辽宁地区迁飞黏虫种群动态与发生规律研究

为揭示沈阳和岫岩地区迁飞黏虫种群动态规律,本研究利用高空探照灯对迁入和迁出黏虫种群进行了监测,基于气象数据对2017-2018年沈阳和岫岩地区黏虫蛾发生时间、峰期和虫源性质进行了分析,旨在为黏虫灾害预防和异地测报提供参考。结果表明,辽宁地区黏虫蛾发生主要有2个峰期,一代蛾均为外地迁入种群,二代蛾羽化后随气流迁出。沈阳和岫岩两地均位于我国黏虫蛾南北往返迁飞路径之上。沈阳地区监测到黏虫蛾首发日期为5月11日,迁入期为5月中旬至6月上旬,峰期出现在5月底至6月上旬末;二代蛾迁出时期从7月上旬持续至8月上旬结束;三代蛾发生期不规整,8月中旬至9月中旬均有黏虫蛾上灯活动。岫岩地区监测的一代蛾发生期为5月底至6月上旬,迁出时期从7月中旬至8月中旬。降雨等气象活动是导致辽宁地区三代黏虫高发的重要原因,黏虫高发风险是东北北部地区种群南迁过境辽宁时相继迫降和本地外迁受阻种群共同繁殖的结果。     

云南白马雪山小地老虎蛾迁飞观察

本文报道了小地考虑蛾迁飞活动与气候因子能源物质的相互关系。1985-1988年在云南白马雪山进行了三个全年的小地考虑蛾迁飞动态的系统观察,并测定比较了不同虫源的脂肪含量。结果表明,白马雪山一年有5次迁飞蛾峰。迁飞蛾种群动态与温度、湿度、降水、风速、气压和高空50000帕的西南及北风气流有密切关系。不同虫源的雌蛾脂肪含量差异显著,迁出型含量最高,本地型次之,迁飞过境型又次于前者,迁入型含量最低。     

东北二代粘虫大发生机制:1978年个例分析

【目的】迁入我国东北地区的粘虫繁殖一代后,新羽化的成虫将外迁他地,但某些年份因某种特殊的天气过程而滞留当地,形成当地的2代种群并造成严重危害,如1978年。阐明种群滞留的关键因子和大发生种群的形成机制,是实现东北2代粘虫准确预测和及时防治的前提。【方法】根据东北三省的虫情资料,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和WRF模式输出的大气背景场,对1978年东北地区粘虫蛾盛期的种群动态和迁飞过程进行逐日分析。【结果】(1)因副热带高压稳定偏北导致发蛾峰期东北地区盛行西南风,东北2代粘虫蛾无法向南回迁至关内华北地区,而是向北迁飞;(2)当年黑龙江2代粘虫大发生,其虫源是由当地1代羽化后在当地的存留或迁出成虫蛾又折返黑龙江以及辽宁与吉林两省2代成虫的迁入造成;(3)蛾峰期黑龙江上空气旋的频繁活动、强对流天气的持续出现以及丰富的降水是造成当地虫源滞留和迁入虫源降落与滞留的原因。【结论】东北1代粘虫蛾迁出期的西南大风和大范围强降水使大量迁出种群和过境种群集中滞留在三江平原而形成大发生种群,造成东北2代粘虫1978年在黑龙江的暴发。     

温、湿度综合效应对粘虫蛾飞行能力的影响

采用D—饱和最优理论设计系统研究了不同温、湿度组合对粘虫蛾飞行能力的影响以及其与不同蛾龄、性别成虫飞行能力之间的关系。拟合的5日龄蛾吊飞12h的飞行距离与温、湿度的回归方程式为：Y^＝60．20-16．53X1 1．99X2—26．98X1^2-7．03X2^2—0．64X1X2(Y^代表飞行距离(km),Xl代表温度编码值,X2代表相对湿度编码值)。粘虫蛾飞行的最适温、湿度分别为18．1℃、69．7％RH,适于成虫飞行的适宜温度范围为18—26℃,相对湿度范围为55％-75％,高于或低于这些范围,成虫飞行能力便会受到不利的影响,并且温度对粘虫蛾飞行的影响要比湿度大。这与单因素试验(温度或湿度)结果基本一致。成虫飞行能力受温、湿度影响程度会因蛾龄及性别而异,高日龄成虫在高温、低湿的条件下飞行能力较低日龄成虫弱。雌蛾在高温条件下的飞行能力比雄蛾强,而雄蛾在不适宜的湿度条件下飞行能力较雌蛾强。     

