Accumulation of metals and metalloids in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) irrigated with domestic wastewater in the peri-urban areas of Khushab City,Pakistan

Accumulation of different metals and metalloids was assessed in two vegetables radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) irrigated with domestic wastewater in the peri-urban areas of Khushab City, Pakistan. In general, the metal and metalloid concentrations in radish and spinach were higher at site-II treated with sewage water than those found at site-I treated with canal water. In case of radish at both sites the levels of metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, and Pb) were below the permissible level except those of Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, and Pb. At both sites, the transfer factor ranged from 0.047–228.3 mg kg^?1 with Cr having the highest transfer factor. The metal pollution index in soil was in the following order: As > Fe > Ni > Zn > Cd > Mo > Se > Co > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cu, respectively. While in case of spinach at both sites, the concentrations of metals and metalloids in vegetable samples irrigated with canal and sewage water were observed below the permissible level except Mn, Ni, Zn, Mo, and Pb. At both sites, the transfer factor ranged from 0.038–245.4 mg kg^?1 with Cr having the highest transfer factor. The metal pollution index in soil was in the following order: Cd > Ni > Co > Se > Mn > Zn > Mo > Pb > Fe > Cr > As > Cu, respectively.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetable from sewage water: Implications for populace health

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the levels of metals and metalloids in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) irrigated with city wastewater. Soil and vegetable samples from two different sites irrigated with wastewater were wet-digested and analyzed. Arsenic (As) was found higher at both sites and Cr was many-fold lower at both sampling sites. Among all heavy metals, Mn and Zn were abundant. Highest value of coefficient factor was found for Cr and the lowest for Cd. The high transfer value was recorded for Cu at site-I and for Ni at site-II. Copper and Se showed negative and significant correlations between soil and vegetable, whereas Mn, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, and Ni showed positive but non-significant correlations. Pollution load index in this vegetable was found to be higher for Cd and lower for Cu. Health risk index at site-I was in the order of As > Mn > Mo > Pb > Cd > Ni > Zn > Se > Fe > Co > Cr > Cu, whereas the same order was observed at site-II of the sampling locations. Thus, the health risks of metals through ingestion of vegetables were of great concern in the study area.     

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Solanum tuberosum and Pisum sativum Irrigated with Urban Wastewater in the Suburbs of Sargodha City,Pakistan

Dietary exposure to heavy metals (viz., Ni, As, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, and Pb) has been recognized as a potential hazard to human health. This study investigates the level of contamination at two different sites in Pakistan, one irrigated with canal water (Site-I) and the other with urban wastewater (Site-II). At Site-II, irrigation with wastewater resulted in a significant increase in heavy metals and metalloids in soil and a subsequent build-up in two vegetables selected for study (Solanum tuberosum [potato] and Pisum sativum [pea]). Results showed that mean concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in soil at Site-I were lower than those of Site-II. Mean concentrations of As and Cd in soil at both sites and for both vegetables were found above maximum permissible levels, while for both vegetables As at both sites and Cd, Mo, and Pb exceeded the suggested maximum levels for vegetables. High levels of some metals in the soils and vegetables could be due to unnecessary use of fertilizers and disposable water for irrigating the soils and the environmental cues prevalent in the areas, such as presence of ions that may bind the metals, often play an important role in uptake.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal and metalloid toxicity through a contaminated vegetable (Cucurbita maxima) from wastewater irrigated area: A case study for a site-specific risk assessment in Jhang,Pakistan

The present research was conducted in district Jhang, Pakistan, to evaluate the concentration of metals/metalloids in soil and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) irrigated with domestic wastewater. Data revealed that the levels of metals and metalloids in soil samples from two different sites were below the safe limits except Cd, whereas, in the vegetable, the concentrations of As, Se, Ni, Mo, Pb, Mn, and Cu were above the safe limits. The levels of 12 metals and metalloids in the soil were ranged between 0.14 to 22.76 mg/kg at site-I and 0.16 to 22.13 mg/kg at site-II. The levels of these metals in the vegetable were found 0.35 to 61.13 mg/kg at site-I and 0.31 to 53.63 mg/kg at site-II. The transfer factor at both sites was highest for As and Co. The pollution load index recorded for Se, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, and Co was greater than 1. The daily intake of As, Mn, and Mo was above the oral reference dose, which reflects that the intake of pumpkin is not safe for the inhabitants of the selected sites. The control measures should be taken to phytoextract heavy metals and metalloids from polluted sites so as to reduce the health risks.     

Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Metalloids Toxicity through Polluted Vegetables from Waste Water Irrigated Area of Punjab,Pakistan: Implications for Public Health

Rapid urbanization has no doubt provided prosperity to inhabitants but on the other hand, it has caused severe environmental problems, particularly soil and water pollution. This research was done to determine the magnitude of metal and metalloid contamination at two sites in soil and a potential vegetable crop, sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica L.) irrigated with wastewater in the region of Sargodha, Pakistan. The results demonstrated that the metal and metalloid levels in the soil samples were relatively below the respective maximum permissible limits of various metals analyzed. Transfer factor for metal contents was greater at site-II than that observed at site-I. Health risk was also worked out due to the inhabitants' intake of L. cylindrica irrigated with municipal wastewater. At both sites, the health risk index was greater than 1 due to Mn, Mo, Pb, Cd, Cu and As, and Ni at site-1 and Zn at site-II, whereas less than 1 due to Fe, Se, and Co. It was concluded that the dietary intake of L. cylindrica was not free of risk for inhabitants around the sampling sites. To reduce the health risk effects, it is suggested to treat the industrial wastes properly and phyto-extract the overload of heavy metals and metalloids from polluted sites. But with increase in vegetable consumption by the community the situation could worsen in the future.     

Total and speciation analyses of heavy metals in the sand fraction of Nigerian oil sands for human and ecological risk assessment

Total metal analysis and metal speciation of sand fraction of Nigerian oil sands were done to extract and partition heavy metals into six operationally defined fractions in order to assess environmental and health implications of the oil sand development. Soxhlet extraction of bitumen from the oil sand was done using toluene. Traces of water and extracting solvent were removed at 70°C from the sand fraction using oven. Elemental analysis was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The heavy metals except Cu have low Pollution index values. Negative geo-accumulation index was obtained for the metals except Cu, indicating that the oil sands were uncontaminated with the metals. Strong and significant positive correlations existed between Fe/Pb, Zn/Cu, Cd/Pb, Ni/Cd, Ni/Pb, Cd/Fe, Ni/Fe and Cr/Zn, while strong and significant negative correlations existed between Mn/Pb and As/Mn, indicating common sources or chemical similarities and vice versa. T-test results indicated significant differences between the concentrations of the metals. Cross-plot analysis showed strong positive correlation between the sand fraction and Nigerian bitumen. Speciation analysis indicated highest and lowest indices of metal mobility for Zn and Pb, respectively. This study concluded that the sand fraction may not pose any environmental risks from elemental point of view.     

Bioaccumulation and rhizofiltration potential of Pistia stratiotes L. for mitigating water pollution in the Egyptian wetlands

The bioaccumulation and rhizofiltration potential of P. stratiotes for heavy metals were investigated to mitigate water pollution in the Egyptian wetlands. Plant and water samples were collected monthly through nine quadrats equally distributed along three sites at Al-Sero drain in Giza Province. The annual mean of the shoot biomass was 10 times that of the root. The concentrations of shoot heavy metals fell in the order: Fe < Mn < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Ni < Co < Cd, while that of the roots were: Fe < Mn < Cr < Pb < Zn < Ni < Co < Cu < Cd. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of most investigated heavy metals, except Cr and Pb, was greater than 1000, while the translocation factor (TF) of most investigated metals, except Pb and Cu, did not exceed one. The rhizofiltration potential (RP) of heavy metals was higher than 1000 for Fe, and 100 for Cr, Pb and Cu. Significant positive correlations between Fe and Cu in water with those in plant roots and leaves, respectively were recorded, which, in addition to the high BCF and RP, indicate the potential use of P. stratiotes in mitigating these toxic metals.     

浙江油茶产地土壤和果实金属元素含量特征

为探讨油茶(Camellia oleifera)产地土壤和油茶果实中金属元素分布和富集特征,在油茶果实成熟期,对浙江5个油茶产地土壤及油茶果实中金属元素进行污染分析和富集能力评价。结果表明,浙江油茶产地土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn含量低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,综合污染等级为安全。个别产区常山县土壤中As、Ni、Cu和江山县土壤中Pb、Cr、Fe含量显著高于其他产地;常山和建德土壤中Cd单因子污染指数分别为0.93和0.81,处于污染警戒线。Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn主要分布在油茶籽中,Hg主要分布在壳中,Pb、Cd、As、Fe和Mn主要分布在青皮中。油茶籽中Cu、Fe、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.4,具有一定吸收能力,Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低;壳中Cu、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Fe的富集系数小于0.4,具有一定吸收能力,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低;青皮中Cu、Fe、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低。浙江油茶主产区土壤质量安全,适合油茶种植。油茶果实对Cu、Fe、Mn有一定富集能力,对Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg无富集能力。     

