长洲水利枢纽鱼道过鱼种群结构

长洲水利枢纽鱼道位于西江干流,目前是我国最大的过鱼通道,其过鱼效果评估不仅是珠江中下游鱼类资源和水生态保护的重要课题,也可为国内鱼道的设计及运行提供基础资料.2011-2014年4-6月利用堵截法对长洲水利枢纽鱼道中的鱼类进行监测,共采样11批次,采集种类累计40种,洄游性种类花鳗鲡、鳗鲡、弓斑东方鲀及四大家鱼(青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙)等均在鱼道中出现.鱼道中优势种为瓦氏黄颡鱼(29.1％)、赤眼鳟(16.8％)、鳖条(14.7％)、银飘鱼(12.0％)、银鮈(10.8％)、鳗鲡(7.3％)及鲮(2.7％)等.通过物种累计曲线拟合,预期随着采样次数的增加,鱼道出现的种类数量可达61种,说明长洲水利枢纽鱼道具较好的过鱼能力.监测数据显示,鱼道中鱼类多样性及均匀度指数低于坝下江段.坝下江段优势种广东鲂、斑鳠在鱼道中没有采集到,这说明鱼道对不同种类的诱导力存在差异.典范对应分析结果表明,坝上水位是影响过鱼效果的关键因素,有必要优化鱼道运行方式以提高鱼道性能.根据目前珠江的鱼类资源现状,建议将四大家鱼(青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙)、广东鲂、赤眼鳟及鲮等列入过鱼目标,并在运行方案上进行调整.     

鄱阳湖的适应性管理

<正>鄱阳湖多重的生态及社会经济功能鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖、江西的母亲湖,接纳赣、抚、信、饶、修等河流来水,调蓄后从湖口流入长江。按照湖泊成因分类,鄱阳湖属于洪泛湖,是一个过水性、吞吐型和季节性湖泊。受亚热带季风气候影响,鄱阳湖呈现"高水是湖,低水似河"的自然景观,即水     

草鱼、鲢和瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼感应流速的比较

在21±1℃水温下,使用自行制作的鱼类游泳行为测试槽,采用流速递增的方法测定了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)(体长9.64±3.12 cm,体重20.97±16.71 g)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)(体长10.60±3.45 cm,体重24.37±18.61 g)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)(体长11.54±1.46 cm,体重20.98±6.94 g)幼鱼个体的感应流速.结果表明:草鱼、鲢和瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼的感应流速分别是(8.21±0.68)、(6.74±0.84)和(33.11±3.06) cm·s-1,相对感应流速分别是(0.91±0.22)、(0.67±0.15)和(2.9±0.29) BL·s-1;鲢和草鱼幼鱼的感应流速差异不显著(P＞0.05),但瓦氏黄颡鱼比草鱼和鲢幼鱼感应流速大近4倍,差异显著(P＜0.05);因此,草鱼和鲢幼鱼较瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼对流速的感应更敏感.本实验结果可为设计鱼道、确定拖网速度等提供一定的科学指导.     

长江刀鲚体内菌群PCR-DGGE 指纹图谱及多样性比较分析

以长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)洄游前幼鱼和洄游后成鱼为对象, 通过 PCR-DGGE 指纹技术探讨长江刀鲚菌群多样性及受洄游路径周围环境影响之后的稳定性。结果显示, PCR-DGGE 指纹谱带丰富, 共显示出70条可鉴别条带, 其中长江水体谱带数(28)高于洄游后刀鲚鳃(26)、胃(26)、肠道壁(20)、肠道内容物(21)和洄游前刀鲚鳃(21)、胃(20)、肠道壁(11)、肠道内容物(13), 洄游后刀鲚成鱼体内各对应部位菌群数显著高于洄游前刀鲚幼鱼。UPGMA 聚类和PCA 结果显示不同样品之间差异显著, 虽长江水体与洄游后刀鲚鳃、胃及肠道内容物样品在聚类图上聚为一簇, 但其菌群结构的相似度较低, 分别为43%、35%和28%。成功克隆测序其中43 条条带, 主要包含-变形菌(25.6%)、-变形菌(7%)、-变形菌(16.3%)、放线菌(25.6%)、厚菌门(9.3%)、拟杆菌(7%)、柔膜菌门(4.6%)、绿弯菌(2.3%)和未定义菌(2.3%)。以上结果表明长江刀鲚体内不同部位及其在洄游前后不同阶段, 菌群结构存在显著差异, 并受环境和宿主双层因素影响。       