云南省褐飞虱早期迁入虫源及其发生大气背景分析

为了探明我国西南稻区褐飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地,为后期预测和防治提供依据,通过对2007—2016年云南植保站4—5月份褐飞虱虫情进行分析,选取出云南省勐海、芒市、江城、师宗、麻栗坡、广南6个代表性站点,利用WRF-FlexPart耦合模式对2013年、2015年和2016年这些站点的早期迁入峰进行了数值模拟,得到近年来云南省褐飞虱早期迁入虫源的虫源地。选取了2013年褐飞虱早期迁入量较大的迁入峰进行了大气背景分析,结合峰期影响褐飞虱迁飞的大气动力场、温度场和相对湿度场,探讨了影响云南省褐飞虱早期迁入的大气背景。研究结果表明:(1)近年来云南省褐飞虱迁入的虫源主要来自缅甸,部分来自老挝和泰国,少数来自越南,还有极少量来自孟加拉国。(2)这一时期,当释放高度分别为1500、2000 m时,褐飞虱的迁飞高度分别集中在2216 m和2489 m,平均迁飞高度分别是2167、2454 m,从不同释放高度回推的褐飞虱迁飞高度的起伏趋势具有较好的一致性,表明模式能较好地反映系统性垂直气流和下垫面起伏对其上层三维流场和种群迁飞的影响。(3)选取2013年5月22—26日发生在云南勐海、麻栗坡和广南的一次典型褐飞虱迁入过程,分析了大气背景场对褐飞虱迁飞的影响,结果显示:受印缅低压控制或影响,高空从境外虫源区至云南降虫区有西南水平气流作为种群输送动力;温场在降虫区东北侧有"低温屏障墙"存在,阻止了种群的继续北迁;垂直速度场上虫源区有上升气流促使种群起飞迁出,降虫区有下沉气流促使种群降落;弱降水形成的拖曳下沉气流对降虫也十分有利;相对湿度场对此次迁飞过程不形成任何胁迫。     

小地老虎迁出与迁入区成虫种群动态的分析

小地老虎是一种远距离迁飞害虫。通过对成虫种群消长资料的分析表明,在我国境内的越冬基地,成虫种群具有两次(冬、春季)出现高峰;春季蛾量较高,其消长为典型的先坡后陡型。在一代为害区,成虫种群常有三次出现峰(春、夏、秋季);春季成虫均为迁入蛾,其消长为先陡后坡型;夏季蛾蜂高而蛾期短,消长动态属先坡后陡型。影响成虫种群消长的主要原因为虫源及性质、蛾子迁飞特性、气温与天气等。     

粘虫迁飞的种群动态监测与夜间扑灯节律研究

【目的】明确北京北部山区粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)的种群动态和扑灯规律,探索粘虫的早期监测预警技术。【方法】2011年,在北京延庆利用时控开关控制探照灯诱虫器对粘虫的种群动态进行监测,并对整夜诱虫数量自动分时段取样。获得逐日种群动态数据和相关的生物学参数,使用Grads分析粘虫数量与空中风场的关系。【结果】全年诱集粘虫蛾9 699头,单日诱蛾最高1 366头。全年诱蛾可分为3个世代,各个世代种群均由多个高峰组成,并非陆续增加。性比分析发现雌虫数量显著多于雄虫。分时段数据显示粘虫整夜的扑灯节律可分为迁入型、迁出型或本地繁殖型、过境型和迁入迁出混合型。风场分析表明,诱虫高峰与空中风场偏南气流的频率与持续时间高度一致。【结论】北京延庆全年发生粘虫3个世代,二代幼虫造成的危害最大。一代和二代诱蛾数与空中是否存在偏南气流密切相关。雌虫可能具有更强的迁飞能力。对粘虫扑灯节律数据深入分析,可为迁飞种群是否在本地降落繁殖提供参考依据。     

贵阳地区白背飞虱的越冬及迁飞的观察

白背飞虱在我省常大发生,给水稻造成严重的为害。 本文根据1979—1981年在贵州省贵阳地区进行白背飞虱越冬及迁飞的观察结果,用大量新事实证明白背飞虱是迁飞的害虫。其迁飞规律为:春季白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流由西南迁入;夏季白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流往东北迁出,与此同时也有白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流由东南或西南迁入的;秋季白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流由东北迁入(回迁),与此同时也有白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流往西南迁出的。 本文还探讨了有关白背飞虱迁飞的一些问题。     

