scale analysis. Firstly, homology-based inferences of physical protein-protein interactions appeared far less successful than expected. In fact, such inferences were accurate only for extremely high levels of sequence similarity. Secondly, and most surprisingly, the identification of interacting partners through sequence similarity was significantly more reliable for protein pairs within the same organism than for pairs between species. Our analysis underlined that the discrepancies between different datasets are large, even when using the same type of experiment on the same organism. This reality considerably constrains the power of homology-based transfer of interactions. In particular, the experimental probing of interactions in distant model organisms has to be undertaken with some caution. More comprehensive images of protein-protein networks will require the combination of many high-throughput methods, including in silico inferences and predictions. http://www.rostlab.org/results/2006/ppi_homology/