不同水位下拟建鄱阳湖水利枢纽对食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性的影响研究

鄱阳湖为亚洲最大的候鸟栖息地,近十余年发生了枯水期提前且延长及湖区生态环境日益恶化的问题,对于此问题江西政府提出了一种科学的工程措施--鄱阳湖水利枢纽（简称枢纽）。然而,枢纽对越冬候鸟栖息地的影响尚无定量研究。以鄱阳湖食块茎鸟类--白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）和小天鹅（Cygnus columbianus）的栖息地为研究对象,利用3S技术结合生态学知识,在ArcGIS平台上搭建了食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性评价模型,使用二维水动力模型联合适宜性评价模型,生成鄱阳湖在兴建枢纽前、后的食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性分布图。选取工程调度时期水位相对稳定时段,以鄱阳湖无枢纽状态下星子水位为基础,探究鄱阳湖在不同水位时,有拟建枢纽和无拟建枢纽状态下食块茎鸟类的栖息地适宜性的变化,定量分析拟建枢纽对候鸟栖息地适宜性造成的影响。研究发现：枢纽的调度规则具有一定的科学性,水位调度方案对湖泊食块茎鸟类越冬初期栖息产生的影响较小,但会牺牲一部分越冬后期适合食块茎鸟类栖息的区域。拟建枢纽选址处至都昌站的食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性受枢纽的负面影响最为显著,各级自然保护区之中,北部省级候鸟自然保护区受其负面影响最大,此保护区将减少18.01-39.80 km²适合食块茎鸟类栖息的面积。但是枢纽的运行能增加湖泊土壤水含量,使食块茎鸟类更易于觅食,且能增加喜食块茎鸟类的食物丰富度。本研究可为为今后鄱阳湖湖区水环境规划和水生态管理维护提供一定的科学参考。     

鄱阳湖及其支流长江江豚种群数量及分布

在1997 年11 月至1998 年11 月的134 d 中, 大致按一年四季, 分4 次对鄱阳湖及其主要支流中的长江江豚种群数量、数量的季节变动、分布、行为、江豚栖息地环境、人类活动对江豚的影响进行了考察。江豚的分布主要集中在鄱阳湖湖区, 赣江、信江、抚河等主要支流的中下游和支流入湖的湖口附近。冬、春、秋3 个季节鄱阳湖水系长江江豚种群数量的估计值分别为91 头、431 头和260头。即, 鄱阳湖江豚的种群数量约为100～400 头,其种群数量随季节、水位、鱼类资源的变化而呈现出相应的变化。     

江西水域枯水期长江江豚种群数量和分布特征

研究于2021年11—12月,设置12条考察路线,采用同步目视考察法,对包含长江干流江西段、鄱阳湖和赣江下游的江西水域长江江豚数量和分布开展了考察,结合历史资料,探讨了该水域长江江豚种群数量和分布规律及江湖迁徙关系。结果显示, 11月考察观测到长江江豚217群次、454头次, 12月考察观测到长江江豚236群次、569头次,受水位和天气等环境条件影响,两次考查观察到的长江江豚数量差异显著(t=–2.23, P<0.05)。11月和12月江豚分布规律基本一致:长江江西段,江豚主要分布在湖口石钟山-彭泽三号洲水域;鄱阳湖适宜水深范围水域都有长江江豚分布,其中吴城望湖亭-渚溪河口、都昌船厂-黄金咀-三山-瓢山水域是江豚高密度分布区;赣江下游,长江江豚分布在扬子洲渔业村附近水域。两次考察目击率分别为1.00和1.08次/km,均高于往年调查结果,由此推测,鄱阳湖长江江豚种群数量可能有所增长。鄱阳湖通江水道蛤蟆石-石钟山水域,两次考察分别仅发现3头和2头长江江豚,推测调查期间长江江豚在长江干流和鄱阳湖之间的迁移行为较少,未来需进一步管控江湖迁移水域的人类活动,促进江湖迁移。吴城望湖亭-渚溪...     