东北二代粘虫大发生机制:1980年个例分析

【目的】1980年东北地区1代粘虫在黑龙江大发生,1代成虫羽化盛期也诱到大量的粘虫蛾,但2代粘虫在黑龙江省却并没有大发生,而在吉林省大发生。那么,黑龙江1代成虫迁往何处?吉林省2代粘虫大发生虫源又来自何方?本文通过解析1980年东北粘虫1代成虫的迁入迁出动态和大发生种群的形成过程,为粘虫间歇性猖獗的预测和治理提供依据。【方法】基于WRF模式输出的高分辨率大气背景场,通过轨迹分析和天气学背景分析,阐释1980年东北粘虫1代蛾盛期的发生过程和迁飞动态及其大发生种群的形成机制。【结果】1980年吉林省1代粘虫蛾盛期受东北气旋降水的影响,1代成虫无法成功外迁而滞留,加之从黑龙江迁出的粘虫蛾南迁过程中亦遇雨而迫降吉林,最终导致当年吉林2代粘虫的暴发。此外,由于副热带高压位置偏南,高压中心7月第6候南移到东北平原而盛行偏北气流,辽宁省有一定比例的南迁粘虫蛾能跨海进入山东、河北。【结论】无法成功外迁而滞留(包括迁出后由于轨迹回旋或天气迫降等最终仍在东北境内降落)是东北2代粘虫暴发的根本原因。     

玉米螟与粘虫发蛾期同步现象的探讨

本文通过对玉米螟和粘虫蛾量序列的相关分析和t测验及两种雌蛾性比变化一致性和卵巢发育进度近似性的分析,阐明了玉米螟与粘虫发蛾同步规律,为玉米螟的迁飞研究提供了线索。     

稻纵卷叶螟对性信息素和花香的嗅觉行为反应及在其种群监测中的应用

[目的]明确稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis生理状态对性信息素和花香气味的嗅觉行为反应的影响,以及在田间性信息素和花香气味诱蛾量的动态.[方法]于2020年在广西、湖南、浙江、四川5个试验点,通过田间网捕、花香气味和性信息素诱捕稻纵卷叶螟成虫,结合解剖卵巢和精巢,比较性信息素和花香诱捕的基本迁...     

草地螟寄生蝇与寄主间的关系及控害作用

草地螟寄生蝇是草地螟Loxotego stictialisL.的重要天敌,但其发生种类、控害作用尚不明确。通过室内饲养,结合历年田间调查对康保县草地螟寄生蝇种类、田间分布、寄生率及消长规律进行研究,结果表明康保县草地螟寄生蝇发生种类有5种。田间呈聚集分布,种群数量大,寄生率高,控害作用显著。对开展草地螟预测预报,保护利用天敌资源和综合治理提供了科学依据。     

Bottom-up and top-down effects in a tritrophic system: the population dynamics of Plutella xylostella (L.)–Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) on different host plants

Abstract.  1. The effects of host-plant resistance on the population dynamics of the Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., and its solitary parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), were studied in replicated time-series experiments.
2. Host-plant resistance did not affect the equilibrial abundance of the Diamondback moth, but it affected the dynamics of Diamondback moth populations.
3. The mean population size of Diamondback moth showed no significant difference between Brassica rapa (a susceptible host plant) and Brassica napus (a partially resistant host plant) either in the presence or absence of the parasitoid.
4. Time-series analysis suggests that the dynamics of Diamondback moth on B. rapa were underpinned by delayed density-dependent processes. In contrast, the dynamics of the moth on B. napus were influenced by a direct density-dependent process.
5. Although measures of short-term parasitism showed a significantly higher rate of parasitism by C. plutellae on Diamondback moth feeding on B. napus compared with B. rapa , this individual performance does not translate into differences in the population dynamics. Analysis shows no significant difference in the persistence time of the population-level interaction between the host and parasitoid on the two different host plants.     

Natural enemies and environmental factors affecting the population dynamics of the gypsy moth

The population densities of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar; Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) may reach outbreak levels that pose considerable economic and environmental impacts to forests in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. Compared with the situation in its native European range feeding damage by gypsy moth is often found to be more severe in North America and other parts of the world. Thus, the release from natural enemies can be interpreted as an important cause for high feeding damages. Natural enemies, especially parasitoids, can cause delayed density‐dependent mortality, which may be responsible for population cycles. In North America where only few parasitoids have been introduced and the parasitism rates are considerably lower than in Europe, generalist predators play a larger role than in Europe. Many other factors seem to influence the population dynamics of the gypsy moth such as the host plants and weather. Nevertheless, much of the variability in population densities of the gypsy moth may be attributed to interacting effects of weather conditions and attack by natural enemies. In spite of the considerable number of studies on the ecology and population dynamics of the gypsy moth and the impact of their natural enemies, more quantitative information is required to predict the population dynamics of this pest species and to control its economic and ecologic impact.     

