以植物,土壤元素含量评价天津大气环境质量

本文以天津主要绿化植物及土壤受污染的状况来说明不同功能区大气颗粒物污染的程度。结果看出:工业污染区冶炼厂的植物 Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb 的含量都是最高的 Ni、S 的含量也较高。冶炼厂植物重金属含量一般为自然背景值的3—11倍或更高些;其次为商业交通区及公园,Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd 为自然背景值的1.5—3.5倍。其他如文教区、市郊公路、各郊区植物均无明显污染,对照区盘山植物各元素含量都很低。土壤也以工业污染区冶炼厂及东郊化工厂污染最明显,冶炼厂 Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn 在土壤中的含量可为自然背景值的725,348,9,3倍;S 为14倍,而其中 Pb、Cu 大部分以粉尘的状态沉积在土壤表层。商业交通区及公园的污染也较明显,Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn 及 S 可为自然背景值的2—10倍,对照区土壤各元素含量都最低。从植物的气孔受飘尘堵塞所引起的扩散阻力增大的趋势也可看出各功能区飘尘污染的特点,气孔阻力增大的顺序是工业污染区>公园>商业交通区>市郊公路>对照区,这与上述功能区植物和土壤受污染的规律是相符的。     

城市化对植物生长发育的影响

 本文研究了北京市首钢工业区和樱桃沟游览区生态条件的变化及城市化对植物生长发育的影响。两个功能区的气温、相对湿度、降雨量以及雨水、飘尘、植物中的污染物质含量都有很大差异。工业区大多数植物的开花期、结果期比游览区早,而营养结束期延晚;有些植物甚至不能开花、结果;有些虽能正常开花,但花的数量少,结的果实也小等;游览区九种乔木、灌木的叶面积和四种常绿乔木的枝条年生长量都比工业区大0.5—1倍。     

运用气孔阻力监测大气TSP污染及其监测机理研究

在承德市不同功能区测定了９ 种木本植物叶片上下表皮气孔阻力,并在扫描电镜下观察了气孔受颗粒物的影响。结果发现,繁忙道路区和生活居住区气孔阻力很大。９ 种植物上下表皮气孔阻力平均值为１０．５±５．１ ｓ·ｃｍ － １,繁忙道路区植物平均气孔阻力是相对清洁区的２倍以上,个别植物达８ 倍以上。植物上下表皮气孔阴力相差很大,最大相差２５ 倍,一些植物如白蜡树（Ｆｒａｘｉｎｕｓａｍ ｅｒｉｃａｎａ）上表皮气孔阻力太大,仪器测不出。植物气孔阻力与大气ＴＳＰ的关系以下表皮最明显,其中白蜡树和旱柳（Ｓａｌｉｘ ｍ ａｔｓｕｄａｎａ）的相关系数分别达０．９９６８（Ｐ＜０．００１）和０．９９５１（Ｐ＜ ０．００１）,而上表皮除个别植物外相关性较差或没有关系。在扫描电镜下,上表皮颗粒物大小变化于１—９０ μｍ ,有些积累成大型颗粒。繁忙道路区和工业区下表皮受到严重污染,有些气孔部分被堵塞或完全堵塞。研究地区植物气孔大小一般在７—１５ μｍ之间,而颗粒大小为１—９０ μｍ ,这样气孔既能被吸附进气孔孔下室的小型颗粒物（＜ ５ μｍ ）堵塞,又可被大型颗粒物（＞ ３０ μｍ ）所封盖。这两种情况均造成气孔阻力增大,是气孔阻力监测ＴＳＰ污染的主要机理     

30种园林植物对短期大气污染的生理生态反应

 30种2～3年生园林植物分别盆栽于不同污染强度的工业生产区、交通繁忙区和相对清洁区,在第一生长季结束后对各试验区植物叶片气体交换特征参数进行测定,评价了大气污染对不同植物种类的可能影响效果。结果表明：工业污染区和交通繁忙区均有较高的SO2浓度,交通繁忙区NOx浓度明显高于其它试验区。根据综合污染指数,3个试验区污染强度为交通繁忙区>工业污染区>相对清洁区。生长在污染区的大多数植物的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率(E)和气孔导度（gs） 均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类不同而有较大差异。植物Pn、E与gs之间存在显著线性相关关系,表明多数植物能够感应污染胁迫和调节气孔开张度,是植物对胁迫环境的一种适应策略。但是污染胁迫下Pn、E与gs线性相关的显著程度被削弱,表现出污染胁迫下不同植物种类Pn和E的变化与gs变化的不协同性和复杂性。根据Pn下降程度可将植物分组为轻度敏感（11种）、中度敏感（11种）和高度敏感植物（8种）。      