长江湖口段春夏季仔稚鱼群落结构研究

湖口江段连通长江与鄱阳湖, 是诸多鱼类的洄游通道, 在长江鱼类的繁衍生息中发挥重要功能。研究于2016年5月—8月在长江中下游鱼类繁殖期内对湖口江段系统开展鱼类仔稚鱼资源的调查, 研究分析了该江段仔稚鱼群落组成、优势种、密度变化、时间空间分布及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:88d连续采样共鉴定出隶属于8目12科39个仔稚鱼类群, 其中37个类群鉴定到种, 1个类群鉴定到亚科, 1个类群鉴定到科。贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)为该江段仔稚鱼的第一优势种, 其余优势种有虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)和飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca sinensis)。仔稚鱼密度在7月1日达到峰值, 峰值为1230.77 ind./100 m3; 7月1日至8月15日仔稚鱼密度整体呈波动性下降的趋势。时间尺度的聚类将6个时期分为5月下旬—7月上旬与7月下旬—8月上旬2个群组, 贝氏?、翘嘴鲌和刀鲚等在6月下旬达到峰值; 鳊、四大家鱼和鳜等在7月上旬达到峰值。江段断面上南北近岸采样点仔稚鱼密度高于断面中心。使用冗余分析方法(RDA)分析了仔稚鱼密度与环境因子的关系, 发现水温、透明度、流量均为影响仔稚鱼群落结构的主要环境因子。水位与仔稚鱼密度相关性分析表明, 两者呈极显著相关(P<0.01)。研究表明, 湖口江段鱼类早期资源较为丰富, 仔稚鱼群落结构主要以中小型鱼类为主, 且江湖洄游性鱼类占比较高; 仔稚鱼对各环境条件有着不同适应特点, 仔稚鱼与水温、透明度、流量均呈现出不同程度的相关关系。研究结果补充了湖口江段鱼类早期资源的基础资料, 为长江中下游鱼类资源保护策略的制定提供了科学依据。     

鳙幼鱼在下行过程中应对加速流的行为响应研究

以具有下行洄游需求的鳙(Aristichthys noblis)幼鱼为研究对象, 在自行设计制造加速流的装置中进行下行实验, 结果发现: 在实验设置的3个入口流速下(入口流速分别为: 0.018、0.034和0.053 m/s), 鳙幼鱼的通过率均为100%。在下行通过孔口的方式上, 以尾部先通过为主(即顶流通过), 尤其是在流速较高的时候, 头部先通过比例仅为6.25%。在通过总时间(从实验开始至通过孔口的时间)上, 鳙幼鱼在低流速条件下显著小于在中流速条件下(P<0.05), 而在高流速条件下与中低两个流速条件下均无显著性差异(P>0.1)。在通过时间(从实验鱼最后一次进入加速区域, 至通过孔口的时间)上, 鳙幼鱼在三种流速条件下没有显著差异性(P>0.1)。研究表明, 加速流会对鳙幼鱼下行的时间和方式产生影响。研究旨在为鱼类资源保护, 帮助鱼类安全高效过坝提供基础数据, 同时也为研究鱼类在下行过程中应对加速流的行为研究提供一种研究方法。     

长江中游不同江段四大家鱼幼鱼孵化日期和早期生长的比较研究

2008年和2009年从东洞庭湖区和长江、监利、鄂州和武穴江段采集青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus (178尾)、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella (341尾)、鳙Aristichthys nobili (6尾)和鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (390尾)幼鱼, 通过耳石日轮分析确定2008年和2009年这些幼鱼的孵化日期分别为5月16日至8月20日和5月14日至8月9日。与三峡建坝前相比, 四大家鱼的繁殖时间明显推迟。洞庭湖和监利江段幼鱼在仔鱼阶段形成的耳石日轮宽度较鄂州和武穴江段幼鱼同期形成的日轮宽度窄, 表明前者仔鱼阶段的生长速度小于后者, 这可能是前者离三峡大坝距离较近、受大坝影响更加显著造成的。三峡大坝下泄水温较低、营养物质较少是影响坝下四大家鱼繁殖和早期生长的重要因素。繁殖季节推迟和早期生长速度下降可能导致坝下四大家鱼早期生活史阶段死亡率增大, 从而影响其资源补充和种群数量变动。       

