浑河上游不同类型农户氮负荷特征

选取浑河上游大伙房水库上游的小流域为研究区域,对农户氮素非点源污染特征进行了分析.根据氮素流动的特点,将农户分为养殖型农户、蔬菜种植户、传统种植户3种类型.氮素污染负荷顺序为:养殖型农户(348 ±76 kg·hm-2·a-1)＞蔬菜种植户(307±127kg·hm-2·a-1)＞传统种植户(213±126 kg·hm-2·a-1).不同农户农田氮损失量的大小顺序为:蔬菜种植户(256±21 kg hm-2·a-1)＞养殖型农户( 188±52 kg·hm-2·a-1)＞传统种植户(168±65 kg·hm-2·a-1).表明,该地区的蔬菜种植户、养殖型农户对水体质量影响较大,是氮素非点源污染重点防治对象.在农户氮排放中,居民生活排放的氮素占28%,农田氮损失占72%,说明农田是主要的氮污染源,但居民生活的氮素污染也不可忽视.该研究范围内最佳氮循环的临界值为395.5 kg hm-2·a-1,此时的总流动量是1883.3 kg·hm-2·a-1,氮素输出是376.7 kg·hm-2·a-1.     

太湖一级保护区非点源磷污染的定量化研究

采用田间实验与实地调查相结合的方法,研究了太湖一级保护区武进市雪堰镇水稻季节各种类型非点源磷污染的负荷分配情况。结果表明,雪堰镇各种类型农业非点源污染中,农田磷排放总量为1313kg,占排放总量的56．2％;农村居民磷排放总量为442kg,占排放总量的18．9％;城镇居民磷排放总量为518kg．占排放总量的22．2％;养殖业磷排放总量为62kg,占排放总量的2．7％．在当前的非点源磷污染治理中,除采取有力措施控制农田养分外,对于城镇和农村居民生活污水和人粪尿的排放也应引起重视。     

石头口门水库流域土地利用／覆被变化对非点源污染负荷的影响

应用L-THIA (Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment )模型,模拟吉林省石头口门水库流域1986 年至2000 年的非点源污染负荷,定量评价土地利用/覆被变化对非点源污染负荷的影响.研究结果表明:1 )1986 ～2000 年期间,研究区土地利用/覆被变化的主要特点为:水田和旱田增加,草地和裸地减少;土地利用/覆被变化对非点源污染负荷的影响非常显著;2 )1986年、1995 年、2000 年三个时段内研究区各非点源污染负荷呈现先增加后减少的趋势,泥沙和总氮的变化幅度较大,总磷的变化幅度相对较小;整个研究时段内表现为总磷的变化幅度大于泥沙和总氮;3 )农田、林地、居民地的变化对非点源污染负荷影响明显,属于非点源污染的敏感区,其面积的较小变化均可引起污染负荷的较大变动;4 )林地和草地转化为农田导致各非点源污染物负荷均增加,其中草地转化为农田的区域较小(5 km2 ),但导致总磷污染增加了255.52 kg ;农田变为居民地和林地导致污染负荷减少,林地转化为草地使得泥沙、总磷污染增加,总氮污染减少.     

厦门市海岸带水污染负荷估算及预测

综合采用灰色模型、曲线回归等预测方法,建立了基于厦门市海岸带特征的主要污染源水污染负荷估算及预测模型,并采用厦门市历年统计数据对模型加以验证.对厦门市近岸海域近10年的废水和主要污染物质排放量估算的结果表明:万元产值工业废水排放量呈逐年下降的趋势,而各污染物的排放总量却逐年缓慢增长;在点源污水排放总量预测中,约76%的氮、磷来自于生活污水;在非点源污染负荷中,农业非点源中的氮、磷负荷占较大比例,城市非点源污染负荷比例最小.2005年厦门海岸带各污染源产生的氮污染负荷大小比较结果为:生活污染源>农业非点源>工业污染源>旅游业污染源>城市非点源,磷污染负荷则为:农业非点源>生活污染源>工业污染源>旅游业污染源>城市非点源.     