Consequences of asymmetric competition between resident and invasive defoliators: A novel empirically based modelling approach

Invasive species can have profound effects on a resident community via indirect interactions among community members. While long periodic cycles in population dynamics can make the experimental observation of the indirect effects difficult, modelling the possible effects on an evolutionary time scale may provide the much needed information on the potential threats of the invasive species on the ecosystem. Using empirical data from a recent invasion in northernmost Fennoscandia, we applied adaptive dynamics theory and modelled the long term consequences of the invasion by the winter moth into the resident community. Specifically, we investigated the outcome of the observed short-term asymmetric preferences of generalist predators and specialist parasitoids on the long term population dynamics of the invasive winter moth and resident autumnal moth sharing these natural enemies. Our results indicate that coexistence after the invasion is possible. However, the outcome of the indirect interaction on the population dynamics of the moth species was variable and the dynamics might not be persistent on an evolutionary time scale. In addition, the indirect interactions between the two moth species via shared natural enemies were able to cause asynchrony in the population cycles corresponding to field observations from previous sympatric outbreak areas. Therefore, the invasion may cause drastic changes in the resident community, for example by prolonging outbreak periods of birch-feeding moths, increasing the average population densities of the moths or, alternatively, leading to extinction of the resident moth species or to equilibrium densities of the two, formerly cyclic, herbivores.     

粘虫飞行对生殖及寿命的影响

该文报道了粘虫Mythimna separata（Walker）成虫飞行后产卵、交配及寿命的研究结果。1日龄成虫飞行6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h后的产卵前期均显著短于对照的,其中飞行6 h、12 h的比对照的短2天以上,产卵量均比对照的高。对1～5日龄成虫分别飞行23.5 h后的研究结果表明,1日龄飞行的产卵前期和上述结果相一致。2～4日龄飞行的与对照的没有显著差异,但产卵量则随飞行日龄的延迟而逐渐减少。5日龄飞行的产卵前期显著延长,产卵量已不到对照的一半。所有经过飞行的成虫产卵高峰日比对照的早1天。不同日龄成虫飞行时间、距离与成虫产卵量的关系为：1～3日龄飞行时间、距离长的个体产卵量也高;但4～5日龄的成虫飞行时间与距离越长,其产卵量越少,表现出明显的卵子发生飞行拮抗症(oogenesis-flight syndrome)。除了5日龄飞行的成虫交配率有所下降以外,所有经过飞行的成虫产卵历期、交配率及寿命与对照的没有显著差异。最后,根据这些结果,对粘虫迁飞的起飞时期,迁飞在粘虫生殖、种群动态及成灾规律中的作用进行了讨论。     

樟翠尺蛾种群动态与植物群落结构及气候因子的关系

在昆虫种群的研究中,Ｇｉｅｉｒ和Ｃｌａｒｋ等曾经提出生命系统的基本概念[1,2],认为生命系统由一个对象种群和作用于这个种群的环境所组成。控制昆虫种群增长的有密度制约因子(如食源)和非密度制约因子(如气候环境)。昆虫和植物之间的关系,历来是生态学研究的重要领域。通过长期的定点监测,研究某种昆虫种群动态与各种生态因子之间的关系,不仅可揭示动物和植物及环境之间互相影响的关系,对保护生物学理论的某些方面将有所发展,而且可为林业生产和环保工作提供如何应用生态学原理控制虫害,保护生物多样性和维护生态平衡的理论依据。樟翠尺…     

Tests of the role of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the population dynamics of its host,douglas-fir tussock moth,Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Summary Outbreaks of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), have recurred periodically, at 7- to 10-year intervals, since the first recorded observation in 1916 in Chase, British Columbia, Canada. Anderson and May (1981) hypothesized that microparasites are responsible for the periodic population fluctuations of some defoliating insects. We chose the association between the Douglas-fir tussock moth and a viral disease, caused by a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), to test whether their model, and variants thereof, can predict the observed population cycles. Density-dependent mortality, vertical transmission of the virus and an incubation period were added to the free-living stages model of Anderson and May (1981). Parameter values for the models were derived from published data and from an experiment.Sensitivity analyses conducted for each model showed that none of the models generated the behavior of the Douglas-fir tussock moth as observed in the field. Thus, the periodicity of the outbreaks in field populations of tussock moths cannot be explained solely by the dynamics of the viral disease as described by Anderson and May's class of models; the virus is too short-lived and the growth rate of the insect population too high. Dynamics of other system components such as predators, parasites or food of the tussock moth probably play a significant role in the insect's population dynamics.