长沙市不同污染程度区域桂花和香樟叶表面PM2.5吸附量及其影响因素

为阐释不同污染程度下城市绿化植物吸滞PM_2.5机理、解析污染物来源,应用气溶胶再发生器定量测定长沙市常见的2种园林绿化树种(桂花和香樟)植物叶片PM_2.5吸附量,同时应用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察了不同污染区(交通区、文教区、清洁区)植被的叶表面微形态特征,使用离子色谱仪测定样品中水溶性离子含量.结果表明: 污染程度与植物叶表面PM_2.5吸附量呈正相关,不同植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量全年均值表现为交通区(0.56±0.04 μg·cm^-2)＞文教区(0.48±0.06 μg·cm^-2)＞清洁区(0.33±0.02 μg·cm^-2),植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量季节变化为冬季(0.70±0.10 μg·cm^-2)＞春季(0.43±0.14 μg·cm^-2)＞秋季(0.39±0.12 μg·cm^-2)＞夏季(0.31±0.09 μg·cm^-2),桂花的单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量大于香樟;污染程度轻的区域的植物叶片比较光滑,污染程度重的区域的叶片较粗糙,植物粗糙度排序为交通区(195.45±16.09 nm)＞文教区(176.99±8.45 nm)＞清洁区(131.88±12.98 nm);不同污染程度地区PM_2.5离子含量均表现为冬季最大,其次是春季和秋季,夏季最低;3个污染区PM_2.5离子成分均以Na⁺、NH₄⁺、Cl^-和Br^-这4种离子为主,不同程度污染区PM_2.5污染均以移动源污染为主.     

长沙市不同污染程度区域桂花和香樟叶表面PM2.5吸附量及其影响因素

为阐释不同污染程度下城市绿化植物吸滞PM_2.5机理、解析污染物来源,应用气溶胶再发生器定量测定长沙市常见的2种园林绿化树种(桂花和香樟)植物叶片PM_2.5吸附量,同时应用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察了不同污染区(交通区、文教区、清洁区)植被的叶表面微形态特征,使用离子色谱仪测定样品中水溶性离子含量.结果表明: 污染程度与植物叶表面PM_2.5吸附量呈正相关,不同植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量全年均值表现为交通区(0.56±0.04 μg·cm^-2)＞文教区(0.48±0.06 μg·cm^-2)＞清洁区(0.33±0.02 μg·cm^-2),植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量季节变化为冬季(0.70±0.10 μg·cm^-2)＞春季(0.43±0.14 μg·cm^-2)＞秋季(0.39±0.12 μg·cm^-2)＞夏季(0.31±0.09 μg·cm^-2),桂花的单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量大于香樟;污染程度轻的区域的植物叶片比较光滑,污染程度重的区域的叶片较粗糙,植物粗糙度排序为交通区(195.45±16.09 nm)＞文教区(176.99±8.45 nm)＞清洁区(131.88±12.98 nm);不同污染程度地区PM_2.5离子含量均表现为冬季最大,其次是春季和秋季,夏季最低;3个污染区PM_2.5离子成分均以Na⁺、NH₄⁺、Cl^-和Br^-这4种离子为主,不同程度污染区PM_2.5污染均以移动源污染为主.     