鄱阳湖流域泥沙流失及吸附态氮磷输出负荷评估

水土流失是吸附态氮磷输出负荷的主要方式,也是非点源污染评估的重要环节。鄱阳湖流域水土流失及其所带来的泥沙和吸附态氮磷等营养盐将直接影响到鄱阳湖的生态功能,进而影响着长江中下游水环境安全。科学估算鄱阳湖赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修河等五大流域的土壤侵蚀量和吸附态氮、磷的输出负荷,将为鄱阳湖流域农业非点源污染控制及鄱阳湖生态建设和环境保护提供理论依据。以2007年全国第一次农业污染源普查数据和2007年江西省土壤质量调查数据为基础,利用RUSLE方程和GIS的空间统计功能,对江西省境内鄱阳湖流域的土壤侵蚀量和吸附态氮、吸附态磷的输出负荷进行估算。结果表明：基于RUSLE得到的2007年鄱阳湖五大流域输沙模数比较可信,鄱阳湖流域内泥沙、吸附态氮、吸附态磷的年输出负荷分别为1245183t、3383t和73t,其中赣江流域吸附态氮磷的年输出负荷最大,占鄱阳湖全流域的58.1%,抚河、饶河、信江、修河等分别占11.2%、7.2%、11.3%和12.2%。与流域内农业污染源总氮、总磷排放量相比较,尽管流域尺度内泥沙的输出负荷相对较大,但吸附态氮、磷的输出负荷较小,应该不是鄱阳湖水污染中总氮和总磷等营养盐的主要来源。     

苕溪流域非点源污染特征及其影响因子

应用土壤水体评价模型（SWAT）对苕溪流域径流量、泥沙、营养盐负荷进行模拟计算,分析了2008年苕溪流域非点源污染的时空分布特性.结果表明：苕溪流域非点源污染单位面积产生量表现为北部高于南部、东部高于西部、中部地区最少;耕地是泥沙和污染物产生的主要来源,其单位面积负荷远大于其他土地利用类型;产流量、产沙量与降水量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,雨季(6-9月)的营养盐输出大于旱季(12月至次年3月);平均坡度与泥沙负荷、有机氮负荷及硝态氮负荷呈显著相关关系（P<0.05）.     

基于大气沉降与径流的乌鲁木齐河源区氮素收支模拟

选取天山乌鲁木齐河源区作为自然状态下内陆河源区的代表,将区域氮循环简化为大气沉降输入与径流输出,模拟了该区域内的氮素收支状况,得出结论:(1)乌鲁木齐河源区(总控制水文点以上区域)的年均氮素干湿沉降量为17.0 t/a,且以有机氮为主,其次为铵态氮与硝态氮;年均氮素沉降通量为5.92 kg·hm-2·a-1,明显小于下游受人类活动影响更为强烈的地区。(2)河源区氮素的径流输出主要包括大气沉降直接随径流流失、冰川融水流失与泥沙输移流失等,在总控制水文点以上区域以泥沙输移为主,其次为大气沉降直接随径流流失,冰川融水携带氮量相对较少。(3)河源区氮素的输入量普遍小于输出量,该区域表现为一个氮源;在仅计算大气沉降与径流的情况下,总控制水文点以上区域的年均氮素净通量为-2.64 kg·hm-2·a-1,若将生物固氮与反硝化作用纳入考虑则氮源效应更加显著。     

太湖上游不同类型过境水氮素污染状况

利用GPS定位,在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,对地处太湖上游宜兴地区受农田径流、农村生活污水、水产养殖和畜禽养殖污水污染的过境水体氮素污染状况进行了调查,对不同类型水体中不同形态氮浓度的季节性变化特征进行了分析,比较了不同类型水体的15N自然丰度.结果表明:不同类型过境水氮素污染严重,人为影响强烈,不同的农业生产和人类活动具有不同的污染特征;受农田径流影响的河流,水体受铵态氮污染的风险较小,受硝态氮的污染较重;农村居民区河流主要受农村生活污水影响,水体铵态氮负荷较高;畜禽养殖场附近的河流受养殖污水的影响,水体的氮素污染最为严重,尤其是铵态氮负荷最高;相比之下,养殖鱼塘水体总氮最低,主要以有机氮为主;水体氮素污染受河流季节性环境演变的影响,表现为夏季浓度最低,冬季浓度最高;农田施肥是太湖氮污染的主要来源,但在丰水期生活污水和畜禽养殖废水也会成为太湖重要的污染源.     