River‐lake migration of fishes in the Dongting Lake area of the Yangtze floodplain

Over the past few decades, fish resources have declined severely owing to the river–lake disconnection within the Yangtze River floodplain. Studies on fish migrations between rivers and floodplain waters are imperative for fish resources restoration and lake management. However, few studies have as yet documented the migration rhythms of river–lake migratory fishes. Monthly investigations of the fish assemblage structure were conducted in three regions of the Dongting Lake, which is connected to the Yangtze River. Main results were: (i) Fish catches varied greatly, depending on the water level and area of the lake; (ii) Ten river–lake migratoty species were caught during the study, 80% of these during July–October when the water level was high. Species richness and relative abundance both decreased with increasing distance from the river, and the timing of peak abundance occurred later in the year; (iii) Abundance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) peaked in July and August and were mainly composed of 0 + fishes. The results revealed that the key time for migration into the lake is July–August. Combining the results from previous studies, a comprehensive view is given of migration patterns of four domestic Chinese carps; (iv) Brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon), appeared to migrate into the Dongting Lake as two separate shoals, differentiated by body size. They also appeared to remain close to the lake mouth area. Based on the above results, two recommendations can be made for river–lake migratory fish conservation in the Yangtze floodplain: prolonging the current fishing ban period of April–June to April–September; and opening sluice gates for as long as possible during April–September in order to maximize the opportunities for fish migration.     

利用耳石日轮技术研究长江中游草鱼幼鱼的孵化期及生长

根据耳石日轮对2004年采自洞庭湖和新滩口江段的草鱼幼鱼进行日龄(D)鉴定,孵化时间推算以及生长的研究。草鱼幼鱼所有样品体长(BL,mm)生长方程为BL=-53.4195 3.1650D,体重(W,g)生长方程为W=0.9816 e0.0633D,体长体重相关方程为W=0.00001BL3.1003。孵化时间最早为5月14日,最晚为7月11日,主要集中在5月下旬和6月份。研究发现三峡大坝在139m水位运行后长江中游仍有草鱼产卵,最早繁殖时间稍晚于历史记录。     

Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, in the Poyang Lake belong to the Ganjiang River Population Rather than the Changjiang River Population

The Poyang Lake is the largest lake and the main nursery area in the middle basin of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. We compared molecular genetic markers of silver carp among populations of the Changjiang River, the Ganjiang River and the Poyang Lake using the ND5/6 region of mtDNA. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of this region revealed distinct variation between the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River populations. The Poyang Lake is linked with the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River. Shared RFLP fragments between the Ganjiang River population and the Poyang Lake population are as high as 61.4%. The value is 47.74% between the populations of the Changjiang River and that of the Poyang Lake. Frequencies of bands peculiar to the Ganjiang River population are the same as in the Poyang Lake population. We conclude that the Poyang Lake silver carp population consists mainly of the Ganjiang River population. The water level of the Poyang Lake outlet, which is higher than that of the Changjiang River in the silver carp spawning season, supports this conclusion.     

长江水系草鱼遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

利用已发表的鲤微卫星引物在草鱼中进行PCR扩增,结果有5对引物(6个座位)能成功扩增并且有较高多态性,等位基因数在3-7个之间。这些异种扩增的草鱼微卫星符合孟德尔遗传规律。测序证明草鱼中的微卫星核心重复序列部分与鲤中的原始核心序列相似,也有一些变化。随后用这6个多态微卫星座位研究了来自长江水系的四个草鱼群体的遗传结构,结果显示每个群体的平均等位基因数在38与48之间,平均观测杂合度(Ho)在04000与05741之间,平均期望杂合度(HE)在04773与06489之间,有多个座位在不同的群体中偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。遗传距离分析表明四川群体与洞庭湖群体遗传距离最远,而嘉鱼群体与鄱阳湖群体遗传距离较近。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,群体内遗传变异与群体间遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的9560%与440%,固定系数(FST)为0044,这表明长江水系草鱼目前的群体分化很微弱。       

Yangtze finless porpoises along the main channel of Poyang Lake,China: Implications for conservation