惠州城市植被的滞尘效应

城市植被对城市环境质量的改善发挥了巨大作用.研究了广东省惠州市不同功能区4种主要绿化乔木(大叶榕、小叶榕、高山榕、紫荆)的滞尘能力,比较了不同功能区叶面降尘的重金属和S含量差异,并利用遥感影像技术估算了惠州城市植被的地面总生物量及叶总生物量,推算了惠州市的总滞尘量.结果表明:在达到饱和之前,4种绿化乔木叶面滞尘量随时间延长而增长,大叶榕、高山榕与紫荆、小叶榕两组植物的滞尘能力存在显著性差异 (p<0.05),滞尘能力差异为1.2～2.44 倍,不同植物滞尘量由大到小排列为:高山榕>大叶榕>小叶榕>紫荆;不同植物滞尘能力的差异尤其与植株的叶面积、叶倾角、枝条硬度、枝条伸展角度等相关.不同功能区植物滞尘量差异显著(p<0.01),4种植物在不同功能区的滞尘总量排序为:工业区>商业交通区>居住区>清洁区.不同功能区植物叶面降尘的重金属和硫含量存在显著性差异(p<0.05),降尘综合污染指数由大到小为:工业区(包括电厂)、商业交通区、居住区、清洁对照区;降尘中重金属含量高负荷.惠州建成区植被的地面生物量为3.2×105 t,叶面积总量为808.4 km2,全年滞尘量达4430.7 t,可去除大气中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、S的量分别为1.63,2.70,5.54,0.04,1.84,19.52 t.     

三种相思植物对短期大气污染的响应

3种2－3年生相思盆栽于代表不同污染程度的交通繁忙区、工业生产区和相对清洁区,4个月后进行植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特征参数的测定。结果表明,生长在污染区的相思植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）和光系统Ⅱ原初光化学效率（Fv／Fm）均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类和污染类型的不同而有差异,不同实验点上大腺相思叶片蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）则维持相对稳定,多花和流苏相思的WUE均以污染环境下较低,根据Pn、gs和Fv/Fm的变化以及实验点上其它植物对应测定值比,推测3种相思植物对大气污染都表现出中等强度的抗性,且多花相思和流苏相思相对好于大腺相思。     

城市行道树对交通环境的响应

以远离交通环境的公园作为相对清洁区,研究了位于广东佛山种植最普遍的8种城市行道树树黄葛榕(FicusvirensAit.var.sublanceolata(Miq.)Corner),大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.),芒果(MangiferaindicaL.),细叶榕(FicusmicrocarpaL.),阴香(Cinnamomumburmanii(Nees)Bl.),垂叶榕(FicusbenjaminaL.),白兰(MicheliaalbaDC.),红花羊蹄甲(BauhiniablakeanaDunn)在交通密集区生长在不同方位的植物器官对交通环境的响应。结果表明,交通密集区的城市行道树的叶片和树皮器官吸收重金属铅和镉、硫含量、电导率和pH值等指标在不同的方位呈现显著的差别,即城市行道树位于快车道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P1)、位于面向人行道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P2)及相对清洁区采集的植物样品(以下简称P0)各指标测定值的分析结果为:其叶片和树皮硫、重金属铅和镉、电导率等特征值基本呈现P1>P2>P0的大小规律,在显著度为0.05时差异显著;而pH值基本呈现P1相似文献   

重金属污染区与非污染区乌苏里风毛菊对铅胁迫的生理抗性

以分布于甘肃徽县重金属污染区和甘南藏族自治州非污染区的乌苏里风毛菊(Saussurea ussuriensis)为研究对象,采用水培试验方法,通过测定和比较其对不同浓度铅胁迫的生理指标,研究了重金属污染区与非污染区乌苏里风毛菊对铅胁迫的生理抗性响应,探究风毛菊属植物对重金属铅的抗性生态适应机制。结果表明:在不同浓度铅胁迫处理下,污染区乌苏里风毛菊叶绿素含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而非污染区乌苏里风毛菊叶绿素含量均呈现下降趋势;污染区与非污染区两个居群乌苏里风毛菊抗氧化酶系的酶活性均呈现先升高再降低的趋势,但污染区乌苏里风毛菊抗性相对较强;污染区与非污染区两个居群乌苏里风毛菊MDA含量均升高,非污染区乌苏里风毛菊MDA含量的上升趋势明显大于污染区种;两个居群乌苏里风毛菊可溶性蛋白含量均减少,其中非污染区乌苏里风毛菊可溶性蛋白含量的减小趋势明显大于污染区种。不同浓度铅胁迫处理下,污染区乌苏里风毛菊这些变化表明其已经产生了适应性抗性进化,形成了重金属抗性生态型。     

Evaluation of Environmental Quality of Atmosphere by Determination of Element content in Plants and Soils in Tianjin