Potential health risk of selected metals for Polish consumers of oolong tea from the Fujian Province,China

The influence of environmental pollution on the heavy metal content in oolong teas from the Fujian Province, China, and the health risk for the Polish consumers were studied. Average contents of the metals in made oolong tea leaves were (mg kg^?1): Al 1452, Cd 0.08, Co 0.23, Cr 1.59, Cu 10.5, Fe 140, Hg 0.10, Mn 1465, Mo 0.63, Ni 3.45, Pb 1.99, Sb 0.78, Se 5.15, Sn 3.16, Tl 0.28, and Zn 26.9. The metals easily released from leaves to infusions were: Tl, Se, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ni, Al, and Pb. No concentration of As, Hg, Mo, or Pb was found in the first infusion and no As, Co, Hg, or Mo was found in the second one. The hazard quotient values for particular metals found in the infusions and tea leaves and the appraised combined hazard index (HI) amounted to <1. The highest HI values, resulting from the consumption of both infusions, did not exceed 5.88E-03, or 6.94E-04a in the case of tea leaves. No health hazard for the Polish consumers of oolong teas was identified at any of the examined stages of consumption. However, we recommend discarding the first tea infusion to reduce the metal concentrations before consumption.     

A human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Yanqi Basin,Silk Road Economic Belt,China

A total of 195 farmland soil samples were collected in Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang, northwest China, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed for their concentrations and pollution levels using the Nemerow comprehensive index. The health risk assessment model introduced by USEPA was utilized to evaluate the human health risks of heavy metals. Results indicated that the average concentrations of these seven metals were lower than the allowed soil environmental quality standards of China, while the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn exceeded the background values of irrigation soils in Xinjiang. The average contamination factor (CF) for Pb indicated the heavy pollution, whereas the CF for Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr indicated the moderate pollution. The average PLI of heavy metals indicated the low pollution. The non-carcinogenic hazard index were below the threshold values, and the total carcinogenic risks due to As and Cr were within the acceptable range for both children and adults. As and Pb were the main non-carcinogenic factors, while As was the main carcinogenic factor in the study area. Special attentions should be paid to these priority control metals in order to target the lowest threats to human health.     

Heavy metal contamination in vegetables grown around peri-urban and urban-industrial clusters in Ghaziabad,India

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils resulting from rapid industrialization and urbanization is of great concern because of potential health risk due to dietary intake of contaminated vegetables. The present study aims to evaluate the status of heavy metals contamination of agricultural soils and food crops around an urban-industrial region in India. Transfer factor values of Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni from soil to vegetable was estimated. The mean heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) in agricultural soils (Cu: 17.8, Cr: 27.3, Pb: 29.8, Cd: 0.43, Zn: 87, Mn: 306.6, Fe: 16984, and Ni: 53.8) were within allowable concentrations for Indian agricultural soil. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni in crops/vegetables exceeded the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization safe limits. Relative orders of transfer of metals from soil to edible parts of the crops/vegetables were Cd > Pb > Ni > Zn > Cu > Cr. The enrichment factors of heavy metals in soil indicated minor to moderately severe enrichment for Pb, Cd, and Ni; minor to moderate enrichment for Zn; no enrichment to minor enrichment for Mn; and no enrichment to moderate enrichment for Cu at different sites. Ecological risk index of soil showed considerable contamination in one of the wastewater irrigated sites.     

Characterization and human health risk assessment of trace metal in PM10 in Bac Giang,short-term study in a developing province in Vietnam

Abstract

This study investigated the airborne concentration of PM₁₀ and 20 trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Na, Pb, Ti, V, Zn) in residential, industry, traffic road, coal mining, thermal power plant area of Bac Giang province. The average PM₁₀ concentration was highest at coal site, followed by traffic 1 sites, industrial sites and traffic 2 sites, the residential sites, and lowest at the power plant site located in mountain area. While Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na were the most abundant elements in all sampling sites, accounting for 73–96% of total obtained elements, the concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn occupied from 2.9 to 23.2%. Noticeably, the concentrations of Cd were from 7 to 65 times higher than the concentration limit for Cd (0.1?ng/m³) according the World Health Organization (WHO). Although, the Hazard Index (HI values) of all metals were found to be within the safe level for both children and adults, the Carcinogenic Risk (CR) of Cr and As in all sites were closed to the acceptable levels for children, implying a potential carcinogenic risks of these metals.     