农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准——以江苏省宜兴市为例

农田氮素流失引起的非点源污染已成为国内外农田生态环境资源可持续利用及农业可持续发展的瓶颈,对其进行有效控制愈显迫切.对非点源污染的控制不能简单地照搬点源污染的方法,须针对非点源污染本身具有的强烈外部性及复杂、广泛、不易监测等特征,探究与非点源污染特征规律相对应的对策.生态补偿作为应对全球生态危机和环境污染的一种公共政策工具,对于内化外部效应具有良好的效果.以农户减少一定程度的氮肥施用量获得政府补偿为切入点,论证了农户减少氮肥用量到最佳生态经济施氮量是获得补偿的依据;以宜兴市为实证对象,运用意愿调查评估法和成本-收益法相结合的方式测算了农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准.研究表明:(1)宜兴市主要粮食生产的最佳生态经济施氮量为375.6 kg/hm2,农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿额度理论值为620.0-7098.0元/hm2;(2)68.3％的受访农户愿意接受补偿而减少氮肥用量,受偿意愿与种田经验、受教育程度等因素正相关;(3)愿意接受补偿的农民中50.7％选择氮肥量减少到最佳生态经济施氮量,农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿标准为620.0元/hm2.     

中国东北地区非点源污染研究进展

为掌握东北地区非点源污染研究动态和明确研究中存在的问题和不足,对近20年（1991-2008年）东北地区有关非点源污染研究成果进行检索、分类和统计分析,以便更好地进行区域水环境治理和污染防治.东北地区非点源污染研究总体呈增加趋势;研究内容包括水环境污染源调查分析与评价、污染负荷量化、机理探索、模型模拟和污染防治5类;研究对象包括氮、磷、泥沙、农药和重金属;经验方法估算污染负荷较多,机理模型应用成功实例较少;研究性论文中以农业非点源污染较多,城市非点源污染较少;治理措施停留在水土保持措施层面上,缺乏对水土保持措施的优选评价和对最佳管理措施的评价研究.目前,东北地区非点源污染研究处在理论探索阶段,非点源污染是否是主要污染源还存在争议.今后应着力于措施应用、评价和基础数据收集及区域非点源污染物的确定和污染负荷的量化研究;尝试新技术和多领域交叉合作,为区域水环境治理提供科学依据.     

Glycogen synthesis from pyruvate in the periportal and from glucose in the perivenous zone in perfused livers from fasted rats

The isolated liver of 24 h fasted rats was perfused in a non-recirculating manner in the orthograde or retrograde direction with media containing glucose and/or gluconeogenic precursors. Glycogen formation was determined biochemically and demonstrated histochemically. With glucose as the only exogenous substrate glycogen was formed exclusively in the perivenous area during both orthograde and retrograde perfusion. With gluconeogenic precursors as the exogenous substrates glycogen was deposited in the periportal zone during orthograde perfusion and in the intermediate zone during retrograde perfusion. Supply of glucose and gluconeogenic substrates initiated glycogen synthesis only in the upstream region, i.e. in the periportal zone during orthograde and in the perivenous zone during retrograde perfusion. This localization of glycogen synthesis was probably due to an unavoidable, insufficient oxygen supply of the respective downstream area. In general, the results confirm the hypothesis that periportal and perivenous glycogen was synthesized from different substrates.     