165 plants and 40 soil samples were collected at seven areas in Tianjin. The analysis of sulphur and heavy metals in these samples showed the polluted degree of the air. It is indicated that the plants at smeltery (polluted industry area) contain Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb highest and NJ, S higher. The content of heavy metals in these plants were 3 to 11 times higher than that of the background value. In business-traffic area and park, the amount of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd in the plants were 1.5 to 3.5 times higher than the background value. In the other area, such as culture-education area, road and suburbs, the pollution is not significant, and in the clean area (Panshan), all elements in the plants are the lowest. As to the soils in polluted industry area (Smeltery), the amount of Ph, Cu, Cd, Zn and S was 725, 348, 9, 3 and 14 times higher than that of the background value respectively. Among them, most of Pb, Cu were deposited in surface layer. In soil of business-traffic area, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and S were 2 to 10 times higher than the background value, and in the soil of clean area, all elements are also the lowest. The stomata of plants which were blocked by the particles going down from the air resulted in increase in the stamotal diffusive resistance and the order of the resistance in the different places are as follows: polluted industry areas > parks > business-traffic areas > road > clean areas. These results are in agreement with the polluted state of the plants and soils in above mentioned areas.     

Study on air pollution in Beijing’s major industrial areas using multielements in biomonitors and NAA techniques

Three kinds of plant leaves, Chinese white aspen, arborvitae, and pine needles, have been sampled from the Yanshan Oil refinery complex, the Capital Iron and Steel Factory, and Badachu, a control area in Beijing, as biomonitors for air-pollution studies. Each sample was divided into two parts, washed, and unwashed. Thirty-one trace elements (As, Au, Br, Ca, Cd, K, La, Lu, Mo, Na, Sb, Sm, U, W, Yb, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, Hg, Rb, Sc, Se, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, and Zn) have been determined by using the relative and the K₀ methods of instrumental neutron activation analysis (NAA) techniques. The results indicated the following: (1) The concentration of trace elements in unwashed samples are much higher than these in washed samples; (2) the area around Capital Iron and Steel Factory is heavily polluted, and the Yanshan Oil refinery complex area is moderately polluted; (3) Chinese white aspen is a good biomonitor in particular seasons and pine needles are better than arborvitae for yearly monitoring; (4) elements As, Cd, Hg, Co, Rb, Sb, W, and Zn are highly absorbed by Chinese white aspen. Pine needles are sensitive for the absorption the elements Br, Cr, Cd, Fe, Sc, Cs and rare earth elements, but arborvitae is very sensitive for the absorption of Sr.     

Growth responses and Hyoscyamine content ofDatura innoxia under the influence of coal-smoke pollution

This study evaluated the impact of pollution on growth responses inDatura innoxia. Coal-smoke emissions were produced by the Badarpur Thermal Power Plant in Delhi, India. At the polluted site, the size of roots and leaves as well as the number of branches and leaves per plant increased, but shoot lengths and leaf areas were lower, compared with control plants. The net photosynthesis rate, stomatal resistance, and the amount of pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) were less in pollution-affected plants, while stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration were higher in these plants. Explants from both sites (polluted and non-polluted), grown in vitro on various combinations of auxin (2,4-D, NAA) and cytokinin (BAP, KN), showed the maximum response on a medium containing NAA (0.1 mg L^-1) with BAP (5.0 mg L^-1). Hyoscyamine content was higher in all parts (root, stem, leaf, and regener-ants) of the polluted plants.     

Using Stomatal Resistance Index of Plants to Evaluate the Quality of Atmospheric Environment in Fuzhou