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and flows into the Yangtze River. It is a traditional habitat for the endangered Yangtze finless porpoise, which has not been well investigated. To reveal the distribution of the porpoise in Poyang Lake, 12 passive acoustic surveys were conducted along 123 km of the main channel of the lake during different seasons (spring transition season, wet season, autumn transition season, and dry season) from 2008 to 2012. We counted the number of phonating porpoises encountered and calculated the detection rate (encountered individuals detected per kilometer). The median porpoise detection rates ranged from 0 to 0.65 individuals per kilometer during the different surveys. The highest median detection rate of 0.50 was detected in the autumn transition season. The seasonal shrinking of the lake during the dry season may cause a concentration of porpoises in the narrow channels and a high incidence of collisions with cargo ships and fishing boats. Conservation actions should be focused on the main channel of the lake during the dry and transition seasons. In addition, the expansion of the existing reserve to include areas with high porpoise detection rates is necessary.     

禁渔初期鄱阳湖鱼类时空分布特征

研究于2020—2021年使用Simrad EY60鱼探仪对鄱阳湖进行了秋季、春季和冬季共3次的水声学调查,并同步开展渔获物调查作为补充,分析鄱阳湖鱼类资源时空分布变化特征。结果表明:在季节分布上,鱼类目标强度和密度值都存在显著差异(P<0.05),在目标强度上表现为冬季[(–51.0±14.13) dB]>春季[(–52.10±4.59) dB]>秋季[(–52.71±9.95) dB],在鱼类密度上表现为冬季(54.61 ind./1000 m3)>秋季(46.10 ind./1000 m3)>春季(18.54 ind./1000 m3);在水平分布上,鱼类资源空间分布不均且不同湖区间有显著差异(P<0.05),秋季鱼类主要分布在中部湖区松门山,冬季鱼类主要分布在北部湖区通江水道;在垂直分布上,秋季和冬季均表现为底层>中层>表层,春季表现为表层>中层>底层。综合来看,鄱阳湖鱼类时空分布与鱼类的生活习性如产卵、育肥和越冬等因素密切相关。研究结果为从宏观空间尺度分析区域鱼类时空变动特征提供参考,也为鄱阳湖禁捕效果评估及生物完整...     

Preliminary evidence of delayed spawning and suppressed larval growth and condition of the major carps in the Yangtze River below the Three Gorges Dam

Commercial catches of the ‘major carps’ (grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have declined precipitously since construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). To assess specific environmental effects, young-of-the-year major carps were collected below TGD in the Yangtze River at Jianli (larvae) and E’zhou (juveniles) and in the Dongting Lake (juveniles) during June–August 2007. Lapillar otoliths were analyzed to determine early growth. There were no discernible growth increments in otoliths for a majority of the larvae (38 of 63 grass carp and 40 of 47 silver carp), while increments were evident in otoliths formed in the larval stage for all the juveniles, indicating that larvae without discernible increments failed to recruit to the juvenile stage. Back-calculated hatch dates of major carps were between 31 May and 24 July. The initiation of the spawning season was delayed about 1 month compared to pre-TGD records. Larval growth rates, as reflected by otolith-increment width, were lower at Dongting Lake (closer to TGD) than at E’zhou (farther from TGD), indicating that TGD-moderated effects on early growth and development of carps are more apparent for fishes hatched nearer to the dam. The delay in spawning and decreased early growth may partly explain the recent decline of the major carp resources in the middle and lower Yangtze River.     

Changes in abundance of larvae of the four domestic Chinese carps in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China, before and after closing of the Three Gorges Dam

The four domestic Chinese carps, i.e. grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), cast their drifting eggs in the running water of the Yangtze River. In 1997 ~ 2005, a systematic study on the dynamics of the abundance the larvae of the four domestic Chinese carps was performed in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, close to Sanzhou city. It was calculated that in breeding seasons from early May to late June every year the abundance of fry drifting through the section of Sanzhou was 3.59 billion in 1997, 2.75 billion in 1998, 2.15 billion in 1999, 2.85 billion in 2000, 1.90 billion in 2001, 1.90 billion in 2002, 406 million in 2003, 339 million in 2004 and 105 million in 2005 respectively. Several environmental parameters related to the dynamics of larval abundance were also examined simultaneously. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam near Yichang between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River has apparently had a drastic influence on the abundance of fish larvae.