Toxic metal ion in seafood: Meta-analysis of human carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic threat assessment,a geomedical study from Dhamra and Puri,Odisha

The investigation revealed the adverse health threats on human beings from toxic metals via ingestion of seafood from two contaminated sites in Odisha. Bioaccumulation through food chain was presented as tissue metal concentrations. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazards were estimated by Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Target Cancer Risk (TCR) following USEPA referred safe metal intake limit. THQ of Metals like Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb in both sites showed >1, indicating a severe non carcinogenic health threat to humans from the investigated metals. THQ of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr and Hg showed < 1, implying the least possible deleterious health effects. Cr was the most significant carcinogenic pollutant in both sites. The marine fish consumption of Dhamra site might cause extra 7 cases of cancer per 10000 populations due to higher Cr level (cancer risk 6.7 × 10^?3). Carcinogenic risk of Ni and Pb were below the tolerable range of 10E-4. The presence of Cd in sea foods elevated cancer risks in both sites. The metal pollution index (MPI) indicated, the highest toxic metal bio accumulation was contributed by Arius arius species. Ilisha megaloptera and Lates calcarifer from Dhamra and Puri showed highest hazard index (HI) suggesting unaccountable non-carcinogenic health threat.     

Heavy metal phyto-accumulation in leafy vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater and human health risk repercussions

In this study, heavy metal phyto-accumulation potential of selected cultivars of two leafy vegetables on irrigation with municipal wastewater and human health risks were investigated. Municipal wastewater chemistry was recorded significantly different from groundwater control and led to the two-fold high enrichment of soil heavy metal contents (Ni, 19.46; Pb, 23.94; Co, 4.68; Cd, 1.4 in mg/kg, respectively). Interactive effects for phyto-accumulation of most heavy metals were also recorded significant at p?相似文献   

Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil–Panax notoginseng system in Yunnan province,China

In this study, a total of 69 topsoil samples and 10 Panax notoginseng samples from Yunnan Province were collected and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in all the samples were determined. The hazard index (HI), total carcinogenic risk (TCR) and estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metals were calculated to assess the health risk of P. notoginseng growers and consumers. The average concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in P. notoginseng planting soils are 43.6, 0.55, 50.8, 0.30, 73.4, 58.2, and 161 mg/kg, respectively. The average Nemerow integrated pollution index of heavy metals in soils is 1.8, indicating that the P. notoginseng planting soils are slightly polluted by those heavy metals. The average HI value is 1.29 and the TCR value of As is above the threshold value, suggesting that As pollution in soil has adverse impact on local growers' health. P. notoginseng is polluted by Cd, As and Pb. 39.1% of estimated daily intakes of As for P. notoginseng consumers through leaf consumption exceeding its permitted daily exposure dosages, suggesting that there is a potential health risk for P. notoginseng consumers to consume P. notoginseng leaves.     

Temporal and spatial fluctuations of heavy metals in Opa Reservoir,Ile-Ife,Nigeria

The Opa Reservoir, established for water supply to the Obafemi Awolowo University community, over the years has received direct linkage to township drains as a result of the widening and dredging of its river channels. The current study aimed at documenting monthly heavy metal loads at its riverine, transition and lacustrine zones in 2012–2013. Most of the heavy metals, analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, occurred within wide ranges, with coefficients of variation ranging from 60% to 300%, although the differences in heavy metal loads between the different zones were statistically insignificant at both the surface and bottom levels. The overall order of dominance of the metals was Ni > Cu > Fe > Zn > Cd = Cr > Pb, with nickel concentration being very high throughout. Heavy metal total mean concentration was higher during the rainy season (1.889 mg l?1) than the dry season (1.503 mg l?1) irrespective of sampling sites, having highly significant seasonal differences (p < 0.001) in Ni, Cd, Fe and Cu concentrations. The mean concentrations of Zn (0.074 mg l?1), Fe (0.176 mg l?1), Cu (0.507 mg l?1) and Pb (0.004 mg l?1) were within the WHO acceptable limit. However, the recorded levels of toxic elements Cd (0.031 mg l?1) and Ni (0.905 mg l?1) pose potential health risk to water consumers.     