This paper deals with studies on the stomatal resistance of plants in different polluted environment in the Fuzhou region and their use in evaluating the quality of atmospheric environment. The results show that among the seven function areas under investigation, the plants in Mawei, Guantou and Fuzhou have larger stomatal resistance, the average value is 6–7s cm. In Mawei function area, half of the plants have normal stomatal resistance of 2–4s/cm, only in a few industrial-mining and heavy-traffic areas, the stomatal resistance of plants is 6–12s/cm, which is of grade Ⅲ to Ⅱ and exceeds the normal level, indicating that these areas have been lightly polluted. In the other four function areas (Gushan, Tingjiang, Changle, Minhou), the average value of stomatal resistance is 3s/cm, which is of grade Ⅳ or normal. The average value of stomatal resistance in the sixty observation sites is 4.14s/cm, which is a little higher than the normal level. From the stomataJ resistance values we can infer that the stomatal openings of most plants in the Fnzhou region are normal, but the transpiration rate of plants is comparatively low, which is 5.19μgH20 cm-2·s-1 in average. This is due to the moist subtropics climate where the precipitation and vapourization is similar in amount. The stomatal resistance value not only correlates positively with the pollutant contents in leaves, but also conforms to the polluted states of SO2 and TSP. From what we have mentioned above we can conclude that the Fuzhon region is not polluted except for a few industrial-mining, heavy traffic and crowded sightseeing areas which are only lightly polluted. This conclusion is in agreement with that of the local environmental monitoring department, that is, "the present environmental quality of the Fuzhou Economic-Technological Development Region is fine". We believe that it is an ideal means to use stomatal resistance index of plants in evaluating the quality of atmospheric environment.     

The Effect of Potassium Deficiency on Stomatal and Cuticular Resistance in Tea (Camellia sinensis)

The effect of potassium deficiency on cuticular resistance and diurnal variation in stomatal diffusive resistance was studied in tea (Camellia sinensis). The plants were grown in sand and potassium deficiency induced by withholding the supply of potassium. The results showed that during the day potassium-deficient leaves had a higher stomatal diffusive resistance than control leaves. However when solar radiation was reduced by clouds the stomatal diffusive resistance in both control and potassium-deficient leaves was not significantly different. Night opening of stomata was observed in both control and potassium-deficient leaves, but noticeably lower in the latter. Potassium-deficient leaves had a lower cuticular resistance than control leaves.     

Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthetic Rate, and Pigment Content in Ruellia Tuberosa Leaves as Affected by Coal-Smoke Pollution

Study of the effects of air pollution caused by thermal power plant emissions on some foliar traits of Ruellia tuberosa L. has shown that length and width of stomata, length of stomatal pore, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and chlerophyll content were reduced in the polluted plants in pre-flowering, flowering as well as post-flowering phases of plant growth. Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in the palisade tissue was increased at each stage of plant development. Stomatal index remained almost unchanged at the polluted site, except on the adaxial surface during the preflowering stage where it was higher as compared to the non-polluted plants.     

Foliar responses ofPeristrophe bicalyculata to coal smoke pollution

Study of the foliar responses ofPeristrophe bicalyculata (Reth) Nees to the pollution caused by thermal power plant emissions revealed that the stomatal size, pore length, density, and index, as well as the photosynthetic rate and total chlorophyll content were reduced inP. bicalyculata plants at the polluted site in pre-flowering, flowering as well as post-flowering stage of plant growth. Contrary to this, stomatal conductance increased at each stage. The intercellular level of carbon dioxide was raised in the pre-flowering and flowering stages but decreased later at the polluted site.     

Extrastomatal Control of Transpiration in Leaves of Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteus var. Weiko III) after Drought or Abscisic Acid Treatment

Stornata of leaves of non-stressed yellow lupin plants wereclosed with phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) and viscous flow resistanceand apparent diffusive resistance were measured for both leafsurfaces. Viscous flow resistance was proportional to the ythpower of apparent diffusive resistance with y = 1.19 ±0.10 for the upper surface and y = 1.58 ± 0.11 for thelower surface, i.e. viscous flow resistance changed faster thanapparent diffusive resistance. However, in three separate experiments where lupin plants werewatered with 10^–4 M abscisic acid (ABA) for 1 week, they values were between 0.29 and 0.59 for the upper surface andbetween 0.18 and 1.00 for the lower surface. Similarly, drought-hardened plants showed y values between 0.45and 0.52 for the upper surface, and between 0.43 and 0.88 forthe lower surface. Both ABA. and drought-induced changes iny values were statistically different from PMA results at the1% confidence level. Upon rewatering, drought-stressed plants and ABA-treated plantsrecovered within 2 and 5 d respectively. Thus with both treatments there was a considerable increasein apparent diffusive resistance (and thus a decrease in transpiration)which could not be accounted for by a comparable increase inviscous flow resistance (i.e. stomatal closure). These results suggest that drought stress and ABA treatmentcause an extrastomatal resistance to transpiration in the leavesof yellow lupin plants.