Acanthocefalan eggs in animal coprolites from archaeological sites from Brazil

An important point in paleoparasitology is the correct diagnosis of the origin of coprolites found in archaeological sites. The identification of human and animal coprolites, through the study of the shape, size, characteristics after rehydration, alimentary contents, and the presence of parasites, has proved to be accurate for human coprolites. For non-human ones we compared coprolites with recent faeces of animals collected near the archaeological sites, following the methodology above mentioned. In this paper anteaters coprolites (Tamandua tetradactyla; Myrmecophaga tridactyla) with eggs of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Archiancanthocephala; Gigantorynchidae) were identified.     

Extrapolations from species to species and from various cell types in assessing risks from chemical mutagens

Strategies for estimating human mutation frequencies can be based on extrapolations of dose: mutation ratios in other species.     

Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts Derived from Suspension Cultures in Leymus racemosus

Calli initiated from mature embryos of Leymus racemosus (Lam. Tzvel. =L. giganteus were transferred onto the AA and DM media to produce friable embryogenic callus,from which embryogenic suspension cultures were established. Protoplasts were isolated from the embryogenic suspension cultures and were cultured either in thin-layer liquid medium or in double-layer (agar/liquid) medium. When visible calli were formed they were transferred onto the NBI agar medium or into the MBL liquid medium for further proliferation. These calli were transferred onto differentiation media of NBII and NR, where green spots were developed. Plants with both shoots and roots can be recovered from these green spots on MS Ⅱ medium containing 0.5 mg/L NAA. The results showed that the Km8p basal medium was favourable to the culture of L. racemosus protoplasts during the early stages of culture. In addition, the composition of the media added to the cultures had a marked influence on the growth of protoplasts, indicating that the nutritional requirements in this plant were different at various stages of protoplast growth and differentiation.     

Glycogen synthesis from glucose and fructose in hepatocytes from diabetic rats

In rat hepatocytes, the basal glycogen synthase activation state is decreased in the fed and diabetic states, whereas glycogen phosphorylase a activity decreases only in diabetes. Diabetes practically abolishes the time- and dose-dependent activation of glycogen synthase to glucose especially in the fed state. Fructose, however, is still able to activate this enzyme. Glycogen phosphorylase response to both sugars is operative in all cases. Cell incubation with the combination of 20 mM glucose plus 3 mM fructose produces a great activation of glycogen synthase and a potentiated glycogen deposition in both normal and diabetic conditions. Using radiolabeled sugars, we demonstrate that this enhanced glycogen synthesis is achieved from both glucose and fructose even in the diabetic state. Therefore, the presence of fructose plays a permissive role in glycogen synthesis from glucose in diabetic animals. Glucose and fructose increase the intracellular concentration of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose reduces the concentration of ATP. There is a close correlation between the ratio of the intracellular concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate and ATP (G6-P/ATP) and the activation state of glycogen synthase in hepatocytes from both normal and diabetic animals. However, for any given value of the G6-P/ATP ratio, the activation state of glycogen synthase in diabetic animals is always lower than that of normal animals. This suggests that the system that activates glycogen synthase (synthase phosphatase activity) is impaired in the diabetic state. The permissive effect of fructose is probably exerted through its capacity to increase the G6-P/ATP ratio which may partially increase synthase phosphatase activity, rendering glycogen synthase active.     

Decline in mortality from coronary heart disease in Finland from 1969 to 1979.

The trends in mortality from coronary heart disease in the 1970s and the differences in trends between counties within Finland were calculated from official mortality statistics among the population aged 35 to 64 years. During this period coronary mortality declined by a mean of 1.1% for men and 2.3% for women annually in the whole of Finland. A community based cardiovascular control programme was started in 1972 in North Karelia, a county in the east of Finland. The decline in coronary mortality in this county between 1969 and 1979 was 24% in men and 51% in women. The decline in the rest of Finland over the same period was 12% in men and 24% in women. The decline in North Karelia was greater than that in other counties of Finland for both men and women and that difference exceeded random variation, with over 95% likelihood for both sexes. Even with adjustment for rates before 1974 with cross-county multiple regression analyses the difference persisted. Although further studies are needed, the changes in coronary mortality in North Karelia suggest that the preventive programme has been effective.