Trace Element Level in Different Tissues of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rutilus frisii kutum</Emphasis> Collected from Tajan River,Iran

Tajan River is among the most significant rivers of the Caspian Sea water basin. In this study, the concentration of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Zn were determined in brain, heart, liver, gill, bile, and muscle of Rutilus frisii kutum which has great economic value in the Mazandaran state. Trace element levels in fish samples were analyzed by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. Nearly all non-essential metals levels (Ni, Pb, Cd) detected in tissues were higher than limits for fish proposed by FAO/WHO, EU, and TFC. Generally, non-essential metals (Ni, Pb) were so much higher in muscle than the essential metals (Cu, Zn, and Mn) except Fe, which was higher than other metals in nearly all parts, except in gills. Fe distribution pattern in tissues was in order of heart > brain > liver > muscle > bile > gill. Distribution patterns of metal concentrations in the muscle of fish as a main edible part followed the sequence: Fe > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mn > Zn > Cd.     

Metal accumulation in two contiguous eutrophic peri-urban lakes,Chivero and Manyame,Zimbabwe

Concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc were determined in surface water, benthic sediments, and the gills, liver and stomach muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in peri-urban lakes Chivero and Manyame, Zimbabwe. Five sites were sampled in each lake once per month in November 2015, February, May, August and November 2016. Pollution load index detected no metal contamination, whereas the geo-accumulation index reflected heavy to extreme sediment pollution, with Fe, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cu present in both lakes. Significant spatial temporal variations were detected for Al, Cr, Cu and Pb across sites within and between the two lakes. High Fe, Al and Cr concentrations in water and sediments in lakes Chivero and Manyame derive from geogenic background sources in addition to anthropogenic loads and intensity. Elevated concentrations of Al, Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe and Zn detected in gills, liver and stomach tissue of catfish corroborate concentrations in water and sediments, and pose the highest ecological and health risk for hydrobionts in lakes Chivero and Manyame. Contiguity of peri-urban lakes exposes them to similar threats, necessitating creative water management strategies, which ensure ecological continuity.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in two morphotypes of African large barb Labeobarbus intermedius (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae) in Lake Hawassa,Ethiopia

Water and muscle tissue samples from two morphotypes of the African large barb Labeobarbus intermedius collected from three sites in Lake Hawassa in 2012–2013 were analysed for eight heavy metals, including Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Five metals (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn) were detected in fish muscle samples, whereas only Cr, Cu and Ni were detected in water samples. Of the five metals detected in the muscle samples, Cu and Zn were present in higher concentrations in the golden morphotype, whereas Cr, Mn and Ni were found in higher concentrations in the silver morphotype. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values indicated that Cr, Cu and Ni have a tendency to accumulate in fish muscle in amounts exceeding those in water. In both morphotypes the highest concentrations of Zn and Mn were detected at the Hospital site, whereas the concentrations of Cr, Cu and Ni were highest at the Tikur Wuha site. Chromium, Cu and Ni concentrations recorded in fish muscle at all sampling sites exceeded the safe limits recommended by FAO/WHO and UNESCO, suggesting that water and fish from Lake Hawassa are contaminated with heavy metals originating from factories, a hospital and agricultural activities in proximity to the lake.     

Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of root Fe(lll) reductase in Fe-deficient cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants

Heavy metals are known to induce Fe chlorosis in different plantspecies. Heavy-metal-induced chlorosis is generally correlatedwith low plant Fe contents, suggesting effects of heavy metalson Fe mobilization and uptake. Under Fe-deficient conditions,dicotyledonous plants enhance root Fe(lll) reductase activity,thus increasing the capacity to reduce Fe(MI) to Fe(ll), theform in which roots absorb Fe. We studied the effect of severalheavy metals (Mn, Pb, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cu, and Cd) on the inductionof enhanced root Fe(lll) reductase by 11-d-old Fe-deficientcucumber [Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ashley). The effect of theseheavy metals on the function of the induced Fe(lll) reductasewas also investigated. Results showed that some heavy metalscan inhibit both the induction and function of root Fe(lll)reductase. Ni, at 20//M, and Cu and Cd, at 5 fiM concentrationor higher, severely inhibited the induction of root Fe(lll)reductase while Mn, Pb, Zn, and Mo had little effect, even atconcentrations higher than 20 //M. Function of the induced rootFe(lll) reductase only was negatively affected by Cu and Ni. Key words: Cucumis sativus, iron deficiency, iron reduction, heavy metals